Changing the properties of polymers and plastics
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1 58 Inpirational chemitry Changing the propertie of polymer and platic Index heet Equipment required The propertie of polymer and platic can be changed in a number of way. One way i of coure to produce a different polymer or platic with a different chemical tructure, but there are alo other poibilitie. Thi erie of activitie allow tudent to explore ome of them: The ue of platicier ee Making a platic from potato tarch or the activity in thi ection on platicied and unplaticied VC (polyvinyl chloride) Cro-linking polymer chain ee Making lime or the activity on rubber The effect of changing the length of the polymer chain The effect of the preence of branched chain Four of the activitie (VC, rubber, chain length and branched chain) could be et up a a circu and carried out by the whole cla in turn. Alternatively, group of tudent could each do one of the four experiment and then report back to the cla. Making a platic from potato tarch and Making lime are likely to be very popular activitie and are probably bet done a cla experiment. Detail of thee activitie are given eparately. Set 1: laticied and unplaticied VC laticied VC queezy toy and/or VC cling film Unplaticied VC piece of uvc pipe or guttering. Set 2: Cro-linking (or vulcaniing) rubber Rubber microcope lide with a thick coating of Copydex glue (et up at leat the night before) Vulcanied rubber thick rubber band. The glue can be peeled off the microcope lide by tudent when they are ready to ue it. One ample will not lat long enough for all group to ue it o have everal in reerve.
2 Inpirational chemitry 59 Differentiating the activity Set 3: Changing the length of polymer chain Candle wax or candle olyethene (eg carrier bag) Sample of medium chain length hydrocarbon (eg keroene) in a ealed tube. Set 4: Branching chain in polyethene High denity polyethene a rutly upermarket carrier bag Low denity polyethene a quiet department tore carrier bag. All the above item hould be labelled. Additional item: Aorted workheet and helpheet a choen by the teacher for each group Some group may need glue and cior. Student hould decribe the propertie of the ample in each et and try to explain the difference they oberve. The activity can be left very open-ended and tudent given no help, or the upport document lited below can be ued: Lit of poible propertie for tudent to chooe from (Lit of propertie) Table to complete (Table) Explanation for ue in completing the table (Explanation) Cut and tick diagram (Diagram) Information heet (Information heet). Each item in the lit i provided a a eparate document o teacher can chooe how much help to give to each cla or group of tudent. The mot able tudent could be given the ample and perhap the diagram. They can dicu in group why there are difference between the polymer in each group of ubtance. If they get tuck or wih to check their anwer when they have thought of an explanation they could be given the information heet. The leat able tudent could be given the propertie lit and the table to begin with, then the diagram and explanation when they have decided on the propertie. Giving them only one tep at a time will help to prevent them from becoming overwhelmed. oible anwer to quetion The depth at which thee quetion can be anwered could vary widely depending on the abilitie of the tudent concerned.
3 60 Inpirational chemitry Example anwer ropertie and Change to difference in Diagram of the Why the platic have polymer propertie molecule different propertie laticier laticied VC Very flexible; oft. The chain with mall platicier molecule between them lip and lide over each other more eaily. Thi make the platic more flexible. Without platicier Unplaticied VC Rigid; hard. molecule the platic i tougher and more rigid becaue the chain line up in row and hold on to each other more tightly. Cro-linking Rubber (Copydex) Very elatic and tretchy; doe not alway go back to original hape; oft. The ubtance made of molecule that are cro-linked i harder and le flexible than the one without cro-link. The link top the molecule moving over each other o the tructure i more rigid. Cro-linked rubber (elatic band) Elatic but not a elatic a the Copydex; harder than the Copydex. Length of chain Keroene Vicou liquid Longer molecule can get tangled up in each other. They alo tick Candle wax Soft olid together better. Thi mean that ubtance made of longer olyethene Stretchy/elatic olid molecule are harder and have higher melting point. Branching chain High denity Rutle when moved; The platic which ha no ide chain polyethene tretchy/elatic on it molecule ha a higher denity becaue more molecule can pack into the ame amount of pace. The molecule can lide over each other more eaily if there i nothing Low denity Not a tretchy a the in the way to top them. When there polyethene high denity are ide chain or branche in the polyethene way, the polymer chain cannot lide over each other o eaily becaue there are more interaction between the chain. Table of example anwer
