Organic LEDs part 6. Exciton Recombination Region in Organic LEDs. Handout: Bulovic, et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 287, 455 (1998); 308, 317 (1999).

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1 Organic LEDs part 6 Exciton Recombination Region in Organic LEDs White OLED Flexible OLEDs Solvation Effect Solid State Solvation Handout: Bulovic, et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 287, 455 (1998); 308, 317 MIT April 17, 2003 Organic Optoelectronics - Lecture 19 1

2 Exciton can transfer its energy to: RADIATIVE modes: * radiation modes * waveguide modes NON-RADIATIVE modes: * internal conversion, intersystem crossing * surface plasmons * losses due to absorption in metal electode Bulović et al., Phys. Rev. B 58, 3730 (1998). Glass ITO α -NPD Alq 3 Θ k - EL Region - SURFACE emission WAVEGUIDE Modes RADIATION Modes EDGE emission Glass Substrate OLED Metal Losses Mg:Ag Electrode Surface Plasmons 2

3 ExternaL EL Quantum and Power Efficiency (η R and η P ) for ITO/ 350Å NPD/ xå Alq / Mg:Ag / Ag η R (SURFACE) [%] η P (SURFACE) (@10mA/cm 2 ) [lm/w] Alq 3 Thickness [Å] Power Consumed (@10mA/cm 2 ) [mw/cm 2 ] 3

4 PL Dependence on Alq 3 Thickness Bulović et al., Phys. Rev. B 58, 3730 (1998). Normalized Intensity PL 300 Å Alq Å Alq Å Alq 3 PL Peak [nm] NO ELECTRODE ELECTRODE Alq 3 Thickness [Å] Θ = 0º Wavelength [nm] 4

5 EL Dependence on Alq 3 Thickness Bulović et al., Phys. Rev. B 58, 3730 (1998). Normalized Intensity EL 200 Å Alq Å Alq 3 EL Peak [nm] Å Alq 3 Theoretical Fit (to 200 Å Alq 3 spectrum) Wavelength [nm] THEORY Alq 3 Thickness [Å] Θ = 0º 5

6 Top to Side EL Ratio - Dependence on Alq 3 Thickness 2.0 Bulović et al., Phys. Rev. B 58, 3730 (1998). Φ SURFACE / Φ EDGE Experiment Theory EDGE Detector SURFACE Detector 0.0 Glass Substrate OLED Alq 3 Thickness [Å] 6

7 EL Recombination Region Dependence on Current L REC -1 [nm -1 ] (a) Bulović et al., Phys. Rev. B 58, 3730 (1998). 0 (b) Φ SURFACE / Φ EDGE L REC -1 [nm -1 ] Current [A/cm 2 ] Current [A/cm 2 ]

8 EL Recombination Region Dependence on Current increasing current depth Cathode Alq 3 (35 nm) exciton density R F 2% DCM2 in Alq3 (5nm) Normalized Intensity J [ma/cm 2 ] Alq 3 DCM2 EL Fraction [%] DCM EL Alq 3 EL log(j[ma/cm 2 ]) TPD (40 nm) Anode Glass Wavelength [nm] Coe et al., Org. Elect. (2003) 8

9 Tuning Emission of White OLEDs Ag Mg:Ag Intensity [a.u.] Wavelength [nm] % 1.5% 3% 6% changing DCM2 in α-npd concentration (with 40A BCP) Alq 3 BCP NPD:DCM2 TPD ITO glass Intensity [a.u.] NPD Alq Å BCP 80 Å BCP 40 Å BCP DCM2 White OLED (0.33,0.33) changing BCP layer thickness (with 0.6% DCM2) BCP exciton blocking layer Wavelength [nm] 9

10 Flexible OLED (FOLED) - Ultra lightweight - Thin form factor - Rugged - Impact resistant -Conformable Manufacturing Paradigm Shift Web-Based Processing 10

11 FOLED-based Pixelated, Monochrome Display Source: UDC, Inc. 11

12 Transparent FOLED-based Pixel Source: UDC, Inc. 12

13 Packaging of OLEDs Multilayer Coatings Barix is a coating composed of alternating layers of polymer and ceramic thin films that can be deposited on a plastic substrate or directly on an OLED display. The technology breakthrough that enables this to be used as the packaging material for flat panel displays is the creation of a barrier layer 10,000 times better than anything currently produced. From Vitex, makers of barix coating 13

14 The PRESENT and the nearby FUTURE of ORGANIC DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY 14

15 Luminescence of Molecules in Solid Matrices Solid State Solvation (SSS) Time-Resolved MIT 15

16 Electroluminescence in Doped Organic Films 1. Excitons formed from combination of electrons and holes 2.6 ev a-npd 2.7 ev trap states Alq 3 exciton electrons low work function cathode transparent anode holes 5.7eV 6.0 ev host molecules (charge transport material) 2. Excitons transfer to luminescent dye dopant molecule (luminescent dye) 16

17 Effect of Dopants on the OLED EL Spectrum 1.0 N O Normalized EL Intensity Al N O NC 3 DCM2:Alq 3 Alq 3 PtOEP:Alq 3 N N Pt N N CN Wavelength [nm] 17

18 Electroluminescence of x% DCM2 in Alq 3 OLEDs tuning range 35 nm Intensity [a.u.] Alq % 1.5 % 2.5 % 4.5 % 6 % Wavelength [nm] 18

19 Alq 3 low DCM2 DCM2 in Alq 3 high DCM2 19

20 Solvatochromism - Historical Perspective It has been long recognized that UV/visible absorption spectra can be influenced by: - THE PHASE (gas or liquid) -SOLVENT Kundt established relationship between solvent effect and solvent properties (Kundt s Rule) using chlorophyl, fuchsin, aniline green, cyanine, quinizarine, and egg yolk, in twelve different solvents he concluded that increasing index of refraction of the solvent is related to the red-shift in the absorption spectrum of the solute 20

21 ... change in the spectral position of aborption/luminescence band due to change in the polarity of the medium dipolar molecule dipolar lumophore dipole - dipole interaction modifies the energy structure of the molecules solvation is a physical perturbation of lumophore s molecular states isolated molecule (in a gas phase) and solvated molecule are in the same chemical state (no solvent induced proton or electron transfer, ionization, complexation, isomerization) 21

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