Nuclear Research in South Africa and on the African Con9nent

Transcription

1 Nuclear Research in South Africa and on the African Con9nent Zeblon Z. VILAKAZI, ithemba LABS & Necsa 8/4/11 1

2 Nuclear Facili9es in Africa Comena, Algiers Centre national pour la Recherche Nucleiare: CRNA 3.75MV VDG Inshas Cyclotron Facility (ICF), Cairo; Russian type MGC 20 AVF cyclotron (20 MeV). Centre for Energy Research development (CERD); Ife, Nigeria

3 Egypt 1 The Inshas Cyclotron Facility (ICF) (Egypt) Other Names: Cyclotron Project, MGC 20 Cyclotron Location: Nuclear Research Center (NRC), Inshas (NE Cairo suburb) Subordinate to: Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) Size: 20 MeV Status: Operational Description: The ICF is a multipurpose R&D facility based on the Russian MGC 20 AVF cyclotron. A Russian supplier (The NIIEFA Institute, St. Petersburg) signed a contract to supply the facility to Egypt in Egypt has joined (early 2011) JINR as Associate Member; the 2 nd state in Africa.

4 Egypt (2) Inshas Tandem Accelerator Other Names: Tandem Electrostatic Accelerator Location: Nuclear Research Center (NRC), Inshas (NE Cairo suburb) Subordinate to: Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) Size: 3 MeV Status: Under commission, possibly operational might also be an AMS facility??

5 Nigeria Centre for Energy Research & Development Pelletron Tandem Accelerator Other Names: CERD Pelletron Location: CERD Ife Ife (Osun State) Subordinate to: Nigerian National Nuclear Commission Size: 1.7MV Status: Operational + work carried out End station commissioned by the ithemba LABS team. Ge(Li) Sample Changer ERDA-PIPS Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) End Sta5on for the 1.7 MeV Tandem Accelerator Centre for Energy Research Development (CERD) Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria RBS-PIPS Insul ation Pumping Station Si(Li)

6 South Africa A large amount of Nuclear R & D is Africa is s9ll conducted in RSA; due to a rela9vely longer tradi9on in nuclear physics, stronger Universi9es and much bigger economy thus far This might change as other economies are beginning grow much faster and the climate is now stabilising

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8 Brief History of Nuclear Physics Research in SA : At CSIR, newly appointed head of the Nuclear Physics Division sent to the Nobel Ins9tute in Stockholm to do Nuclear Physics research with a classical cyclotron. 1950: Decision to design and build a 16 MeV deuteron classical cyclotron at the Nuclear Physics Division, CSIR Southern University Nuclear Ins9tute (SUNI) established jointly by Universi9es of Stellenbosch & Cape Town [1964] Pioneering Neutrino experiments (led by F Riennes) in the mines of Johannesburg (circa: 1966) JPF Sellschop establishes a research accelerator at University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg [1972] : 6 MV EN Tandem vdg. Na9onal Accelerator Centre (NAC) starts delivering beams in 1988 JF Sharpey Schafer (Liverpool) takes over in 1995 and NAC becomes ithemba LABS CSIR: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

9 Research and Development Era 1960 to mid 1970s SAFARI reactor opera5ng at 20 MW and many other high level research and development programs Weapons Program [ Strategic Era] Strategic Era mid 1970s to early 1990s PWR and SAFARI fuel Manufacture (Supply to Nuclear Power Plant) Commercial Era early 1990s (signing of the IAEA NPT) Isotope Produc5on (99Mo/99Tc) HEU Development of LEU produc5on

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11 Nuclear Research Facilities in South Africa Z I M B A B W E M O Ç A M B I Q U E N A M I B I A B O T S W A N A KIMBERLEY 6 MV EN Tandem Ion Implanter Univ. Pretoria NECSA: 3 MV vdg Johannesburg (Gauteng) SWAZI- LAND NORTHERN CAPE Colesburg SOUTH AFRICA LESOTHO Durban Cape Town Port Elizabeth

