GRAPHENE APPLIED TEXTILE MATERIALS FOR WEARABLE E- TEXTILES

Transcription

1 GRAPHENE APPLIED TEXTILE MATERIALS FOR WEARABLE E- TEXTILES M.S. ERSOY 1 *, U. DÖNMEZ 2, K. YILDIZ 1, T. SALAN 2, M.YAZICI 3, Ġ.TĠYEK 1, M.H. ALMA 4 1 Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Department of Textile Engineering, K.Maras, TURKEY 2 K.S.U., Department of Material Science and Engineering, K.Maras, TURKEY 3 K.S.U., Department of Forest Industrial Engineering, K.Maras, TURKEY 4 K.S.U., Department of Science Education, K.Maras, TURKEY sabriersoy@ksu.edu.tr Abstract: In last few years the popularity of graphene in high-performance conductive textiles as fibre, yarn, or fabric was increased owing to its outstanding features. Graphene is a flat monolayer of covalently bonded carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb lattice which possesses a number of extraordinary electrical, electrochemical, optical, thermal and mechanical properties. Herein, we critically discussed the specific applications of graphene materials in textile structures, especially in fiber, yarn, and fabric forms. Keywords: Graphene, graphene oxide, E-textile, flexible capacitor,electromagnetic shielding. 1.Introduction Smart textiles, also known as E-textiles or electronic textiles, are gaining attention due to potential applications in biosensors, heat generation, healthcare units, wearable displays, and even in warfare [1,2]. A wearable e-textile must be conductive as well as strong, highly elastic, mechanically flexible, and lightweight. Incorporation of metals or conductive polymers is the most common way in obtaining conductive textile structures. But this method often give less than optimal conductivity and can result in the loss of fabric flexibility, significant weight increases, undesirable changes in fabric texture, or skin irritation [2]. Carbon-based materials are good candidates for optimal conductivity without any loss of yarn or fabric comfort. In last few years the popularity of graphene in high-performance conductive textiles as fibre, yarn, or fabric is increased because of its outstanding features [3]. Graphene is the name given to a flat monolayer of covalently bonded carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb lattice, possesses a number of extraordinary electrical, electrochemical, optical, thermal and mechanical properties owing to unique molecular structure which is monoatomic in thickness, rigorously two-dimensional and highly conjugated [4-7]. It has been reported that a single-layered graphene was found to exhibit a Young s modulus of 1100 GPa and tensile strength of 130 GPa. Similar to CNTs, graphene has demonstrated a high carrier mobility of 15,000 cm 2 V 1 s 1 at room temperature [4], and has a large surface area of 2675 m 2 g -1 [5,7,8]. Graphene is thermally stable with thermal conductivities of up to 5000 Wm 1 K 1, higher than CNTs and metals such as gold, silver, and copper. The optical transmission of one monolayer is 97.7 % [9]. These excellent features make graphene material promising for thermally and electrically conducting reinforced nanocomposites, transparent conducting films, ultra-thin carbon films, electronic circuits, sensors (chemical sensors and biosensors), drug/gene deliveries, heavy metal adsorption, actuators, nanoelectronics, transparent and flexible electrodes for displays and energy storage devices (Fig.1) [6-8]. Especially in textile researches we witnessed that graphene's multifunctional properties, such as conductivity, supercapacitor, photocatalytic activity, hydrophobicity and antibacterial effect have been used to modify cotton, acrylic, and polyester textile materials [3].

2 Figure 1. Some applications of graphene [6] There are also some other forms of graphene material, such as graphene nanoribbon (GNR) or graphene oxide (GO). Through chemical oxidation treatment, the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) could be unzipped to form graphene nanoribbon (GNR), on the other hand graphene oxide (GO) is frequently obtained by the oxidation of graphite [10,11]. Graphene-based materials has been successfully modified by polymers, small molecules and biomolecules, etc. via non-covalent interactions to obtain enhanced thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties [6]. Herein, we critically discuss the specific applications of graphene materials in textile structures. 2. Textile Applications of Graphene 2.1 Applications in Fibre Form The graphene fibers can be generally classified into two categories, the neat graphene fibers and the graphene composite fibers. The first pristine graphene fiber was manufactured via wet-spinning [12]. Graphene added composite fibers, such as sodium alginate/graphene oxide (NaAlg/GO), graphene/cnt/pva, PA6 grafted graphene, have been produced by melt-spinning, solution-spinning and electro-spinning methods. Tian et al., were produced regenerated cellulose/graphene composite fibers by a continuous pilot-scale wet spinning procedure. 50% increase of tensile strength was achieved by adding even 0.2 wt % graphene oxide. With the addition of 0.2 wt% graphene to neat regenerated cellulose, the onset decomposition temperature was increased by 44 o C, which proves the positive contribution of graphene to thermal stability [4]. Chen et al. grafted GO onto poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fibers by using solvo thermal method (Fig. 2), and found that the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of GO-grafted PBO fibers was remarkably improved. However, the high temperature required for solvo thermal method would degrade the mechanical properties of PBO fibers [10]. Figure 2. Schematic of grafting processes [10].