4 Changing the propertie of polymer and platic You are going to invetigate how the propertie of polymer and platic can be changed. You will be given four et of polymer. Look at one et at a time. Decribe the propertie of each material in the et, paying particular attention to how the polymer are different from each other. Ignore the colour of your ample. Draw a diagram of the molecule of each ubtance uing the diagram heet to help you. Some diagram will need to be ued more than once. Explain why the polymer have different propertie by decribing their molecule and how they are different from each other. Think carefully about how you preent your reult. Changing propertie page 1 of 7, Index 3.1.5
5 Changing the propertie of polymer and platic lit of propertie The platic and polymer you have been given may have ome or all of the propertie lited below. You can ue each property in the lit a many time a you need to or not at all. Ignore the colour of the platic. Stretchy or elatic Rutly or noiy when moved Strong Weak Flexible Brittle Soft Hard. You can alo ue any other propertie you can think of to decribe the platic. Changing propertie lit page 2 of 7, Index 3.1.5
6 Changing the propertie of polymer and platic table ropertie and Change to difference in Diagram of the Why the platic have polymer propertie molecule different propertie laticier laticied VC Unplaticied VC Cro-linking Rubber (Copydex) Cro-linked rubber (elatic band) Length of chain Keroene Candle wax olyethene Branching chain High denity polyethene Low denity polyethene Changing propertie table page 3 of 7, Index 3.1.5
7 Changing the propertie of polymer and platic explanation Below are ome explanation that might help you complete your table about the propertie of platic. Longer molecule can get tangled up in each other. They alo tick together better. Thi mean that ubtance made of longer molecule are harder and have higher melting point. The platic which ha no ide chain on it molecule ha a higher denity becaue more molecule can pack into the ame amount of pace. The molecule can lide over each other more eaily if there i nothing in the way to top them. When there are ide chain or branche in the way, the polymer chain cannot lide over each other o eaily becaue there are more interaction between the chain. The ubtance made of molecule that are cro-linked i harder and le flexible than the one without crolink. The link top the molecule moving over each other o the tructure i more rigid. The chain with mall platicier molecule between them lip and lide over each other more eaily. Thi make the platic more flexible. Without platicier molecule the platic i tougher and more rigid becaue the chain line up in row and hold on to each other more tightly. Changing propertie explanation page 4 of 7, Index 3.1.5
8 Changing the propertie of polymer and platic diagram Changing propertie diagram page 5 of 7, Index 3.1.5
9 Changing propertie diagram page 6 of 7, Index 3.1.5
10 Changing the propertie of polymer and platic information heet The propertie of polymer and platic can be altered in a number of way. Thi information heet decribe four of them. laticier A platicier i a mall molecule that can be put in between the large molecule of a polymer. The platicier act a little bit like oil in a car engine it help the polymer molecule lide over each other eaily. Without the platicier the molecule attract each other and tend to tick together. Thi give the ubtance a rigid tructure which might make it ueful in contruction. The platicier change the propertie of the ubtance and allow it to be ued for a wider range of thing. Branching chain olymer are uually made by heating the monomer and paing it over a catalyt. The ort of catalyt ued can affect how much the polymer chain branche. olymer branche are like the branche of a tree they are made of the ame tuff a the main chain but go off in a different direction. If the polymer chain have no branche, they pack in cloe to each other and the material ha a high denity. The chain can pa over each other eaily o the material i very tretchy. If the polymer chain have a lot of branche then the chain cannot pack together a cloely and the material ha a lower denity. The branche catch on each other, preventing the chain from liding eaily pat one another. Thi make the platic le tretchy. Cro-linking Rubber and ome other polymer can be cro-linked. A chemical reaction take place that connect the chain to each other permanently. Thi make the whole tructure more rigid and le elatic. It alo make the material a lot tronger and harder. Vulcanied rubber i cro-linked uing ulfur. Some of the tructure inide your body are held together in the ame way becaue protein can be cro-linked with ulfur too. The length of the polymer chain Long chain get tangled up in each other and tick together far more than hort chain. Thi mean that polymer made of long chain molecule have higher melting point than thoe made of hort chain. Shorter molecule can pa over each other more eaily o material made of thee molecule are ofter and more quihy. Changing propertie information page 7 of 7, Index 3.1.5
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