12 Separated-Sector Cyclotron Facility 4 Rf-system Low Energy In Rf-system Sector Magnet

13 Research and training in the physical, biomedical and material sciences Treatment of cancer pa5ents with energe5c neutrons and protons and related research Produc5on of radioisotopes and radiopharmaceu5cals for use in nuclear medicine, research and industry and related research A multi-disciplinary research centre, operated by the NRF (National Research Foundation). It provides accelerator and ancillary facilities for:

14 CYCLOTRON OPERATING SCHEDULE MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY Nuclear Physics / Protons Isotopes Energy Change Neutrons SATURDAY SUNDAY Time of day

15 Separated-Sector Cyclotron Facility Polarized ion source SSC Target vaults Spectrometer SPC2 ECR ion source SPC1 electronics electronics Radioisotope production Proton therapy Neutron therapy beam swinger m

16 Fine Structure of ISGQR from high resolu5on proton inelas5c sca]ering Spectrometer

17 AFRODITE Array Study of high-spin states

18 Summary of Nuclear Research Ac5vi5es Facili5es Afrodite Gamma Array K600 Magne5c Spectrometer Fast neutron facility Sca]ering Chamber Low level Gamma coun5ng facility Target lab Scien5fic themes Basic nuclear physics (reac5ons mechanisms/nuclear structure) Chirality, Tetrahedral shapes, Giant Resonances, Clustering, neutron rich nuclei) Applied nuclear physics (environmental radioac5vity, neutron physics) Neutron Dosimetry and Calibra5on, Neutrino Detec5on) High energy physics (ALICE at CERN) Program Advisory Commi]ee approves projects User Group mee5ngs 2x per year

19 Facili5es Bombardment Sta5ons Isotope Produc5on Department VBTS up to 200µA; Horizontal 80 µa; 18 F target sta5on Hot cells Produc5on Facili5es for cgmp products Chemistry Labs Rou5ne Produc5on of Radionuclides and Radiopharmaceu5cals for the health benefit of the SA community and for cost recovery Research and Development Physics and Targetry R&D e.g. for high intensity beams, new products Radio chemistry Radio labeling

20 Beam splieer Electrosta9c channel

21 Layout of the beam splieer

22 Beam rotator

23 Electrosta9c channel a mirror image of PSI design Magne9c channel

24 Beam direct behind the electrostatic channel Beam in front of the magnetic channel

25 The beam profile in the horizontal plane in front of the electrosta9c channel (leh) and 100 mm aher the electrosta9c channel (right), showing clear separa9on between the deflected part and the main beam. Intensity Intensity Width (mm) Width (mm)

26 Particle Therapy Programme Neutron Therapy at 66MeV (commenced: 1988) Proton Therapy at 200MeV (commenced: 1993) Number of Patients Treated: Neutrons: > Protons: > 500 Various Types of Cancer Treated: Protons: Brain Tumours; Acoustic Neuroma; Pillsbury Adenoma; Eye Tumour. Neutrons: Breast; Salivary Glands Head, Neck Carcinomas; Malignant Melanomas.

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28 Future Plans

29 New dedicated facility for proton therapy

30 Strategy for New Cyclotron Primary Beam for RIB Production Isotope Production Neutron Therapy?? Requirements 70 MeV protons >700µA Negative ions Several Extraction Ports From HRIBF, Oak Ridge

31 Future dedicated 70 MeV proton Machine for isotope produc5on, neutron therapy and radioac5ve beams New proposed 70 MeV machine and isotope produc5on facili5es (Like SPES at Legnaro 43M 8kW(?))

