Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism"

Transcription

1 Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism Why do organisms need energy? How do organisms manage their energy needs? Defining terms and issues: energy and thermodynamics metabolic reactions and energy transfers Harvesting and using energy ATP is the main energy currency in cells energy harvesting (redox reactions) Regulating reactions: Enzymes

2 Discuss energy conversions and the 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics Be sure to use the terms work potential energy kinetic energy entropy What are Joules (J) and calories (cal)?

3 Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism Why do organisms need energy? How do organisms manage their energy needs? Defining terms and issues: energy and thermodynamics metabolic reactions and energy transfers Harvesting and using energy ATP is the main energy currency in cells energy harvesting (redox reactions) Regulating reactions: Enzymes

4 Energy and Thermodynamics energy for work: change in state or motion of matter

5 Energy and Thermodynamics energy for work: change in state or motion of matter expressed in Joules or calories 1 kcal = 4184 kj

6 Energy and Thermodynamics energy for work: change in state or motion of matter expressed in Joules or calories 1 kcal = 4184 kj energy conversion: energy form change potential / kinetic

7 Energy and Thermodynamics potential energy (capacity to do work)

8 Energy and Thermodynamics potential energy (capacity to do work) kinetic energy (energy of motion, actively performing work) chemical bonds: potential energy work is required for the processes of life

9 Discuss energy conversions and the 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics Be sure to use the terms work potential energy kinetic energy entropy What are Joules (J) and calories (cal)?

10 Energy and Thermodynamics Laws of thermodynamics describe the constraints on energy usage

11 The laws of thermodynamics are sometimes stated as: In energy conversions, You can t win, and you can t break even Explain

12 Laws of Thermodynamics First law: the total amount of energy (+ matter) in a closed system remains constant

13 Laws of Thermodynamics First law: the total amount of energy (+ matter) in a closed system remains constant also called conservation of energy

14 Laws of Thermodynamics First law: the total amount of energy (+ matter) in a closed system remains constant also called conservation of energy note: the universe is a closed system living things are open systems

15 Laws of Thermodynamics First law: the total amount of energy (+ matter) in a closed system remains constant also called conservation of energy note: the universe is a closed system living things are open systems You can t win

16 Laws of Thermodynamics Second law: in every energy conversion some energy is converted to heat energy heat energy is lost to the surroundings heat energy cannot be used for work

17 Laws of Thermodynamics Second law: in every energy conversion some energy is converted to heat energy heat energy is lost to the surroundings heat energy cannot be used for work energy converted to heat in the surroundings increases entropy (spreading of energy)

18 Laws of Thermodynamics Second law: in every energy conversion some energy is converted to heat energy heat energy is lost to the surroundings heat energy cannot be used for work energy converted to heat in the surroundings increases entropy (spreading of energy) thus, this law can also be stated as: Every energy conversion increases the entropy of the universe

19 Laws of Thermodynamics Second law: Upshot: no energy conversion is 100% efficient You can t break even Just to maintain their current state, organisms must get a constant influx of energy because of energy lost in conversions

20 The laws of thermodynamics are sometimes stated as: In energy conversions, You can t win, and you can t break even Explain

21 Differentiate between: anabolism and catabolism exergonic and endergonic reactions

22 Metabolism: anabolism + catabolism metabolism divided into anabolism (anabolic reactions) anabolic reactions are processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones

23 Metabolism: anabolism + catabolism metabolism divided into anabolism (anabolic reactions) anabolic reactions are processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones catabolism (catabolic reactions) catabolic reactions are processes the break down complex molecules into simpler ones

24 Differentiate between: anabolism and catabolism exergonic and endergonic reactions

25 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy Chemical reactions involve changes in chemical bonds

26 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy Chemical reactions involve changes in chemical bonds changes in substance concentrations

27 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy Chemical reactions involve changes in chemical bonds changes in substance concentrations changes in free energy free energy = energy available to do work in a chemical reaction (such as: create a chemical bond) free energy changes depend on bond energies and concentrations of reactants and products bond energy = energy required to break a bond; value depends on the bond

28 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy left undisturbed, reactions will reach dynamic equilibrium when the relative concentrations of reactants and products is correct forward and reverse reaction rates are equal; concentrations remain constant

29 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy left undisturbed, reactions will reach dynamic equilibrium when the relative concentrations of reactants and products is correct forward and reverse reaction rates are equal; concentrations remain constant cells manipulate relative concentrations in many ways so that equilibrium is rare

30 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy exergonic reactions the products have less free energy than reactants the difference in energy is released and is available to do work

31 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy exergonic reactions the products have less free energy than reactants the difference in energy is released and is available to do work exergonic reactions are thermodynamically favored; thus, they are spontaneous, but not necessarily fast (more on activation energy later)

32 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy catabolic reactions are usually exergonic ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i is highly exergonic

33 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy endergonic reactions the products have more free energy than the reactants the difference in free energy must be supplied (stored in chemical bonds)

34 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy endergonic reactions the products have more free energy than the reactants the difference in free energy must be supplied (stored in chemical bonds) endergonic reactions are not thermodynamically favored, so they are not spontaneous

35 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy

36 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy How to get energy for an endergonic reaction?

37 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy How to get energy for an endergonic reaction? couple with an exergonic one!

