Covalent Bonds. single bond, or single covalent bond. sharing of one pair of valence electrons. double bond, or double covalent bond
|
|
- Maria Miles
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Covalent Bonds Molecule two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds single bond, or single covalent bond sharing of one pair of valence electrons double bond, or double covalent bond sharing of two pairs of valence electrons
2 Bond Nota8ons structural formula nota8on used to represent atoms and bonding H H, O=O molecular formula Further abbrevia8on H 2, O 2
3 Fig Name and Molecular Formula Electrondistribution Diagram Lewis Dot Structure and Structural Formula Spacefilling Model (a) Hydrogen (H 2 ) (b) Oxygen (O 2 ) (c) Water (H 2 O) (d) Methane (CH 4 )
4 Covalent Bonds con8nued Covalent bonds can form between atoms of the same element or atoms of different elements Molecule any two or more atoms bonded together May be same or different elements Compound combina8on of two or more different elements
5 Electronega8vity (χ) Bond Strength an atom s afrac8on for the electrons in a covalent bond as well as it s own More electronega8ve an atom the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself Imbalances of electronega8vity may result in unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond
6 Types of Covalent Bonds nonpolar covalent bond atoms share the electrons equally polar covalent bond one atom is (considerably) more electronega8ve results in unequal sharing causes a par8al posi8ve and/or nega8ve charge for each atom or an en8re molecule
7 (a) Polar water molecule (b) Nonpolar methane molecule slight negative charge polar slight positive charge δ O δ- nonpolar because charges are symmetric H 2 O O δ+ H H δ+
8 Ionic Bonds Large differences in electronega8vi8es Atoms some8mes strip electrons from their bonding partners Example - transfer of an electron from sodium to chlorine APer which both atoms have charges Numbers of protons (+) in each atom are no longer balanced by electrons (- ) Ion A charged atom (or molecule) Has gained or lost an electron
9 Ions Ca8on - posi8vely charged ion Lost an electron Fewer electrons than protons = extra + Anion - nega8vely charged ion Gained an electron More electrons than protons = extra ionic bond afrac8on between an anion and a ca8on Opposites charges afract
10 Ionic Bonds Transfer of electron + Na Sodium atom Cl Chlorine atom Na + Sodium ion Cl Chloride ion EN = 0.9 EN = 3.0 Sodium chloride (NaCl)
11 Ionic Bonds Transfer of electron + Na Sodium atom Cl Chlorine atom Na + Sodium ion Cl Chloride ion EN(χ) = 0.9 EN = 3.0 Sodium chloride (NaCl)
12 Ionic Bonds Transfer of electron + Na Sodium atom Cl Chlorine atom Na + Sodium ion Cl Chloride ion EN(χ) = 0.9 EN(χ) = 3.0 Sodium chloride (NaCl)
13 Ionic Bonds Transfer of electron + Na Sodium atom Cl Chlorine atom Na + Sodium ion Cl Chloride ion EN(χ) = 0.9 EN(χ) = 3.0 Sodium chloride (NaCl)
14 Ionic Bonds Ionic compound Compounds formed by ionic bonds Many are salts Salts, (NaCl, table salt), are open found in nature as crystals Na + Cl
15 Weak Chemical Bonds covalent bonds strongest ionic bonds next strongest hydrogen bonds weakest very important Weak chemical bonds reinforce shapes of large molecules and help molecules adhere to each other
16 hydrogen bond Hydrogen Bonds hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronega8ve atom is also afracted to another electronega8ve atom In living cells, the electronega8ve partners are usually oxygen or nitrogen atoms Water (H 2 O) Ammonia (NH 3 ) δ - δ+ δ+ δ - Hydrogen bond afrac8on of H+ to an opposite charge (- ) δ+ δ+ In water, a hydrogen atom of one water molecule (δ+) δ+ will form a hydrogen bond with an unshared oxygen (δ- ) electron of a neighboring water molecule 38
17
18 If electrons are distributed asymmetrically in large molecules they can result in hot spots of posi8ve or nega8ve charge localized regions of charge Van der Waals interac8ons afrac8ons between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges Collec8vely can be strong Other Interac8ons as between molecules of a gecko s toe hairs and a wall surface
19 Molecular Shape and Func8on molecular shape very important to its func8on determined by the posi8ons of its atoms valence orbitals In a covalent bond the s and p orbitals may hybridize crea8ng specific molecular shapes s orbital z (a) Hybridization of orbitals Space-filling Model Water (H 2 O) Methane (CH 4 ) (b) Molecular-shape models x y Three p orbitals Ball-and-stick Model 104.5º Four hybrid orbitals Tetrahedron Hybrid-orbital Model (with ball-and-stick model superimposed) Unbonded electron pair