3 Yu et al. were improved a novel structure of a supercapacitor electrode based on "graphene MnO 2 textiles". The hybrid graphene MnO 2 -based textile could yield high capacitance performance with specific capacitance values up to 315 Fg -1 at a scan rate of 2 mvs -1 (Fig. 3) [13]. In another work, Meng et al. were designed and fabricated a unique all-graphene core sheath fiber composed of GF core with a sheath of 3D graphene network. This all-graphene hybrid structure is offering the great advantages as flexible, lightweight electrodes for efficient fiber-based electrochemical supercapacitor [14]. Chen et al. have recently achieved the fabrication of a novel hybrid fiber that MnO 2 modified graphene sheets on graphene fiber (MnO 2 /G/GF). The high electronic conduction of the core graphene fiber, combined with the highly exposed surface areas of 3D graphene network, offers the great advantages as flexible electrodes for efficient fiber-based electrochemical supercapacitor, and can also be conveniently woven into a textile for wearable electronics [15]. Figure 3.Supercapacitors based on graphene MnO 2 textiles [13] Aboutalebi et al. developed an optimized commercially viable, simple wet-spinning route to produce GO fibers and yarns (Fig. 4). An optimal, facile heat-treatment regime were used after wet-spinning process to achieve extraordinary capacitance values as high as 409 Fg -1. Both fibers and yarns exhibited outstanding tensile strength and could be easily woven into conductive textiles [16]. Figure 4. Spinning of GO fibers and yarns [16]. 2.2 Applications in Fabric Form Graphene applied fabrics exhibit excellent flexibility and strain sensitivity. Studies about graphene applied surfaces were focused on UV protective, conductive, or electromagnetic shield applications. Flexible garment with remarkable UV blocking is a requirement for personal protection to protect human body against ultraviolet radiation. UV blocking fabric is coated by dry-pad-cure method, sol gel method etc. Qu et al. were applied graphene nanoplate to functionalize the surface of cotton fabric at low content ( wt.%) via pad-dry-cure method for attaining ultra-strong UV blocking fabric (UPF > 100) (Fig. 5). The treated fabric with 0.4 wt.% graphene could reach to UPF value which have already been far beyond the excellent protection [17].

4 Figure 5. The SEM images of control cotton fabric (a and b), GNP 3 fabric with GNP 0.2 wt.% (c and d) [17]. Yun et al. accomplished to wrap GO sheets onto a textile via electrostatic self-assembly with bovine serum albumin (BSA), which serves as a universal adhesive. Then GO sheets exposed to a lowtemperature chemical reduction to obtain reduced GO (RGO). RGO coated nylon-6 textiles exhibited a high electrical conductivity (greater than 1000 S/m). They declared that effectiveness of this application is maintained under severe conditions, such as a large number of repetitive bending cycles, low and high temperatures, and washing [1]. A homogeneous coating of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was obtained on polyester fabrics by applying different RGO layers [18]. Ppy/GO/Cotton composites were successfully synthesized via chemical polymerization method [19]. 3. Conclusion Graphene, with its outstanding mechanical, electrochemical, and electrical properties, is an attractive candidate for producing multi-functional textiles. Some graphene applications in textiles have already been researched, such as flexible supercapacitor, sensor, UV blocker, EMI shielding etc. We believe that commercial applications of graphene will come into existence very soon. Acknowledgement This state of art study was prepared by members of a project which is funded by The Scientific and technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBĠTAK) with a project number of 114M527. References 1. Yun Y.J., Hong W.G., Kim W.J., Jun Y., Kim B.H., A novel method for applying reduced graphene oxide directly to electronic textiles from yarns to fabrics; Advanced Materials, Vol. 25 (2013), pp Woltornist S.J, Alamer F.A., McDannald A., Jain M., Sotzing G.A., Adamson D.H., Preparation of conductive graphene/graphite infused fabrics using an interface trapping method, Carbon, Vol. 81 (2015), pp Javed K., Galiba C.M.A., Yanga F., Chenb C.M., Wanga C., A new approach to fabricate graphene electro-conductive networks on natural fibers by ultraviolet curing method; Synthetic Metals Vol. 193 (2014) Tian M., Qu L., Zhang X., Zhang K., Zhu S., Guo X., Han G., Tang X., Sun Y., Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of regenerated cellulose/graphene composite fibers, Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 111 (2014), pp Wolf, E.L.: Applications of Graphene: An Overview, Springer, ISBN: , London, (2014) 5. Ji X., Cui L., Xu Y., Liu J., Non-covalent interactions for synthesis of new graphene based composites, Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 106 (2015), pp Liu J., Liu Z., Barrow C.J., Yang W., Molecularly engineered graphene surfaces for sensing applications: A review, Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 859 (2015), pp

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