38 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy How to get energy for an endergonic reaction? couple with an exergonic one! together, the coupled reactions must have a net exergonic nature

39 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy How to get energy for an endergonic reaction? couple with an exergonic one! together, the coupled reactions must have a net exergonic nature reaction coupling requires that the reactions share a common intermediate(s)

40 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy EXAMPLE: A B (exergonic) C D (endergonic)

41 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy EXAMPLE: A B (exergonic) C D (endergonic) Coupled: A + C B + D (overall exergonic)

42 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy EXAMPLE: A B (exergonic) C D (endergonic) Coupled: A + C B + D (overall exergonic) Actually: A + C I B + D

43 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy EXAMPLE: A B (exergonic) C D (endergonic) Coupled: A + C B + D (overall exergonic) Actually: A + C I B + D typically, the exergonic reaction in the couple is ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i anabolic reactions are usually endergonic

44 Chemical Reactions and Free Energy EXAMPLE: A B (exergonic) C D (endergonic) Coupled: A + C B + D (overall exergonic) Actually: A + C I B + D typically, the exergonic reaction in the couple is ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i anabolic reactions are usually endergonic This will be explored in more detail in an example in a bit, but first some more about ATP

45 Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism Why do organisms need energy? How do organisms manage their energy needs? Defining terms and issues: energy and thermodynamics metabolic reactions and energy transfers Harvesting and using energy ATP is the main energy currency in cells energy harvesting (redox reactions) Regulating reactions: Enzymes

46 Why is ATP so darned important? What is a phosphorylated intermediate? How much ATP is in a cell at any given time? Why must cells keep a high ATP/ADP ratio?

47 ATP is the main energy currency in cells One way that organisms manage their energy needs is to use ATP as a ready energy source for many reactions

48 ATP is the main energy currency in cells ATP nucleotide with adenine base, ribose sugar, and a chain of 3 phosphate groups

49 ATP is the main energy currency in cells last two phosphate groups are joined to the chain by unstable bonds; breaking these bonds is relatively easy and releases energy; thus:

50 ATP is the main energy currency in cells hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (P i ) releases energy ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i

51 ATP is the main energy currency in cells hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (P i ) releases energy ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i the amount of energy released depends in part on concentrations of reactants and products is generally ~30 kj/mol

52 ATP is the main energy currency in cells Intermediates when ATP hydrolysis is coupled to a reaction to provide energy

53 ATP is the main energy currency in cells Intermediates when ATP hydrolysis is coupled to a reaction to provide energy often phosphorylated compounds glucose glucose-6-phosphate

54 ATP is the main energy currency in cells Intermediates when ATP hydrolysis is coupled to a reaction to provide energy often phosphorylated compounds the inorganic phosphate is transferred onto another compound rather than being immediately released glucose glucose-6-phosphate

55 ATP is the main energy currency in cells Intermediates when ATP hydrolysis is coupled to a reaction to provide energy often phosphorylated compounds the inorganic phosphate is transferred onto another compound rather than being immediately released a phosphorylated compound is in a higher energy state glucose glucose-6-phosphate

56 ATP is the main energy currency in cells EXAMPLE of a coupled reaction: glucose + fructose sucrose + H 2 O (endergonic; requires ~27 kj/mol) ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i (exergonic; provides ~30 kj/mol) coupled: glucose + fructose + ATP + H 2 O sucrose + H 2 O + ADP + P i simplified: glucose + fructose + ATP sucrose +ADP + P i with intermediates: glucose + fructose + ATP + H 2 O glucose-p + fructose + ADP sucrose + H 2 O + ADP + P i (net exergonic, releases ~3 kj/mol)

57 ATP is the main energy currency in cells EXAMPLE of a coupled reaction: glucose + fructose sucrose + H 2 O (endergonic; requires ~27 kj/mol) ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i (exergonic; provides ~30 kj/mol)

58 ATP is the main energy currency in cells EXAMPLE of a coupled reaction: glucose + fructose sucrose + H 2 O (endergonic; requires ~27 kj/mol) ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i (exergonic; provides ~30 kj/mol) coupled: glucose + fructose + ATP + H 2 O sucrose + H 2 O + ADP + P i

59 ATP is the main energy currency in cells EXAMPLE of a coupled reaction: glucose + fructose sucrose + H 2 O (endergonic; requires ~27 kj/mol) ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i (exergonic; provides ~30 kj/mol) coupled: glucose + fructose + ATP + H 2 O sucrose + H 2 O + ADP + P i simplified: glucose + fructose + ATP sucrose +ADP + P i

60 ATP is the main energy currency in cells EXAMPLE of a coupled reaction: glucose + fructose sucrose + H 2 O (endergonic; requires ~27 kj/mol) ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i (exergonic; provides ~30 kj/mol) coupled: glucose + fructose + ATP + H 2 O sucrose + H 2 O + ADP + P i simplified: glucose + fructose + ATP sucrose +ADP + P i with intermediates: glucose + fructose + ATP + H 2 O glucose-p + fructose + ADP sucrose + H 2 O + ADP + P i (net exergonic, releases ~3 kj/mol)

61 ATP is the main energy currency in cells Thus, energy transfer in cellular reactions is often accomplished through transfer of a phosphate group from ATP

62 ATP is the main energy currency in cells Making ATP involves an endergonic condensation reaction reverse of an exergonic reaction is always endergonic ADP + P i ATP + H 2 O

63 ATP is the main energy currency in cells Making ATP involves an endergonic condensation reaction reverse of an exergonic reaction is always endergonic ADP + P i ATP + H 2 O endergonic, usually requires more than ~30 kj/mol

64 ATP is the main energy currency in cells Making ATP involves an endergonic condensation reaction reverse of an exergonic reaction is always endergonic ADP + P i ATP + H 2 O endergonic, usually requires more than ~30 kj/mol must be coupled with an exergonic reaction; typically from a catabolic pathway (more on that later)

65 ATP is the main energy currency in cells Overall, ATP is typically created in catabolic reactions and used in anabolic reactions, linking those aspects of metabolism

66 ATP is the main energy currency in cells Cells maintain high levels of ATP relative to ADP maximizes energy available from hydrolysis of ATP

67 ATP is the main energy currency in cells Cells maintain high levels of ATP relative to ADP maximizes energy available from hydrolysis of ATP ratio typically greater than 10 ATP: 1 ADP

68 ATP is the main energy currency in cells Overall concentration of ATP still very low supply typically only enough for a few seconds at best

69 ATP is the main energy currency in cells Overall concentration of ATP still very low supply typically only enough for a few seconds at best instability prevents stockpiling

70 ATP is the main energy currency in cells Overall concentration of ATP still very low supply typically only enough for a few seconds at best instability prevents stockpiling must be constantly produced in a typical cell, the rate of use and production of ATP is about 10 million molecules per second resting human has less than 1 g of ATP at any given time but uses about 45 kg per day

71 Why is ATP so darned important? What is a phosphorylated intermediate? How much ATP is in a cell at any given time? Why must cells keep a high ATP/ADP ratio?

