Interface Science. in Pharmaceutical. Development

Transcription

1 Colloid and Interface Science in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Hiroyuki Ohshima Kimiko Makino CT rjjsfc/v IxlK AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO

2 CHAPTER 1 Interaction of Colloidal Particles Introduclion Polential Distribution Around a Charged Surface: The Poisson-Boltzmann Equation Hard Particle Soft Particles Electrical Double Layer Interaction Between Two Particles Linear Superposition Approximation Derjaguin's Approximation van der Waals Interaction Between Two Particles Two Molecules A Molecule and a Plate Two Parallel Plates Two Spheres Two Cylinders Two Particles Immersed in a Medium Two Parallel Plates Covercd with Surlace Layers DLVO Theory of Colloid Stability Total Interaction Energy Between Two Spherical Particles Positions of a Potential Maximum and a Secondary Minimum The Height of a Potential Maximum and the Depth of a Secondary Minimum Stability Map Conclusion 27 References 27 CHAPTER 2 Colloid and Interface Aspects of Ptiarmaceutical Science General Introduction Disperse Systems Thermodynamic Considerations Kinetic Stability of Disperse Systems and the General Stabilisation Mechanisms Surface Activity and Colloidal Properties of Drugs Naturally Occurring Micelle Forming Systems 40 V

3 2.5 Biological Implications of the Presence of Surfactants in Pharmaceutical Formulations Solubilised Systems Liposomes and Vesicles in Pharmacy Stabilisation of Liposomes by Incorporation of Block Copolymers Nanoparticles, Drug Delivery and Drug Targetting The Reticuloendothelial System Influence of Particle Characteristics Surface-modified Polystyrene Particles as Model Carriers Biodegradable Polymerie Carriers 52 References 53 CHAPTER 3 Interfacial Properties of Therapeutic Pulmonary Surfactants Studied by Thin Liquid Films Introduction Thin Liquid Films and Methods for their Experimental Research Thin Liquid Films: Foam Films, Wetting Films Microscopic Foam Films and Wetting Films: Methods for their Formation and Study Micro-Interferometric Method and Pressure Balance Technique Black Foam Films A Model to Study Alveolar Stability and Structure Method for Lung Maturity Assessment Therapeutic Pulmonary Surfactants Inhibitory Effect on Therapeutic Pulmonary Surfactants Wetting Behaviour of Pulmonary Surfactant Aqueous Solutions Solid Surfaces with Different Hydrophobicity Dependence of the Wetting Contact Angles on the Concentration of the Pulmonary Surfactant Aqueous Solution Thickness of Wetting Films from Pulmonary Surfactant Aqueous Solutions Conclusions 74 References 75

4 CHAPTER 4 Surface Interactions in Propellant Driven Metered Dose Inhaler Product Design Introduction Surfactant Behaviour in Non-Aqueous Solution Surfactant Alone Surfactant-Co-Solvent Surfactant-Particle Surface Surfactant-Container Surface Surfactant-Valve Particle Behaviour in Non-Aqueous Solution Particle Suspension Particle-Particle Interactions Particle-Container Wall Interaction Aerosol Droplet Formation and Dispersion Formulation Contribution Actuator Dimensions Flash Evaporation from the Metering Valve Droplet Evaporation and Spray Plume Development Formulation Development Strategy Drug Selection Micronisation Design Space Process Development Experimental Design Dissolution (Simple, Reproducible Method) Mathematical Model Conclusion 98 References 98 CHAPTER 5 Particle-Manufacturing Technology-Based Inhalation Therapy for Pulmonary Diseases Introduction Pulmonary Diseases Pulmonary Tuberculosis Lung Cancer Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease LungDefence System Structure Mucus Layer Pulmonary Surfactant 108

5 viii 5.4 Characteristics of Inhalable Particles Particle Size Dispersibility Manufacturing Technologies for Production of Inhalable Particles Milling Spray-Drying Encapsulation by Lipids Freeze-Drying Clinical Applications of Inhalable Particles Pulmonary Tuberculosis Therapy Nanoparticle-Based Lung Cancer Therapy Inhalation Therapy for COPD Summary 114 References 114 CHAPTER 6 QSAR Study for Transdermal Delivery of Drugs and Chemicals Introduction Viewpoints of the Conventional QSAR QSAR Descriptors of Hydrophobicity Pharmaceutical Approaches of QSAR Thermodynamic Parameters of Dissolution and Melting 127 References 129 CHAPTER 7 Nanoparticles for Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) Introduction Nanoparticles for Transdermal Drug Delivery Combination of Nanoparticle System and IP Improved Nanoparticles for Iontophoretic Transdermal Drug Delivery Conclusions 145 References 145 CHAPTER 8 Interfacial and Colloidal Properties of Emulsified Systems: Pharmaceutical and Biological Perspective Introduction Types of Emulsion Colloidal and Interfacial Properties of Emulsified Systems Interfacial Properties Electrical Properties 152