20 Molecular Shape Biological molecules recognize and interact with each other with a specificity based on molecular shape Molecules with similar shapes Natural endorphin Key Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulfur Oxygen can have similar biological effects Morphine Shape dictates func8on (a) Structures of endorphin and morphine Natural endorphin Morphine Brain cell Endorphin receptors (b) Binding to endorphin receptors
21 Chemical reac8ons Reac8ons the making and breaking of chemical bonds Reactants star8ng molecules of a chemical reac8on Products final molecules of a chemical reac8on 2 H 2 O 2 2 H 2 O Reactants Reaction Products
22 Chemical Reac8ons All chemical reac8ons are reversible products of the forward reac8on become reactants for the reverse reac8on Chemical equilibrium reached when the forward and reverse reac8on rates are equal
23 You should now be able to 1. Iden8fy the four major elements 2. Dis8nguish between the following pairs of terms: neutron and proton, atomic number and mass number, atomic weight and mass number 3. Dis8nguish between and discuss the biological importance of the following: nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interac8ons
Ch. 2 Chemical Context of Life BIOL 222
Ch. 2 Chemical Context of Life BIOL 222 Ma1er Organisms are composed of ma1er Ma8er anything that takes up space and has mass Ma8er is made up of elements Lowest end of the structural organiza@on of life
More informationCh. 2 Chemical Context of Life BIOL 222
Ch. 2 Chemical Context of Life BIOL 222 Ma1er Organisms are composed of ma1er Ma8er is anything that takes up space and has mass Ma8er is made up of elements Lowest end of the structural organiza@on of
More informationConcept 2.1: Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds
Concept 2.1: Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds Organisms are composed of matter Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass The Chemical Context
More informationThe Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationThe Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationThe Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2 LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson The Chemical Context of Life
More informationThe Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationThe Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationThe Chemical Context of Life
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life
More informationThe Chemical Context of Life
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life
More informationThe Chemical Context of Life
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life
More informationBIOLOGY. The Chemical Context of Life CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 2 The Chemical Context of Life Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick A Chemical Connection to Biology
More informationYou will be able to: Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bellwork Take out your copy from the Sponge Bob Scientific Method questions (I have more if you need one) and complete the three questions over the scientific method. You will be able to: 1. Identify the
More informationChapter 2. The Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life 1 Matter Takes up space and has mass Exists as elements (pure form) and in chemical combinations called compounds 2 Elements Can t be broken down into simpler substances
More informationREVIEW element compound atom Neutrons Protons Electrons atomic nucleus daltons atomic number mass number Atomic mass
Domain 2: Matter REVIEW Matter is made up of elements An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions A compound is a substance consisting of two or more
More informationCHAPTER 2: THE CHEMICAL CONTEXT OF LIFE AP Biology CASE STUDY: DEVIL S GARDEN MATTER. Figs. 2.1 & 2.2. Fig. 2.3
CHAPTER 2: THE CHEMICAL CONTEXT OF LIFE AP Biology 1 CASE STUDY: DEVIL S GARDEN Ants use formic acid to maintain the garden of a single flowering tree called Duroia hirsuta Ants live in the hollow tree
More informationThe Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Dr. Wendy Sera ouston Community College Biology 1406 Atomic Puns A neutron goes into a bar and asks the bartender, "ow much for a beer?" The bartender replies, "For
More informationThe Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Edited by Shawn Lester PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with
More information2 The Chemical Context of Life
2 The Chemical Context of Life CAMPBELL BILGY TENT EDITIN Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson A Chemical Connection to Biology Biology is the study of life Living organisms and their environments
More informationChemistry of Life 9/16/15. Chemistry s Building Block: The Atom. Ch 2 BIOL 160