72 What are redox reactions used for in cells? How (generally) can you tell which of two similar compounds is reduced and which is oxidized? Give some examples of compounds commonly used in redox reactions in cells

73 Redox reactions are also used for energy transfer Redox reactions are used to harvest energy from some chemicals The acceptors of that energy typically cannot be used directly as energy currency

74 Redox reactions are also used for energy transfer Redox reactions are used to harvest energy from some chemicals The acceptors of that energy typically cannot be used directly as energy currency Electrons can also be used for energy transfer

75 Redox reactions are also used for energy transfer Redox reactions are used to harvest energy from some chemicals The acceptors of that energy typically cannot be used directly as energy currency Electrons can also be used for energy transfer Redox reactions: recall reduction, gain electrons; oxidation, lose electrons; both occur simultaneously in cells (generally no free electrons in cells)

76 Redox reactions are also used for energy transfer Redox reactions are used to harvest energy from some chemicals The acceptors of that energy typically cannot be used directly as energy currency Electrons can also be used for energy transfer Redox reactions: recall reduction, gain electrons; oxidation, lose electrons; both occur simultaneously in cells (generally no free electrons in cells) Typically, the oxidized substance gives up energy with the electron, the reduced substance gains energy with the electron

77 0804 Redox Reactions Slide number: 6 Loss of electron (oxidation) o o e + _ A + B A B A* B* Gain of electron (reduction) Low energy High energy Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Permission required for reproduction or display

78 Redox reactions are also used for energy transfer chain of redox reactions / electron transfers common more on electron transport chains later

79 Redox reactions are also used for energy transfer chain of redox reactions / electron transfers common more on electron transport chains later each electron transfer releases free energy free energy can be used for other chemical reactions

80 Redox reactions are also used for energy transfer chain of redox reactions / electron transfers common more on electron transport chains later each electron transfer releases free energy free energy can be used for other chemical reactions proton often removed as well if so, equivalent of a hydrogen atom is transferred

81 Redox reactions are also used for energy transfer Catabolism typically involves: removal of hydrogen atoms from nutrients (such as carbohydrates) transfer of the protons and electrons to intermediate electron acceptors

82 Redox reactions are also used for energy transfer intermediate acceptor example: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + )

83 Redox reactions are also used for energy transfer intermediate acceptor example: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) Use XH 2 to represent a nutrient molecule: XH 2 + NAD + X + NADH + H +

84 Redox reactions are also used for energy transfer intermediate acceptor example: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) Use XH 2 to represent a nutrient molecule: XH 2 + NAD + X + NADH + H + Often, the reduced form is just called NADH

85 Redox reactions are also used for energy transfer Reduced state stores energy, which is partially released as free energy when NADH is oxidized

86 Redox reactions are also used for energy transfer Reduced state stores energy, which is partially released as free energy when NADH is oxidized The free energy usually winds up being used to make ATP

87 Redox reactions are also used for energy transfer Other commonly used acceptors are NADP +, FAD, and cytochromes NADP + /NADPH important in photosynthesis FAD/FADH 2 flavin adenine dinucleotide Cytochromes small iron-containing proteins; iron serves as electron acceptor

88 What are redox reactions used for in cells? How (generally) can you tell which of two similar compounds is reduced and which is oxidized? Give some examples of compounds commonly used in redox reactions in cells

89 Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism Why do organisms need energy? How do organisms manage their energy needs? Defining terms and issues: energy and thermodynamics metabolic reactions and energy transfers Harvesting and using energy ATP is the main energy currency in cells energy harvesting (redox reactions) Regulating reactions: Enzymes

90 What do enzymes do for cells, and how do they do it? Be sure to use the following terms: catalyst (or catalyze) activation energy enzyme-substrate complex active site induced fit

91 Enzymes Manipulation of reactions is essential to and largely defining of life

92 Enzymes Manipulation of reactions is essential to and largely defining of life Organisms use enzymes to manipulate the speed of reactions

93 Enzymes Manipulation of reactions is essential to and largely defining of life Organisms use enzymes to manipulate the speed of reactions Understanding life requires understanding how enzymes work

94 Enzymes Enzymes regulate chemical reactions in living organisms An enzyme is an organic molecule (typically a protein) that acts as a catalyst

95 Enzymes Enzymes regulate chemical reactions in living organisms An enzyme is an organic molecule (typically a protein) that acts as a catalyst catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction (the catalyst recycles back to its original state)

96 Enzymes Enzymes regulate chemical reactions in living organisms An enzyme is an organic molecule (typically a protein) that acts as a catalyst catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction (the catalyst recycles back to its original state) enzymes (catalysts) only alter reaction rate; thermodynamics still governs whether the reaction can occur

97 Fig 89 (TEArt) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Permission required for reproduction or display 1 Bond Active site The substrate, sucrose, consists of glucose and fructose bonded together Enzyme 2 The substrate binds to the enzyme, forming an enzymesubstrate complex H 2 O 3 4 The binding of the substrate and enzyme places stress on the glucosefructose bond, and the bond breaks Glucose Fructose Products are released, and the enzyme is free to bind other substrates