6 8.4 Mechanism of Emulsion Formation and Stabilisation Spontaneous Curvature CO Pharmaceutical Aspects of Emulsified Systems Globule Size and Size Distribution C Potential or Surface Charge Emulsifying Agents and their Mechanism of Stabilisation Behaviour of Emulsions in Biological Milieu Oral Administration Stability of Emulsion Düring Transit Through Gl Tract Parenteral Administration Interaction with Plasma Proteins and Blood Cells Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution New Class of Emulsifying Agents Modifications and Recent Advances in Emulsified Systems As a Drug Delivery Vehicle Conclusion 168 References 168 CHAPTER 9 Size-Based Characterisation of Nanomaterials by Taylor Dispersion Analysis Introduction and Theoretical Aspect Introduction and Historical Background TDA: Theoretical Aspect Corrections Corrections Due to Capillary Geometry Corrections Due to the Mobilisation Pressure Ramp Corrections Due to the Finite Injected Volume Double/Single-Detection Point(s) for TDA Polydisperse and Monodisperse Samples: Signal Integration and Average Diffusion Coefficient Applications of TDA 187 Acknowledgements 191 References 191 CHAPTER 10 Peculiarities of Live Cells' Interaction with Micro- and Nanoparticles Introduction Experiment Relationship Between Transmembrane and {-Potentials: Biospecific Mechanism of DL Formation 198

7 Long-range Interactions of Microparticles with Live Cells Reversible Interaction of Live Cells with Gold Nanoparticles Gold Nanoparticles Affect Cell Metabolism and Penetrate Inside Cells Theory Micro-Dielectrophoresis Micro-Diffusiophoresis Models Explaining Reversibility of the Interaction of Nanoparticles with Live Cells by Movement of Delocalized ions and Related 'Electrosmotic Trap' Conclusions 216 Appendix General Concepts of Live Cell Electrophysiology 216 References 219 CHAPTER 11 Micropatterning of Cell Aggregate in Three Dimension for In Vivo Mimicking Cell Culture Introduction Cell Patterning Techniques The Basis of Cellular Patterning; Nonfouling Surface Chemistries Dry Etching (Plasma Etching) Cell Assembly for Tissue Engineering Photolithography Soft Lithography Hanging Drop Conclusion 235 Acknowledgements 236 References 236 CHAPTER 12 Adhesion-Dependent Cell Regulation Via Adhesion Molecule, Integrin Therapeutic application of Integrin Activation-Modulating factors Eradication of Acute Myelogenous Leukaemia by Combination Therapy of Anticancer Drug with Antiadhesive Peptide FNIII Introduction FNIII14 Abrogates CAM-DR in AML Cells 245

8 Molecular Mechanism of CAM-DR Abrogation by FNIII Combination Therapy of Peptide FNIII14 with AraC Abrogated Bone Marrow MRD in AML Model Mouse Effect of the Combination Therapy on Myelosuppression Conclusion Potentiated and Sustained Activation of VLA-4 and VLA-5 Accelerates Proplatelet-Like Formation Introduction Stimulation with PMA of Cells Adhered on Fibronectin Is Effective for PPF Identification of Fibronectin Receptor Involved in Adhesion-Dependent PPF Induction with PMA Signalling Pathway for PMA-Induced PPF on Fibronectin Substrate Effect of Integrin Activation on PMA-Induced PPF on Fibronectin Substrate Conclusion Concluding Remarks 256 References 256 CHAPTER 13 PEGylation for Biocompatible Surface Introduction Basic Character of PEG Biofouling Resistant Mechanism on PEG Modified Surface Based on the Molecular Structure PEGylation PEGylation for Biomolecules PEGylation for Solid Substrate PEGylated Block Copolymer for Nanostructured Materials and Surfaces PEGylated for the Fabrication of High-Performance Metal Nanoparticles Metal Nanoparticle for Biological System Detection PEGylation of Metal Nanoparticles for their Bioanalytical Applications PEGylated Block Copolymer for Nanoreactor 273