Ch 2 Chemistry of Life BIOL 160 1 Chemistry s Building Block: The Atom Structural Hierarchy (reviewed) Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ The atom is the fundamental unit of matter. Elements Chemistry
More informationAP BIOLOGY: READING ASSIGNMENT FOR CHAPTER 2. Particle Charge Mass Location
1) Fill in the names beside the symbols of the following elements commonly found in living matter: a. Ca b. P c. K d. S e. Na f. Cl g. Mg 2) The different between the mass number and the atomic number
More informationThe Chemical Context of Life
Elements and Compounds The Chemical Context of Life Sodium Chlorine! Sodium chloride! An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions A compound is a substance
More informationCompounds Bonded Elements Made up of two or more Types of atoms bonded together In a fixed ratio NEW SUBSTANCE Different Properties
Lecture 2 8/31/05 The Chemical Context of Life Atoms, Bonding, Molecules Before we start Website to get LECTURE NOTES http://www.uvm.edu/~dstratto/bcor011_handouts/ Questions from last time? Elements Pure
More informationChemistry Review CHAPTER 2 IN TEXT
Chemistry Review CHAPTER 2 IN TEXT Chemistry of Life Living organisms and the world they live in are subject to the basic laws of physics and chemistry. Life can be organized into a hierarchy of structural
More informationChemical Bond An attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms, which binds the atoms together
Chemical Bond An attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms, which binds the atoms together When atoms form chemical bonds their valence electrons move around. This makes atoms
More informationBiotech 2: Atoms and Molecules OS Text Reading pp Electron cloud Atoms & Nucleus 2e Subatomic Particles Helium Electron cloud
9/4/017 Biotech : Atoms and Molecules OS Text Reading pp. 34-4 Atoms & Subatomic Particles Nucleus Helium e cloud cloud e Protons Neutrons Mass number = 4 s Nucleus Carbon atomic number = # of protons
More information2-1 The Nature of Matter
2-1 The Nature of Matter Small Atoms Placed side by side, 100 million atoms would make a row only about 1 centimeter long. contain subatomic particles Atoms What three subatomic particles make up atoms?
More informationThe Chemical Basis of Life
The Chemical Basis of Life Chapter 2 Objectives Identify the four elements that make up 96% of living matter. Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: neutron and proton, atomic number and mass
More informationChapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life. AP Biology
Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life AP Biology Overview: A Chemical Connection to Biology Biology is a multidisciplinary science Living organisms are subject to basic laws of physics and chemistry
More informationTHE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE. The Nature of Matter
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE The Nature of Matter What do all of These Pictures Have in Common? And last, but not least GEICO S Gecko! MATTER All matter is made up of different combinations of elements.
More informationWhat is this? Electrons: charge, mass? Atom. Negative charge(-), mass = 0. The basic unit of matter. Made of subatomic particles:
Chemical Bonds What is this? Atom The basic unit of matter. Electrons: charge, mass? Negative charge(-), mass = 0 Made of subatomic particles: Protons: charge, mass? Positive charge (+), mass = 1 Neutrons:
More informationChapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life
AP Biology Guided Reading Name Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life Concept 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds 1. What is the difference between
More informationCan you see atoms? M
Can you see atoms? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_okfvbzd9 M 2. Life requires about 25 chemical elements About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential for life. Four elements - carbon
More informationThe Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Lecture Outline Overview: Chemical Foundations of Biology Living organisms and the world they live in are subject to the basic laws of physics and chemistry. Biology
More informationIntroduction. Atom is made up of protons, electrons and neutrons. Electrons revolving in concentric circles around nucleus in fixed orbitals
Chemistry of life Introduction Atom is made up of protons, electrons and neutrons Electrons revolving in concentric circles around nucleus in fixed orbitals Electron Orbital (energy level) Chemical bonding
More informationDo atoms always have an equal number of protons, neutrons and electrons? 1. Yes. 2. No.