98 0809 Enzyme Catalytic Cycle Slide number: 2 1 The substrate, sucrose, consists of glucose and fructose bonded together Bond Active site Enzyme Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Permission required for reproduction or display

99 0809 Enzyme Catalytic Cycle Slide number: 3 1 The substrate, sucrose, consists of glucose and fructose bonded together Bond Active site Enzyme Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Permission required for reproduction or display

100 0809 Enzyme Catalytic Cycle Slide number: 4 Bond 1 The substrate, sucrose, consists of glucose and fructose bonded together 2 The substrate binds to the enzyme, forming an enzymesubstrate complex Active site Enzyme Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Permission required for reproduction or display

101 0809 Enzyme Catalytic Cycle Slide number: 5 Bond 1 The substrate, sucrose, consists of glucose and fructose bonded together 2 The substrate binds to the enzyme, forming an enzymesubstrate complex H 2 O Active site Enzyme 3 The binding of the substrate and enzyme places stress on the glucose-fructose bond, and the bond breaks Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Permission required for reproduction or display

102 0809 Enzyme Catalytic Cycle Slide number: 6 Bond Active site 1 The substrate, sucrose, consists Glucose of glucose and fructose bonded together 2 The substrate binds to the enzyme, forming an enzymesubstrate complex Enzyme 3 H 2 O The binding of the substrate and enzyme places stress on the glucose-fructose bond, and the bond breaks 4 Fructose Products are released, and the enzyme is free to bind other substrates Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Permission required for reproduction or display

103 Enzymes work by lowering activation energy of a reaction all reactions have a required energy of activation

104 Enzymes work by lowering activation energy of a reaction all reactions have a required energy of activation energy required to break existing bonds and bring reactants together

105 Enzymes work by lowering activation energy of a reaction all reactions have a required energy of activation energy required to break existing bonds and bring reactants together must be supplied in some way before the reaction can proceed

106 activation energy Enzymes catalysts greatly reduce the activation energy requirement, making it easier for a reaction to occur

107 Enzymes Enzymes lower activation energy by forming a complex with the substrate(s) the ability to form an enzyme-substrate complex is highly dependent on the shape of the enzyme

108 Enzymes Enzymes lower activation energy by forming a complex with the substrate(s) the ability to form an enzyme-substrate complex is highly dependent on the shape of the enzyme the site where the substrate(s) binds to the enzyme is called the active site

109 Enzymes Enzymes lower activation energy by forming a complex with the substrate(s) the ability to form an enzyme-substrate complex is highly dependent on the shape of the enzyme the site where the substrate(s) binds to the enzyme is called the active site when the enzyme-substrate complex forms, there are typically shape changes in the enzyme and substrate(s) called induced fit

110 Enzymes ES complex typically very unstable

111 Enzymes ES complex typically very unstable short-lived

112 Enzymes ES complex typically very unstable short-lived breaks down into released product(s) and a free enzyme that is ready to be reused

113 Enzymes ES complex typically very unstable short-lived breaks down into released product(s) and a free enzyme that is ready to be reused overall: enzyme + substrate(s) ES complex enzyme + product(s)

114 What do enzymes do for cells, and how do they do it? Be sure to use the following terms: catalyst (or catalyze) activation energy enzyme-substrate complex active site induced fit

115 What are the four main things that enzymes do to lower activation energy?

116 Enzymes reduction in activation energy is due primarily to four things:

117 Enzymes reduction in activation energy is due primarily to four things: an enzyme holds reactants (substrates) close together in the right orientation for the reaction, which reduces the reliance on random collisions

118 Enzymes reduction in activation energy is due primarily to four things: an enzyme holds reactants (substrates) close together in the right orientation for the reaction, which reduces the reliance on random collisions an enzyme may put a strain on existing bonds, making them easier to break

119 Enzymes reduction in activation energy is due primarily to four things: an enzyme holds reactants (substrates) close together in the right orientation for the reaction, which reduces the reliance on random collisions an enzyme may put a strain on existing bonds, making them easier to break an enzyme provides a microenvironment that is more chemically suited to the reaction

120 Enzymes reduction in activation energy is due primarily to four things: an enzyme holds reactants (substrates) close together in the right orientation for the reaction, which reduces the reliance on random collisions an enzyme may put a strain on existing bonds, making them easier to break an enzyme provides a microenvironment that is more chemically suited to the reaction sometimes the active site of the enzyme itself is directly involved in the reaction during the transition states

121 Enzymes enzyme + substrate(s) ES complex enzyme + product(s)

122 What are the four main things that enzymes do to lower activation energy?

123 How are enzymes named (what suffixes indicate an enzyme)?

124 Enzyme names Enzymes many names give some indication of substrate

125 Enzyme names Enzymes many names give some indication of substrate most enzyme names end in ase (example: sucrase)

126 Enzyme names Enzymes many names give some indication of substrate most enzyme names end in ase (example: sucrase) some end in zyme (example: lysozyme)

127 Enzyme names Enzymes many names give some indication of substrate most enzyme names end in ase (example: sucrase) some end in zyme (example: lysozyme) some traditional names are less indicative of enzyme function (examples: pepsin, trypsin)

128 Enzymes Enzymes are generally highly specific overall shape as well as spatial arrangements in the active site limit what enzyme-substrate complexes can readily form

129 Enzymes the amount of specificity depends on the particular enzyme example of high specificity: sucrase splits sucrose, not other disaccharides

130 Enzymes the amount of specificity depends on the particular enzyme example of high specificity: sucrase splits sucrose, not other disaccharides example of low specificity: lipase splits variety of fatty acids from glycerol

