1. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by reducing how much energy they need
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2 1. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by reducing how much energy they need Let s define catalyst. Enzyme?? Their name ends in what??? Catabolic?? Anabolic?? Catabolic rxns are exergonic (what in the world does that mean??) So anabolic ones would be???
3 Let s light up a cheetoh and talk about activation energy. What is this collision theory? By the way, just what is a theory?
4 Let s break this graph down. Endergonic or exergonic?? Fig. 6.12
5 Are our bodies too cool for that cheetoh? Why not just strike a match and light us up?? Denature, you say?? Like an egg?? Why won t that enzyme work anymore??
6 Can enzymes MAKE a reaction happen??? Fig. 6.13
7 So in terms of ENERGY, Enzymes help lower the activation energy required to get a reaction started. Enzymes DO NOT ADD ENERGY that helps reactions happen. By lowering the activation energy necessary, enzymes allow reactions to happen at lower temperatures, like body temperature.
8 2. Enzymes are substrate specific Substrate = reactant Sucrase is an enzyme that binds to sucrose and speeds the hydrolysis of it into fructose and glucose. Likewise, lactase catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose.
9 What s an active site??? Specificity??? Induced fit??? Fig. 6.14
10 Another example of induced fit
11 More facts about enzyme action. Shape is key, but charges help too. Turnover # = rxns/sec Can you use an enzyme molecule more than once? Now, back to HOW they help the reaction occur
12 Fig. 6.15
13 Enzymes lower activation energy and speed a reaction in two different ways: For catabolic reactions, they For anabolic reactions well, let s shake it up! Look here: 0/animations/animations.htm link to Enzyme Specificity, then Binding Models
14 Enzymes use two basic mechanisms to lower activation energy and speed a reaction by allowing it to happen at a lower temperature. For anabolic rxns, the active site and shape changes during induced fit puts substrates in the correct position for the bond to be formed with the help of a gentler collision (at a lower activation energy). For catabolic reactions, when the enzyme-substrate complex changes shape, it may put stress on bonds that must be broken, making it easier for a lesser collision to break them.
15 Enzyme specificity helps control a cell Now what does all this have to do with the control center of the cell?
16 What if we add more substrate molecules??? Let s make a graph of this concept. Now an American comedy classic!
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18 EXPLAIN what these graphs show. DESCRIBE. Fig. 6.16a
19 How about ph? Describe. Explain WHY and HOW does ph have this effect? Fig. 6.16b
20 Do enzymes need help too?? Some inorganic cofactors include zinc, iron, and copper. And what would a Coenzyme be? Take my vitamins?? The manners by which cofactors assist catalysis are diverse and we won t get into any detail here, but watch out for them soon!
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25 I know what you re thinking Wow! These enzymes are so important there ought to be a song about them.
26 5. ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions A cell does three main kinds of work: Mechanical work: beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, movement of chromosomes,etc. Transport work: pumping substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement Chemical work: driving endergonic reactions such as the synthesis of polymers from monomers. In most cases, the immediate source of energy that powers cellular work is ATP.
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28 Let s check out this structure Fig. 6.8a
29 This is how an ATP releases energy. What kind of reaction is this??? Fig. 6.8b
30 What would you call these bonds between phosphates?? Small is good here, yes???
31 Let s see an example of how it works
32 Fig. 6.9 The energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP is harnessed to the endergonic reaction that synthesizes glutamine from glutamic acid through the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP.
33 Can you recharge this little battery?? Where would you get the energy to do that?? In a working muscle cell the entire pool of ATP is recycled once each minute, over 10 million ATP consumed and regenerated per second per cell!!!! This process of ATP regeneration occurs where in your cells??? Fig. 6.10
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