32 Phased Approach TASKS Laser Ion Source Mini Proposal Construct Mini Laser Ion Source LIS beam develop./low en. Beams Total Facility Proposal Design Process Approval Process Upgrade SSC Construct New Cyclotron Construct New Isotope Prod. Facility 24/7 SSC Physics Programme Construc9on Target/Beam Transport RIB delivery/physics Preliminaries Phase I Phase II

33 Status & Milestones 2010:Presentation and (provisional) go ahead by itl Council to establish a working team. 2011: Project team: led by R Bark (formerly ANU) J Cornell (ex GANIL & ithemba) to write up the project proposal (LoI > Design report) First Workshop in September at itl Collaboration JINR on laser ionisation

34 International Programmes SA-CERN and SA-JINR Differences Similarities Extensions LHC only at CERN 1. Worlds premier HEP 2. Totally new physics Higgs SUSY Dark Matter µ Black Holes, Early Universe Huge nuclear T & P 1. Nuclear realm 2. ithemba involvement 3. Radioactive ion beams 4. Emphasis on Schools 5. GRID aspects 6. Accelerators 7. Possible membership of the Nica Collaboration Raise the bar in 1. Physics program 2. Capacity building 3. Science Awareness 4. Outreach 5. Student magnet 6. Tech transfer

35 1. SA CERN started as a consortium of researchers who had long standing research program with CERN Modeled along the Australian, Indian and Brazilian programs. Allows for central point of coordination and resource allocation. 2. Agreement was that itl would act as a neutral institutional hosts for the SA-CERN program: Possibility for Associate membership Being explored

36 DST SAIP NRF International Reviewer/s

37 SA-ATLAS : Propped up by BNL (K. Assamagan)

38 Cape Town in ALICE: currently 6 senior staff + several students UCT joined 2001, became UCT-CERN research center in 2003 ithemba LABS joined in 2008 Projects Dimuon Arm: algorithms for online High Level Trigger (dhlt, commissioned in 2008) Grid Computing: Computing Cluster integrated into ALICE GRID Physics: Dimuon studies (acceptance, efficiency); W production in pp;.. Tromsø Bergen Dubna Heidelberg HLT data challenge: Nov Online test on Grid! Test latency tolerance Run stable for > 15 hours Rate limited by bandwidth IEEE Trans.Nucl.Sci.55:703,2008. UCT group Cape Town Jammu J. Schukraft

39 The NA61/SHINE Collaboration: 122 physicists from 24 institutes and 13 countries: University of Athens, Athens, Greece University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland KFKI IPNP, Budapest, Hungary Cape Town University, Cape Town, South Africa Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia Fachhochschule Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland Jan Kochanowski Univeristy, Kielce, Poland Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia LPNHE, Universites de Paris VI et VII, Paris, France Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia State University of New York, Stony Brook, USA KEK, Tsukuba, Japan Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

40 ithemba LABS is in the process of assembling an electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS GTS2) that was designed by CEA in Grenoble, France, but not manufactured by them, because that division closed down. ithemba LABS bought the design drawings of the source from them and is now in the final stage of assembling the source. This source is the only other source that is based on the same design as the heavy ion ECRIS used at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) facility at The European Organiza5on for Nuclear Research (CERN) facility in Europe, and subsequently a collabora5on agreement was proposed by CERN. A Le]er of Intent was signed between ithemba LABS and CERN to outline the terms and condi5ons of the collabora5on agreement, which involves the ini5al commissioning of the GTS2 ECRIS at ithemba LABS, followed by the study of specific heavy ion beams as requested by the fixed target experiment (NA61) group at CERN. The aim will be to find the op5mal source sehngs and to characterize the source behavior for these specific ion species. Construc5on is on schedule for comple5on by the end of 2010.

41 SA has a long history of leadership (on the African continent) in the field of Nuclear sciences and technology Steps for building capacity in Nuclear Research need to be accelerated: Schools : African Summer Physics school Very successful in 2010 (strong support from US labs; JLABS, FNAL, BNL ) Stronger regional partnerships within the continent - are needed New players in Africa will emerge soon Ghana, Morocco etc. Other possible areas: Underground Facilities SA has some of the world s deepest mines