131 Enzymes enzymes are classified by the kind of reaction they catalyze The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology has developed a nomenclature for enzymes; the top-level classification is Oxidoreductases: catalyze oxidation/reduction reactions Transferases: transfer a functional group (eg a methyl or phosphate group) Hydrolases: catalyze the hydrolysis of various bonds Lyases: cleave various bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation Isomerases: catalyze isomerization changes within a single molecule Ligases: join two molecules with covalent bonds The complete nomenclature can be browsed at

132 How are enzymes named (what suffixes indicate an enzyme)?

133 Explain the terms cofactor, apoenzyme, and coenzyme

134 Enzymes Many enzymes require additional chemical components (cofactors) to function

135 Enzymes Many enzymes require additional chemical components (cofactors) to function apoenzyme + cofactor active enzyme (bound together)

136 Enzymes Many enzymes require additional chemical components (cofactors) to function apoenzyme + cofactor active enzyme (bound together) alone, an apoenzyme or a cofactor has little if any catalytic activity

137 Enzymes Many enzymes require additional chemical components (cofactors) to function apoenzyme + cofactor active enzyme (bound together) alone, an apoenzyme or a cofactor has little if any catalytic activity cofactors may or may not be changed by the reaction

138 Enzymes cofactors can be organic or inorganic organic examples (coenzymes): ADP, NAD +, NADP +, FAD typically changed by the catalyzed reaction

139 Enzymes cofactors can be organic or inorganic organic examples (coenzymes): ADP, NAD +, NADP +, FAD typically changed by the catalyzed reaction inorganic examples: metal ions like Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Fe 3+, etc typically not changed by the catalyzed reaction

140 Enzymes cofactors can be organic or inorganic organic examples (coenzymes): ADP, NAD +, NADP +, FAD typically changed by the catalyzed reaction inorganic examples: metal ions like Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Fe 3+, etc typically not changed by the catalyzed reaction most vitamins are coenzymes or part of coenzymes, or are used for making coenzymes

141 Fig 83 (TEArt) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Permission required for reproduction or display Enzyme Energy-rich molecule H H NAD + NAD + NAD + H NAD H Product 1 Enzymes that harvest hydrogen atoms have a binding site for NAD + located near another binding site NAD + and an energy-rich molecule bind to the enzyme 2 In an oxidationreduction reaction, a hydrogen atom is transferred to NAD +, forming NADH NAD H 3 NADH then diffuses away and is available to other molecules

142 Fig 8A

143 Explain the terms cofactor, apoenzyme, and coenzyme

144 Discuss the effects of temperature and ph on enzyme activity

145 Enzymes are most active under optimal conditions each enzyme has an optimal temperature most effective as a catalyst at the optimal temperature

146 Enzymes are most active under optimal conditions each enzyme has an optimal temperature most effective as a catalyst at the optimal temperature rate of drop-off in effectiveness away from optimal temperature depends on the enzyme

147 Enzymes are most active under optimal conditions each enzyme has an optimal temperature most effective as a catalyst at the optimal temperature rate of drop-off in effectiveness away from optimal temperature depends on the enzyme high temperatures tend to denature enzymes

148 Enzymes are most active under optimal conditions each enzyme has an optimal temperature most effective as a catalyst at the optimal temperature rate of drop-off in effectiveness away from optimal temperature depends on the enzyme high temperatures tend to denature enzymes human enzymes have temperature optima near human body temperature (37 C)

149 Enzymes are most active under optimal conditions each enzyme has an optimal ph again, most effective at the optimum; drop-off varies

150 Enzymes are most active under optimal conditions each enzyme has an optimal ph again, most effective at the optimum; drop-off varies extremes of ph tend to denature enzymes

151 Enzymes are most active under optimal conditions each enzyme has an optimal ph again, most effective at the optimum; drop-off varies extremes of ph tend to denature enzymes a particular organism shows more variety in enzyme ph optima than in temperature optima, but most of its enzymes will still be optimal at the ph normally found in the cytosol of its cells

152 Discuss the effects of temperature and ph on enzyme activity

153 What is a metabolic pathway?

154 Enzymes Metabolic pathways use organized teams of enzymes the products of one reaction often serve as substrates for the next reaction

155 Enzymes Metabolic pathways use organized teams of enzymes the products of one reaction often serve as substrates for the next reaction removing products (by having them participate the next reaction ) improves reaction rate (avoids equilibrium)

156 Enzymes Metabolic pathways use organized teams of enzymes the products of one reaction often serve as substrates for the next reaction removing products (by having them participate the next reaction ) improves reaction rate (avoids equilibrium) multiple metabolic pathways exit in cells, overlapping in some areas and diverging in others

157 Fig 815

158 What is a metabolic pathway?

159 How do cells regulate enzyme activity? Include the terms: inhibitors activators allosteric site feedback inhibition Also, differentiate between: irreversible and reversible inhibition competitive and noncompetitive inhibition

160 Enzymes Cells can regulate enzyme activity to control reactions increase substrate amount increase reaction rate (up to saturation of available enzyme molecules)

161 Enzymes Cells can regulate enzyme activity to control reactions increase substrate amount increase reaction rate (up to saturation of available enzyme molecules) increase enzyme amount increase reaction rate (as long as substrate amount > enzyme amount)

162 Enzymes Cells can regulate enzyme activity to control reactions increase substrate amount increase reaction rate (up to saturation of available enzyme molecules) increase enzyme amount increase reaction rate (as long as substrate amount > enzyme amount) compartmentation of the enzyme, substrate, and products can help control reaction rate

163 Rate of reaction Rate of reaction When substrate concentration >> enzyme concentration Enzyme concentration Substrate concentration (a) (b)

164 Cells can regulate enzyme activity to control reactions inhibitors and activators of enzymes activators allow or enhance catalytic activity

165 Cells can regulate enzyme activity to control reactions inhibitors and activators of enzymes activators allow or enhance catalytic activity inhibitors reduce or eliminate catalytic activity