Self Quiz Do atoms always have an equal number of protons, neutrons and electrons? 1. Yes. 2. No. Do atoms always have an equal number of protons, neutrons and electrons? 1. Yes. 2. No. A chemical bond
More informationLecture 2: The Chemistry of Life
Lecture 2: The Chemistry of Life In this lecture: Matter, atoms, and the periodic table Chemical bonding Ionic vs. covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces Polarity Electronegativity What
More informationChapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Information in this chapter establishes a foundation for later discussion and elaboration of molecular-level events and processes in biological systems. Ensuring
More informationAtoms with a complete outer shell do not react with other atoms. The outer shell is called the valence shell. Its electrons are valence electrons.
Bonding and the Outer Shell Use this table for reference: http://www.dreamwv.com/primer/page/s_pertab.html Atoms with incomplete shells react with others in a way that allows it to complete the outer shell.
More information2-1 The Nature of Matter
Biology 1 of 40 2 of 40 The study of chemistry begins with the basic unit of matter, the atom. The Greek philosopher Democritus called the smallest fragment of matter the atom, from the Greek word atomos.
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY Unit 2 Part 1 ACTIVITY #1 (Chapter 2) Covalent Bonds Involves sharing of. electrons. Electronegativities O = 3.5 N = 3.0 C = 2.5 H = 2.
AP BIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY Unit 2 Part 1 ACTIVITY #1 (Chapter 2) NAME DATE PERIOD DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION: Attraction that holds molecules together Involves valence electrons CHEMICAL BONDS TYPES: Ionic Bonds
More informationChapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life
Name Period This chapter covers the basics that you may have learned in your chemistry class. Whether your teacher goes over this chapter, or assigns it for you do review on your own, the questions that
More informationElements and Isotopes. 2-1 The Nature of Matter
Elements and Isotopes An element's mass number (atomic mass) is the total number of protons and neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons. Most atomic masses
More informationPractice Test 1 Bio 103 Name
Practice Test 1 Bio 103 Name 1) An atom with an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19 would have an atomic mass of approximately? a) 10 Daltons b) 19 Daltons c) 9 grams d) 9 Daltons e) 20 grams 2)
More informationChapter 2 Notes The Chemistry of Life
Name: Chapter 2 Notes The Chemistry of Life Section 2-1 The Nature of Matter Date: Atoms (p. 35) The study of chemistry begins with the basic unit of matter, the. Comes from the Greek word atomos, meaning
More informationof its physical and chemical properties.
8.4 Molecular Shapes VSEPR Model The shape of a molecule determines many of its physical and chemical properties. Molecular l geometry (shape) can be determined with the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
More informationUnit 3 - Part 1: Bonding. Objective - to be able to understand and name the forces that create chemical bonds.
Unit 3 - Part 1: Bonding Objective - to be able to understand and name the forces that create chemical bonds. Bonding: Key Terms to Know 1. Chemical formula 2. Molecular formula 3. Bond Energy 4. Bond
More informationChapter 8 Covalent Boding
Chapter 8 Covalent Boding Molecules & Molecular Compounds In nature, matter takes many forms. The noble gases exist as atoms. They are monatomic; monatomic they consist of single atoms. Hydrogen chloride
More informationCovalent Bonding. In nature, only the noble gas elements exist as uncombined atoms. All other elements need to lose or gain electrons
In nature, only the noble gas elements exist as uncombined atoms. They are monatomic - consist of single atoms. All other elements need to lose or gain electrons To form ionic compounds Some elements share
More informationBIOLOGY. The Chemical Context of Life. Outline. Why study Chemistry? The Elements of Life. Definitions and the Basics
2 The hemical ontext of Life Dr Burns Napa Valley ollege AMPBELL BIOLOGY TENT EDITION Reece Urry ain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Outline I. Why study hemistry II. Atoms A. Periodic Table B. Isotopes. Electrons/orbitals
More informationBIOLOGICAL SCIENCE. Lecture Presentation by Cindy S. Malone, PhD, California State University Northridge. FIFTH EDITION Freeman Quillin Allison
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FIFTH EDITION Freeman Quillin Allison 2 Lecture Presentation by Cindy S. Malone, PhD, California State University Northridge Roadmap 2 In this chapter you will learn that Chemistry is
More informationCovalent Bonding. In nature, only the noble gas elements exist as uncombined atoms. All other elements need to lose or gain electrons
In nature, only the noble gas elements exist as uncombined atoms. They are monatomic - consist of single atoms. All other elements need to lose or gain electrons To form ionic compounds Some elements share
More informationMolecular Compounds Compounds that are bonded covalently (like in water, or carbon dioxide) are called molecular compounds
Chapter 8: Covalent Bonding Section 1: Molecular Compounds Bonds are Forces that hold groups of atoms together and make them function as a unit. Two types: Ionic bonds transfer of electrons (gained or
More informationWhat are covalent bonds?
