### Facolta' di Scienze MM.FF.NN. A.A Prova di verifica delle conoscenze Trial Exam I[11001]

Transcription

1 ### Facolta' di Scienze MM.FF.NN. A.A Prova di verifica delle conoscenze Trial Exam I[11001] A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E Visto Commissione

2 ISTRUZIONI PER LA COMPILAZIONE DEL FOGLIO RISPOSTE Prima di iniziare la prova il candidato legga attentamente le indicazioni riportate di seguito Per rispondere alle domande è necessario utilizzare esclusivamente una penna a sfera nera e contrassegnare con una X le caselle secondo gli esempi riportati nella tabella: Rispondere a una domanda Ogni domanda ammette una e una sola risposta. Per rispondere il candidato inserisca una X da un angolo all altro della casella corrispondente alla risposta esatta, avendo cura di rimanere entro i bordi della casella stessa. Correggere una risposta Il candidato annerisca completamente la casella corrispondente alla risposta errata e metta una X sulla casella relativa alla risposta esatta. Attenzione: come mostra l immagine per ogni domanda è possibile una sola correzione annerendo la casella contenente la risposta sbagliata e mettendo una X sulla casella corrispondente alla risposta esatta. Non rispondere a una domanda o annullare una risposta Per non rispondere a una domanda o annullare una risposta già data il candidato lasci in bianco o annerisca completamente tutte la fila di caselle associate alla domanda. Attenzione: l annerimento della singola casella non annulla la risposta. Esempio di marcatura valida Esempio di risposta corretta Esempi di risposte non date o annullate AVVERTENZE: Il sistema di correzione automatica equipara a nessuna risposta ogni caso non contemplato nel presente foglio di istruzioni. È fatto divieto scambiare i fogli risposta con altri candidati perché questo impedirebbe la correzione del compito e la prova sarebbe annullata. È vietato apporre sul foglio risposte qualsiasi altro segno che non sia tra quelli consentiti per indicare, correggere o annullare le risposte stesse. Il foglio risposte deve essere riconsegnato integro, non macchiato e non piegato.

3 ### Facolta' di Scienze MM.FF.NN. A.A Prova di verifica delle conoscenze Trial Exam I [11001] Il candidato controlli che il codice risulti uguale a quello del codice a barre stampato sul Foglio Risposte. Ai fini della prova il solo documento valido è il Foglio Risposte. GRAMMAR QUESTIONS 1. Protists are very small organisms, ranging from mm in length. A) till B) up to C) as far as D) until E) since 2. Stainless steels are produced.. iron with chromium and sometimes also with nickel. A) to alloying B) so alloying C) in alloying D) by alloying E) with alloying 3. Scientists believe there... between 5 and 22 glacial periods during the last 2 million years. A) are been B) have been C) is D) had been E) are being 4. The nearer, the brighter it will appear. A) a is star B) a star is C) is star D) is a star E) star is 5. Some weeks ago I was asked the following question: Aristotle studied under Plato,.? A) isn t it B) doesn t he C) really D) wasn t he E) didn t he 6. Plants have colonized virtually every habitat on the planet, from the deserts to the oceans. A) most dry B) much dry C) many dry D) driest E) more dry 7. When the first oil well drilled in the U.S.A.? A) are B) will be C) has been D) was E) could be Pagina 1

4 8. What areas of science did Archimedes work.. most? A) much B) very C) a D) in E) the 9. The deepest parts of the oceans are the ocean trenches, are on average 100 km wide. A) why B) what C) which D) whose E) who 10. Distances to nearby stars.. measured by means of the parallax method. A) can B) are able to be C) is able to be D) is E) can be 11. Visualizing individual molecules of DNA for genetic and physical studies involves two basic steps. A) lots B) a lot C) both D) much E) so 12.. isotopes of an element contain the same nuclear charge, and their chemical properties are identical, they do not display the same physical properties. A) Despite B) Thus C) Yet D) Even though E) However 13. A quadrilateral is plane figure with four sides. A) all B) those C) whole D) whose E) any 14.. telephone lines are good enough, portable computers can be connected to the telephone system anywhere in the world. A) Moreover B) Whereas C) Notwithstanding D) Hence E) As long as , these researchers found a new method that uniformly extends and aligns large numbers of molecules. A) On B) Already C) In D) At E) Since Pagina 2

5 16. As everyone s DNA is significantly different, the forensic technique known as genetic fingerprinting is becoming important in identifying criminals. A) already B) more and more C) a lot D) much E) most 17. How many genes.. each human cell contain? A) is B) is able to C) are D) does E) do 18. The height of waves and the distance between them are largely determined by wind.. and the distance over which they have been transported. A) strengthen B) strength C) strong D) strongly E) stronger 19. Stem cells can,. other types of cells, grow into anything. A) although B) unlike C) since D) nevertheless E) yet 20. Who. that the speed at which a galaxy is moving away from us is proportional to its distance? A) do find B) did found C) found D) find E) does find COMPREHENSION The neutron In the 1920s physicists thought that everything was made of just two components: electrons and protons. The prevailing theory was that, in each atom, lightweight negatively charged electrons whizzed around a tiny dense nucleus that held heavy positive protons and some more electrons. Then, in the early 1930s, came a surprise. Physicists found that alpha-particle radiation could induce samples of the light element beryllium to give off some other form of radiation one exceptionally good at knocking protons out of other elements. In 1932 the English physicist James Chadwick, working at Cambridge, repeated these experiments and found that he could explain the effects if the alpha particles were knocking other particles each about as heavy as a proton, but with no electric charge out of the beryllium nuclei. These neutral particles could in turn knock protons out of other elements. For a while Chadwick thought that the neutron was not a fundamental particle, but a tightly bound electron and proton. But by 1934 measurements showed that the neutron was slightly too heavy for that. Physicists had to live with a new basic ingredient of matter. Atomic nuclei are made not of protons and electrons, but protons and neutrons. The various isotopes (or versions) of a particular element, which have the same chemistry but different weights, all contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. This discovery helped to drive the furiously rapid advances in nuclear physics of the 1930s. The neutron is the key to the nuclear chain reactions that drive power stations and explode atomic bombs: neutrons fly out like shrapnel from each nucleus when it splits, hitting other nuclei and causing them to break up too. They also have less violent uses now: as probes of the structure of matter, undeflected by the charges around atoms because of their electrical neutrality. Pagina 3