166 Cells can regulate enzyme activity to control reactions inhibitors and activators of enzymes activators allow or enhance catalytic activity inhibitors reduce or eliminate catalytic activity sometime, this uses an allosteric site a receptor site on an enzyme where an inhibitor or activator can bind

167 Cells can regulate enzyme activity to control reactions a common example of allosteric control is feedback inhibition the last product in a metabolic pathway binds to an allosteric site of an enzyme in an early step of the pathway (often the first) this product inhibits activity of the enzyme

168 Enzyme #1 (Threonine deaminase) Enzyme #2 Threonine -Ketobutyrate -Aceto- -hydroxybutyrate Enzyme #3,b-Dihydroxy-b-methylvalerate Feedback inhibition (Isoleucine inhibits enzyme #1) Enzyme #4 -Keto-b-methylvalerate Enzyme #5 Isoleucine

169 Fig 920

170 Cells can regulate enzyme activity to control reactions irreversible inhibition enzyme is permanently inactivated or destroyed; includes many drugs and toxins

171 Cells can regulate enzyme activity to control reactions irreversible inhibition enzyme is permanently inactivated or destroyed; includes many drugs and toxins reversible inhibition if inhibitor is removed, the enzyme activity can be recovered

172 Cells can regulate enzyme activity to control reactions reversible inhibition if inhibitor is removed, the enzyme activity can be recovered competitive inhibition inhibitor is similar in structure to a substrate; competes with substrate for binding to the active site

173 Cells can regulate enzyme activity to control reactions reversible inhibition if inhibitor is removed, the enzyme activity can be recovered competitive inhibition inhibitor is similar in structure to a substrate; competes with substrate for binding to the active site noncompetitive inhibition binds at allosteric site, alters enzyme shape to make active site unavailable

174 How do cells regulate enzyme activity? Include the terms: inhibitors activators allosteric site feedback inhibition Also, differentiate between: irreversible and reversible inhibition competitive and noncompetitive inhibition

Lecture 7: Enzymes and Energetics

Lecture 7: Enzymes and Energetics Lecture 7: Enzymes and Energetics I. Biological Background A. Biological work requires energy 1. Energy is the capacity to do work a. Energy is expressed in units of work (kilojoules) or heat energy (kilocalories)

More information

(kilo ) or heat energy (kilo ) C. Organisms carry out conversions between potential energy and kinetic energy 1. Potential energy is energy;

(kilo ) or heat energy (kilo ) C. Organisms carry out conversions between potential energy and kinetic energy 1. Potential energy is energy; I. Biological work requires energy A. Energy is the to do work B. Energy is expressed in units of work (kilo ) or heat energy (kilo ) C. Organisms carry out conversions between potential energy and kinetic

More information

Flow of Energy. Flow of Energy. Energy and Metabolism. Chapter 6

Flow of Energy. Flow of Energy. Energy and Metabolism. Chapter 6 Energy and Metabolism Chapter 6 Flow of Energy Energy: the capacity to do work -kinetic energy: the energy of motion -potential energy: stored energy Energy can take many forms: mechanical electric current

More information

Metabolism and Enzymes

Metabolism and Enzymes Energy Basics Metabolism and Enzymes Chapter 5 Pgs. 77 86 Chapter 8 Pgs. 142 162 Energy is the capacity to cause change, and is required to do work. Very difficult to define quantity. Two types of energy:

More information

Objectives INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM. Metabolism. Catabolic Pathways. Anabolic Pathways 3/6/2011. How to Read a Chemical Equation

Objectives INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM. Metabolism. Catabolic Pathways. Anabolic Pathways 3/6/2011. How to Read a Chemical Equation Objectives INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM. Chapter 8 Metabolism, Energy, and Life Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in cell metabolism Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy Distinguish

More information

I. Flow of Energy in Living Things II. Laws of Thermodynamics & Free Energy III. Activation Energy IV. Enzymes V. Reaction Coupling VI.

I. Flow of Energy in Living Things II. Laws of Thermodynamics & Free Energy III. Activation Energy IV. Enzymes V. Reaction Coupling VI. Chapter 6 Energy & Metabolism I. Flow of Energy in Living Things II. Laws of Thermodynamics & Free Energy III. Activation Energy IV. Enzymes V. Reaction Coupling VI. Metabolism I. Flow of Energy in Living

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 1 An Introduction to Metabolism PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from

More information

Chapter 6. Ground Rules Of Metabolism

Chapter 6. Ground Rules Of Metabolism Chapter 6 Ground Rules Of Metabolism Alcohol Dehydrogenase An enzyme Breaks down ethanol and other toxic alcohols Allows humans to drink Metabolism Is the totality of an organism s chemical reactions Arises

More information

Chapter 6: Energy and Metabolism

Chapter 6: Energy and Metabolism Chapter 6: Energy and Metabolism Student: 1. Oxidation and reduction reactions are chemical processes that result in a gain or loss in A) atoms. B) neutrons. C) electrons. D) molecules. E) protons. 2.

More information

Enzyme Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of

Enzyme Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of Enzyme Enzyme Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme

More information

Metabolism and enzymes

Metabolism and enzymes Metabolism and enzymes 4-11-16 What is a chemical reaction? A chemical reaction is a process that forms or breaks the chemical bonds that hold atoms together Chemical reactions convert one set of chemical

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism An Introduction to Metabolism I. All of an organism=s chemical reactions taken together is called metabolism. A. Metabolic pathways begin with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 Objectives Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: catabolic and anabolic pathways; kinetic and potential energy; open and closed systems; exergonic and

More information

2. The study of is the study of behavior (capture, storage, usage) of energy in living systems.

2. The study of is the study of behavior (capture, storage, usage) of energy in living systems. Cell Metabolism 1. Each of the significant properties of a cell, its growth, reproduction, and responsiveness to its environment requires. 2. The study of is the study of behavior (capture, storage, usage)

More information

Chapter 8 Notes. An Introduction to Metabolism

Chapter 8 Notes. An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 Notes An Introduction to Metabolism Describe how allosteric regulators may inhibit or stimulate the activity of an enzyme. Objectives Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: catabolic

More information

Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes. February 24 th, 2012

Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes. February 24 th, 2012 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes February 24 th, 2012 1 Outline Forms of Energy Laws of Thermodynamics Metabolic Reactions ATP Metabolic Pathways Energy of Activation Enzymes Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

More information

9/25/2011. Outline. Overview: The Energy of Life. I. Forms of Energy II. Laws of Thermodynamics III. Energy and metabolism IV. ATP V.