Covalent Bonds What are covalent bonds? Covalent Bonds A covalent bond is formed when neutral atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. Covalent Bonds Covalent bonds form between two or more non-metal
More informationThe Chemistry of Life Chapter 2. Prof. J. Dodd
The Chemistry of Life Chapter 2 Prof. J. Dodd Why should we study chemistry in C, H, O, N Atoms are composed of 3 main particles: (subatomic particles) Protons (+) Neutrons Electrons (-) Protons and Neutrons
More informationAP Biology. Chapter 2
AP Biology Chapter 2 Matter is anything that has weight and takes up space 1. Mass is a measure of how much matter is present in a body 2. Weight is a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object
More informationChapter 8 : Covalent Bonding. Section 8.1: Molecular Compounds
Chapter 8 : Covalent Bonding Section 8.1: Molecular Compounds What is a molecule? A molecular compound? A molecule is a neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds A molecular compound is
More informationCHAPTERS 2 & 3 The Chemical Context of Life. Chapter 2: Atoms and Molecules Chapter 3: Water & ph
CAPTERS 2 & 3 The Chemical Context of Life Chapter 2: Atoms and Molecules Chapter 3: Water & p Chapter 2: Atoms and Molecules Chapter Reading pp. 29-41 The Elements of Life Atoms & Nucleus 2e Electron
More informationCampbell Biology, 11e (Urry) Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life. 2.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
Campbell Biology, 11e (Urry) Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life 2.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which 4 of these 25 elements
More informationAtomic Structure and Chemical Bonds. Chapter 16
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds Chapter 16 Sec7on 1 Why do Atoms Combine? Let s remember the basics: Ma@er is made up of Atoms The center of an atom contains a small nucleus that has a posi7ve charge.
More informationCHEMICAL BONDING COVALENT BONDS IONIC BONDS METALLIC BONDS
CHEMICAL BONDING COVALENT BONDS IONIC BONDS METALLIC BONDS Metallic Bonds How atoms are held together in solid metals. Metals hold onto their valence electrons very weakly. Think of them as positive ions
More informationBiology. Slide 1 of 40. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology 1 of 40 2 of 40 Atoms Atoms The study of chemistry begins with the basic unit of matter, the atom. 3 of 40 Atoms Placed side by side, 100 million atoms would make a row only about 1 centimeter
More informationHow do Elements Combine to Form Compounds?
How do Elements Combine to Form Compounds? ACTIVITY What is it made of? Compounds account for the huge variety of matter on Earth All the compounds that exist on Earth are built from elements 118 elements
More informationChapter 8 Notes. Covalent Bonding
Chapter 8 Notes Covalent Bonding Molecules and Molecular Compounds Helium and Neon are monoatomic, meaning they exist as single atoms Some compounds exist as crystalline solids, such as NaCl Others exist
More informationIndicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following bonds is polar? a. F F b. O H c. O O d. H H 2. In the compound, H 2 O, the electrons in the
More informationUnit 11 Bonding. Identifying the type of bonding involved in a molecule will allow us to predict certain general properties of a compound.
Unit 11 Bonding INTRODUCTION Within molecules, there are forces that hold atoms together These forces are called bonds There are different types of bonds, or more correctly, variations Identifying the
More information2 Ionic and Covalent Bonding
CHAPTER 6 2 Ionic and Covalent Bonding SECTION The Structure of Matter KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: Why do atoms form bonds? How do ionic bonds and covalent bonds differ?
More informationCampbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life
Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life This chapter presents basic chemical principles for understanding the chemical context of living organisms, from atomic structure
More informationChapter 1: The Biochemical Basis of life pg : The Fundamental Chemistry of Life pg. 8 18
UNIT 1: Biochemistry Chapter 1: The Biochemical Basis of life pg. 6 69 1.1: The Fundamental Chemistry of Life pg. 8 18 The properties of life are based on the hierarchical arrangement of chemical parts.
More informationChemical Bonding I: Covalent Bonding. How are atoms held together in compounds?
I: Covalent Bonding How are atoms held together in compounds? IONIC or COVALENT bonds or forces For most atoms, a filled outer shell contains 8 electrons ----- an octet Atoms want to form octets when they
More informationUnit Six --- Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Unit Six --- Ionic and Covalent Bonds Electron Configuration in Ionic Bonding Ionic Bonds Bonding in Metals Valence Electrons Electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an element s atoms Examples
More informationThe Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)
The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) CHAPTER 4, LESSON 1: PROTONS, NEUTRONS, AND ELECTRONS HS-PS1-1. Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the
More informationWhat is reactivity based on? What do all elements want to be happy? Draw the Lewis Dot Structure for Sodium and Chlorine.
What is reactivity based on? What do all elements want to be happy? Draw the Lewis Dot Structure for Sodium and Chlorine. FORCES What is a chemical bond? The force that holds two atoms together Between
More informationName: Date: Period: Study Guide: 8th grade - Chapter 8 Test, Elements and Chemical Bonds
Name: Date: Period: Study Guide: 8th grade - Chapter 8 Test, Elements and Chemical Bonds 1. Water is a covalent bond because. 2. Ionic bonds have the ability to. 3. When atoms gain or lose electrons, an
More informationGeneral Chemistry. Lecture 3
General Chemistry Lecture 3 Electrons Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus Electrons surround the nucleus in energy levels or shell at certain distances around the nucleus The number of electrons
More informationBonding Test pg 1 of 4 Name: Pd. Date:
Bonding Test pg 1 of 4 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) How many electrons are shared in a single covalent bond? 1. A) 2 B) 3 C)
More informationChapter 6 Chemical Bonding
Chapter 6 Chemical Bonding Section 6-1 Introduction to Chemical Bonding Chemical Bonds Valence electrons are attracted to other atoms, and that determines the kind of chemical bonding that occurs between
More informationIntroduction to Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding Introduction to Chemical Bonding Chemical bond! is a mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together Why are most
More informationEssential Organic Chemistry. Chapter 1
Essential Organic Chemistry Paula Yurkanis Bruice Chapter 1 Electronic Structure and Covalent Bonding Periodic Table of the Elements 1.1 The Structure of an Atom Atoms have an internal structure consisting
More informationThere are two main requirements for atoms to form a covalent bond and make a molecule:
HOW ATOMS BOND TO EACH OTHER Covalent bonding Remember that a hydrogen atom has 1 proton and 1 electron and that the electron and the proton are attracted to each other. But if the atoms get close enough
More informationCHAPTER 12 CHEMICAL BONDING
CHAPTER 12 CHEMICAL BONDING Core electrons are found close to the nucleus, whereas valence electrons are found in the most distant s and p energy subshells. The valence electrons are responsible for holding
More informationTOPIC: Chemical Bonds
TOPIC: Chemical Bonds H O bond H a water molecule In elements and compounds, the atoms are held together by chemical bonds. Forming a bond makes an atom more stable, so atoms form as many bonds are they
More informationSBI4U BIOCHEMISTRY. Atoms, Bonding & Molecular Polarity
SBI4U BIOCHEMISTRY Atoms, Bonding & Molecular Polarity 6 types of atoms make up 99% of all living organisms Naturally Occurring Elements in the Human Body Element Symbol Atomic # % of human body weight
More informationCovalent Bonding H 2. Using Lewis-dot models, show how H2O molecules are covalently bonded in the box below.