9 PEGylated Copolymer with Multivalent Anchor to Metal Surface Conclusion 276 References 276 CHAPTER 14 PEGylated Polymer Micelles for Anticancer Drug Delivery Carrier Introduction Polymer Micelles as an Anticancer Drug Delivery Carrier PEG-6-PVBP Block Copolymer-Based PEGylated Polymer Micelles Enhanced Intracellular Drug Delivery of in Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Cancer Cells Conclusion 294 References 294 CHAPTER 15 Convective Diffusion of Nanoparticles to Regional Lymph Nodes from the Epithelial Barrier Introduction Modelling Fluid Flow in Interstitium Around Initial Capillary Initiated by Intrinsic Pump Distribution of Fluid Velocity in the Interstitium Between the EB and an Adjacent ILC Time of Transport Through Interstitium Discussion Summary and Conclusions 314 References 315 CHAPTER 16 Highly Fluorinated Colloids in Drug Delivery and Imaging Properties of F-Compounds Fluorous Phase Encapsulation and Stabilisation High Oxygen Solubility Imaging Toxicity Nano-Sized F-Colloids Controlled Release of Hydrophobie Drugs Ionic F-Colloids Paramagnetic Drug Delivery Vehicles 329

10 xiii Pulmonary Delivery, Research Tools, and Other Diverse Applications Micron-Sized F-Colloids Microbubbles Emulsions Pulmonary Applications Current F-Colloidal Pharmaceuticals Conclusion 338 References 338 CHAPTER 17 Cell-Penetrating Peptide Polymer Nanomicelle-Based Cytosol-Sensitive Nucleotide Delivery Systems Introduction Overview of Cytosol-Sensitive Polymer for Gene Delivery Disulphide-Linked Cationic Polymer Carriers Disulphide-Crosslinked Polypeptide Cytoplasm-Sensitive Artificial CPP Micelles Cell-Penetrating Peptides Artificial CPP Carrier Conclusion 362 Acknowledgements 362 References 363 CHAPTER 18 Cycloamylose-Based Nanocarriers as a Nucleic Acid Delivery System Introduction Polymer-Based Nucleic Acid Nanocarriers Cycloamylose Functionalized Cycloamylose for sirna Delivery Functional Cycloamylose for pdna Delivery Cycloamylose Nanogel Gene Delivery: Enhancing Endosomal Escape Using Phospholipase A Conclusion 384 References 384 CHAPTER 19 Colloidal Drug Delivery System for Brain-Targeting Therapy Introduction 389

11 xiv 19.2 Colloidal Drug Delivery System in Pharmaceutical Application Particle Size Particle Shape Surface Charge Targeting Moiety on Particle Surface Colloidal Formulation for Treating Brain Pathology and Disease Acute Ischaemic Stroke Brain Tumour Alzheimer's Disease Parkinson's Disease 402 References 403 CHAPTER 20 Colloidal Carriers for Noninvasive Delivery of Insulin Introduction Noninvasive Routes of Insulin Delivery Oral Route Buccal and Sublingual Routes Nasal Route Pulmonary Route Barriers to Noninvasive Insulin Delivery The Enzymatic Barrier The Absorption Barrier Overcoming the Enzymatic Barrier Overcoming the Absorption Barrier Colloidal Carriers for Noninvasive Insulin Delivery Liposomes Microparticles Nanoparticles Microemulsions Uptake of Colloidal Carriers Market Status of Noninvasive Insulin Delivery System Future Scope 430 References 432 CHAPTER 21 Particle Geometry, Charge, and Wettability: The Fate of Nanoparticle-Based Drug Vehicles Introduction Drug Adsorption 446

12 xv Size and Shape Effects Drug-particle Interaction Transport in the Blood Vessels The Role of Particle Geometry Surface Charge and Thermodynamics Particle Uptake by Tumour Cells Role of Particle Size and Shape Surface Charge and Hydrophobicity Particle Release and Toxicity 459 Acknowledgements 460 References 460 CHAPTER 22 Lipid Emulsions and Lipid Vesicles Prepared from Various Phospholipids as Drug Carriers Introduction Particle Size and Entrapment in Liposomes Prepared with Egg Yolk Lecithins and Hydrogenated Egg Yolk Lecithins Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Properties of Various PCs as Emulsifiers or Dispersing Agents in Nanoparticle Preparations for Drug Carriers Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Physicochemical Properties of Structured PC in Drug Carrier Lipid Emulsions Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion 499 References 500 Index 503