9/25/2011. Outline. Overview: The Energy of Life. I. Forms of Energy II. Laws of Thermodynamics III. Energy and metabolism IV. ATP V. Chapter 8 Introduction to Metabolism Outline I. Forms of Energy II. Laws of Thermodynamics III. Energy and metabolism IV. ATP V. Enzymes Overview: The Energy of Life Figure 8.1 The living cell is a miniature

More information

General Biology. The Energy of Life The living cell is a miniature factory where thousands of reactions occur; it converts energy in many ways

General Biology. The Energy of Life The living cell is a miniature factory where thousands of reactions occur; it converts energy in many ways Course No: BNG2003 Credits: 3.00 General Biology 5. An Introduction into Cell Metabolism The Energy of Life The living cell is a miniature factory where thousands of reactions occur; it converts energy

More information

Energy Transformation and Metabolism (Outline)

Energy Transformation and Metabolism (Outline) Energy Transformation and Metabolism (Outline) - Definitions & Laws of Thermodynamics - Overview of energy flow ecosystem - Biochemical processes: Anabolic/endergonic & Catabolic/exergonic - Chemical reactions

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism Dr. Wendy Sera Houston Community College Biology 1406 Key Concepts in Chapter 8 1. An organism s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of

More information

BIOLOGY 10/11/2014. An Introduction to Metabolism. Outline. Overview: The Energy of Life

BIOLOGY 10/11/2014. An Introduction to Metabolism. Outline. Overview: The Energy of Life 8 An Introduction to Metabolism CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Outline I. Forms of Energy II. Laws of Thermodynamics III. Energy and metabolism IV. ATP V. Enzymes

More information

Energy Transformation, Cellular Energy & Enzymes (Outline)

Energy Transformation, Cellular Energy & Enzymes (Outline) Energy Transformation, Cellular Energy & Enzymes (Outline) Energy conversions and recycling of matter in the ecosystem. Forms of energy: potential and kinetic energy The two laws of thermodynamic and definitions

More information

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Key Concepts 8.1 An organism s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics 8.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us

More information

Chapter 6- An Introduction to Metabolism*

Chapter 6- An Introduction to Metabolism* Chapter 6- An Introduction to Metabolism* *Lecture notes are to be used as a study guide only and do not represent the comprehensive information you will need to know for the exams. The Energy of Life

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism. Chapter 8

An Introduction to Metabolism. Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 METABOLISM I. Introduction All of an organism s chemical reactions Thousands of reactions in a cell Example: digest starch use sugar for energy and to build new

More information

Outline. Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes. Forms of Energy. Chapter 6

Outline. Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes. Forms of Energy. Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Chapter 6 Forms of Energy Outline Laws of Thermodynamics Metabolic Reactions ATP Metabolic Pathways Energy of Activation Enzymes Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration 1 2 Forms

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 6 An Introduction to Metabolism Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: The Energy of Life The

More information

ATP ATP. The energy needs of life. Living economy. Where do we get the energy from? 9/11/2015. Making energy! Organisms are endergonic systems

ATP ATP. The energy needs of life. Living economy. Where do we get the energy from? 9/11/2015. Making energy! Organisms are endergonic systems Making energy! ATP The energy needs of life rganisms are endergonic systems What do we need energy for? synthesis building biomolecules reproduction movement active transport temperature regulation 2007-2008

More information

Chapter 8 Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation

Chapter 8 Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation Chapter 8 Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation Energy: Capacity to do work or cause a particular change. Thus, all physical and chemical processes are the result of the application or movement of

More information

2054, Chap. 8, page 1

2054, Chap. 8, page 1 2054, Chap. 8, page 1 I. Metabolism: Energetics, Enzymes, and Regulation (Chapter 8) A. Energetics and work 1. overview a. energy = ability to do work (1) chemical, transport, mechanical (2) ultimate source

More information

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism AP Biology Reading Guide Name Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Concept 8.1 An organism s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics 1. Define metabolism. 2.

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism Edited by Shawn Lester PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism An Introduction to Metabolism The living cell is a microscopic factory where life s giant processes can be performed: -sugars to amino acids to proteins and vise versa -reactions to dismantle polymers

More information

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism. 1. Energy & Chemical Reactions 2. ATP 3. Enzymes & Metabolic Pathways

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism. 1. Energy & Chemical Reactions 2. ATP 3. Enzymes & Metabolic Pathways Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism 1. Energy & Chemical Reactions 2. ATP 3. Enzymes & Metabolic Pathways 1. Energy & Chemical Reactions 2 Basic Forms of Energy Kinetic Energy (KE) energy in motion

More information

Ground Rules of Metabolism CHAPTER 6

Ground Rules of Metabolism CHAPTER 6 Ground Rules of Metabolism CHAPTER 6 Antioxidants You ve heard the term. What s the big deal? Found naturally in many fruits and vegetables Added to many products What do they actually do? Antioxidants

More information

1. Metabolism is the total of all the chemical processes that occur in an organism.

1. Metabolism is the total of all the chemical processes that occur in an organism. ENERGY AND METABOLISM A. ENERGY 1. Metabolism is the total of all the chemical processes that occur in an organism. a. Catabolism is the process of converting complex to simple or simpler molecules with