Covalent Bonding COVALENT BONDS occur when atoms electrons. When atoms combine through the sharing of electrons, are formed. What is a common example of a covalently bonded molecule? When hydrogen atoms
More informationCartoon courtesy of NearingZero.net. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Cartoon courtesy of NearingZero.net Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Chemical Bonds Forces that hold groups of atoms together and make them function as a unit. 3 Major Types: Ionic bonds transfer
More informationHow are atoms held together in a Covalent Bond?
4.3 Covalent Bonds Vocabulary: Covalent Bond - Molecule - Double bond Triple bond Molecular compound Nonpolar bond Polar bond - How are atoms held together in a Covalent Bond? The chemical bond formed
More informationBIOLOGY 101. CHAPTERS 1 and 2: Introduction, and The Chemical Context of Life:
BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTERS 1 and 2: Introduction, and The Chemical Context of Life: BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 1: Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life Natural Selection and change: Focus What is science, and what
More informationCovalent Bonding. a. O b. Mg c. Ar d. C. a. K b. N c. Cl d. B
Covalent Bonding 1. Obtain the number of valence electrons for each of the following atoms from its group number and draw the correct Electron Dot Notation (a.k.a. Lewis Dot Structures). a. K b. N c. Cl
More informationCHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS
CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS IONIC BONDING When an atom of a nonmetal takes one or more electrons from an atom of a metal so both atoms end up with eight valence
More informationIntroduction to Chemistry (includes bonding, water, and ph) C1
Introduction to Chemistry (includes bonding, water, and ph) C1 Do Now: What are atoms made up of and list the location of each particle. Finish up Labs Chemistry review Homework: Read, take notes on 2.1
More informationElements and Chemical Bonds. Chapter 11
Elements and Chemical Bonds Chapter 11 Essential Question How does understanding periodic trends allow us to predict properties of different elements? Vocabulary Ionic bond Covalent bond Compounds, Chemical
More informationChapter 6. Preview. Objectives. Molecular Compounds
Section 2 Covalent Bonding and Molecular Compounds Preview Objectives Molecular Compounds Formation of a Covalent Bond Characteristics of the Covalent Bond The Octet Rule Electron-Dot Notation Lewis Structures
More informationChapter 7 Chemical Bonding
Chapter 7 Chemical Bonding 7.1 Ionic Bonding Octet rule: In forming compounds atoms lose, gain or share electrons to attain a noble gas configuration with 8 electrons in their outer shell (s 2 p 6 ), except
More informationChapter 2: Atoms and Molecules
CAPTERS & 3 The Chemical Context of Life Chapter : Atoms and Molecules Chapter 3: Water & p Chapter : Atoms and Molecules Chapter Reading pp. 9-41 The Elements of Life 1 Atoms & Subatomic Particles Nucleus
More informationUnit 1 Review: Matter and Chemical Bonding
Unit 1 Review: Matter and Chemical Bonding 1. Do you think DHMO should be banned? Justify your answer. Write the formula for dihydrogen monoxide. H 2 O 2. Name these groups on the periodic table: 1, 2,
More informationUnit 5: Bonding Covalent & Intermolecular
Name Unit 5: Bonding Covalent & Intermolecular Date Part 2 Questions 1. Ozone, O3 (g), is produced from oxygen, O2 (g) by electrical discharge during thunderstorms. The unbalanced equation below represents
More information4. A hydrogen bond is formed between a hydrogen atom and a negative atom, usually a nitrogen or oxygen.
Name Biology Summer Assignment Print, complete and bring this assignment with you on the first day of classes. Use the background information document to help you complete this assignment. Modified True/False
More informationChemical bonds. In some minerals, other (less important) bond types include:
Chemical bonds Chemical bond: force of attraction between two or more atoms/ions Types of bonds in crystals: Ionic bond: electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions. This type of bond
More informationCh 6 Chemical Bonding
Ch 6 Chemical Bonding What you should learn in this section (objectives): Define chemical bond Explain why most atoms form chemical bonds Describe ionic and covalent bonding Explain why most chemical bonding
More informationExamLearn.ie. Chemical Bonding
ExamLearn.ie Chemical Bonding Chemical Bonding A molecule is a group of atoms joined together. It is the smallest particle of an element or compound that can exist independently. Eg: Molecule of water
More information