6 21. How could subjecting a sample of beryllium to alpha-particle radiation lead to protons being knocked out of some other elements? A) The alpha-particle radiation could knock protons out of the beryllium nuclei, which could in turn knock protons out of the other elements. B) The alpha-particle radiation could induce the beryllium nuclei to give off neutrons and these could then go on to knock protons out of the other elements. C) The alpha-particle radiation could cause particles of light to be emitted from the beryllium nuclei, and these could in turn knock protons out of the other elements. D) Neutrons in the alpha-particle radiation could knock protons directly out of the atomic nuclei of the other elements. E) The alpha-particle radiation could neutralize the electric charge of the protons in the other elements, thus knocking them out. 22. What difference in weight is there between a neutron, on the one hand, and a tightly bound electron and proton, on the other? A) A neutron weighs slightly over twice as much as a tightly bound electron and a proton. B) A neutron is much heavier than a tightly bound electron and a proton. C) A tightly bound electron and a proton are as heavy as a neutron. D) A tightly bound electron and a proton weigh half as much as a neutron. E) A tightly bound electron and a proton are not quite as heavy as a neutron. 23. Which of the following statements is, according to the information in the text, False? A) The different isotopes of any given element, despite having the same chemistry, vary in weight. B) Research in nuclear physics progressed very quickly between 1930 and C) Atomic nuclei are made up of two components, both of which are electrically charged. D) James Chadwick did not realise at once that the neutron was a fundamental particle. E) In 1929 physicists still believed that electrons and protons were the only components things were made of. 24. What components make up an atom? A) Electrons and neutrons. B) Electrons and protons. C) Electrons, protons and neutrons. D) Neutrons and protons. E) Beryllium, electrons, protons and neutrons. 25. Collisions between which of the following are crucial to a nuclear chain reaction? A) Neutrons and alpha particle radiation. B) Atoms and electrons. C) Atoms and atomic nuclei. D) Electrons and atomic nuclei. E) Atomic nuclei and neutrons. Five kingdoms of life Animal, vegetable or mineral? The question implies that living things are either plants or animals, and historically biologists have taken the same view. Biologists did encounter some creatures, such as mushrooms, that violated the distinction, but they forced them into the plant or animal group. Mushrooms are fungi, for instance, and biologists until recently classed fungi as plants more accurately as plants that do not photosynthesize. Then there were the microbes. Biologists found increasing numbers of microscopic life forms in the wake of their discovery in the seventeenth century, and these were duly forced into the plant/animal distinction. Some microbes which could photosynthesise were defined as algae and grouped with plants. Others which seemed more like animals were defined as protozoa and grouped with animals. In the nineteenth century biologists discovered bacteria even smaller microbes but these no one managed to define as either animals or plants. By the twentieth century biologists knew that all life could not be divided into animals and plants, but the old idea was not finally laid to rest until 1969 when an American ecologist, Robert Whittaker, proposed his five-kingdom classification. He divided life into animals, plants, fungi, protists and bacteria. Animals, plants, fungi and protists are eukaryotes ; they are built of cells (or one cell in the case of protists) with a distinct nucleus. Bacteria are prokaryotes ; their single cell has no distinct nucleus. Whittaker s classification struck a chord. Fungi have nothing to do with plants; indeed, they are more closely related to animals. Subsequent research has modified Whittaker s scheme. Some biologists prefer to divide the protists into more than one kingdom, but the most important development came when Carl Woese discovered that there are two groups of prokaryotes (archaeans and bacteria), not one. That has led to a three-domain classification of life: archaeans, bacteria and eukaryotes (the last of which contain the other four kingdoms of Whittaker s scheme). 26. When was the view that all living things could be defined as either plants or animals definitively abandoned? A) In the nineteenth century. B) In the 1970s. C) In the early twentieth century. D) In the seventeenth century. E) In Pagina 4

7 27. Which of the following life forms were biologists unable to define as either animals or plants before the twentieth century? A) Protozoa. B) Algae. C) Fungi. D) Bacteria. E) Microbes in general. 28. Why can the historical classification of fungi as plants be considered as forced? A) Because fungi are prokaryotes. B) Because fungi photosynthesize. C) Because fungi belong to the animal kingdom. D) Because fungi are minerals. E) Because fungi do not photosynthesize. 29. Which of the following lists includes all the groups in the three-domain classification of life? A) Animals, vegetables and minerals. B) Plants, animals, minerals, archaeans and bacteria. C) Bacteria, archaeans, protists, fungi, plants and animals. D) Algae, protists, and bacteria. E) Animals, plants, fungi, protests and archaeans. 30. Which of the following are NOT eukaryotes? A) Animals. B) Archaeans. C) Mushrooms. D) Protists. E) Algae. Pagina 5