More information

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism. Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism. A. Energy and Energy Conversions. A. Energy and Energy Conversions

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism. Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism. A. Energy and Energy Conversions. A. Energy and Energy Conversions Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism Lecture Series 6 Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism B. ATP: Transferring Energy in Cells D. Molecular Structure Determines Enzyme Fxn Energy is the capacity to do work (cause

More information

Energy. Energy & Laws of Thermodynamics. Energy - Outline. Energy - the capacity to do work

Energy. Energy & Laws of Thermodynamics. Energy - Outline. Energy - the capacity to do work http://www.biotopics.co.uk/jmolapplet/atpjdisplay.htm - utline Flow of in living organism otential energy and kinetic energy Laws of Thermodynamics and energy transformations Biochemical pathways and energy

More information

I. Enzymes as Catalysts Chapter 4

I. Enzymes as Catalysts Chapter 4 8/29/11 I. Enzymes as Catalysts Chapter 4 Enzymes and Energy Lecture PowerPoint Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Enzymes Activation Energy A class

More information

Introduction to Metabolism (Or Energy Management) Chapter 8

Introduction to Metabolism (Or Energy Management) Chapter 8 Introduction to Metabolism (Or Energy Management) Chapter 8 Metabolism of the chemical reactions in the organism Building up molecules Breaking down molecules Managing energy and materials Route to end-product

More information

CHAPTER 8. An Introduction to Metabolism

CHAPTER 8. An Introduction to Metabolism CHAPTER 8 An Introduction to Metabolism WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW: Examples of endergonic and exergonic reactions. The key role of ATP in energy coupling. That enzymes work by lowering the energy of activation.

More information

Ch. 3 Metabolism and Enzymes

Ch. 3 Metabolism and Enzymes Ch. 3 Metabolism and Enzymes Originally prepared by Kim B. Foglia. Revised and adapted by Nhan A. Pham Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions that enable energy to flow through

More information

Metabolism and Energy. Mrs. Stahl AP Biology

Metabolism and Energy. Mrs. Stahl AP Biology Metabolism and Energy Mrs. Stahl AP Biology The Energy of Life The living cell is a miniature chemical factory where thousands of reactions occur The cell extracts energy stored in sugars and other fuels

More information

Big Idea #2. Energy. Types of Potential Energy. Kinetic Energy. Chemical Potential Energy. Metabolism

Big Idea #2. Energy. Types of Potential Energy. Kinetic Energy. Chemical Potential Energy. Metabolism Big Idea #2 Biological Systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis Life runs on chemical reactions rearranging atoms transforming

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 6 An Introduction to Metabolism Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION The

More information

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Name Period Concept 8.1 An organism s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics 1. Define metabolism. 2. There are two types of reactions in metabolic pathways: anabolic

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism An Introduction to Metabolism PREFACE The living cell is a chemical factory with thousands of reactions taking place, many of them simultaneously This chapter is about matter and energy flow during life

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 6 An Introduction to Metabolism Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION The

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from

More information

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE. Lecture Presentation by Cindy S. Malone, PhD, California State University Northridge. FIFTH EDITION Freeman Quillin Allison

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE. Lecture Presentation by Cindy S. Malone, PhD, California State University Northridge. FIFTH EDITION Freeman Quillin Allison BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FIFTH EDITION Freeman Quillin Allison 8 Lecture Presentation by Cindy S. Malone, PhD, California State University Northridge Roadmap 8 In this chapter you will learn how Enzymes use

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism

More information

C. Incorrect! Catalysts themselves are not altered or consumed during the reaction.

C. Incorrect! Catalysts themselves are not altered or consumed during the reaction. Human Physiology - Problem Drill 04: Enzymes and Energy Question No. 1 of 10 Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as needed, (3) Pick the answer,

More information

BIOLOGY. An Introduction to Metabolism CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson

BIOLOGY. An Introduction to Metabolism CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 8 An Introduction to Metabolism Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick The Energy of Life The living

More information

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Name Period Concept 8.1 An organism s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics 1. Define metabolism. 2. There are two types

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism An Introduction to Metabolism PREFACE The living cell is a chemical factory with thousands of reactions taking place, many of them simultaneously This chapter is about matter and energy flow during life

More information

Chapter 5. Directions and Rates of Biochemical Processes

Chapter 5. Directions and Rates of Biochemical Processes Chapter 5 Directions and Rates of Biochemical Processes Key Questions What factors determine which way a reaction will go? What factors determine the rate of a chemical reaction? How do enzymes work? How

More information

Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy

Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy 6 Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy Energy is stored in chemical bonds and can be released and transformed by metabolic pathways. Chemical energy available to do work is termed free energy

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism oweroint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Concept 8.1: An organism s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws

More information

*The entropy of a system may decrease, but the entropy of the system plus its surroundings must always increase

*The entropy of a system may decrease, but the entropy of the system plus its surroundings must always increase AP biology Notes: Metabolism Metabolism = totality of an organism's chemical process concerned with managing cellular resources. Metabolic reactions are organized into pathways that are orderly series

More information

Chapter 5. Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell

Chapter 5. Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell Chapter 5 Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell Including some materials from lectures by Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida Ammended by John Crocker Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.. Review

More information

Chapter 5 Ground Rules of Metabolism Sections 1-5

Chapter 5 Ground Rules of Metabolism Sections 1-5 Chapter 5 Ground Rules of Metabolism Sections 1-5 5.1 A Toast to Alcohol Dehydrogenase In the liver, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase breaks down toxic ethanol to acetaldehyde, an organic molecule even

More information

Chapter 6 Active Reading Guide An Introduction to Metabolism

Chapter 6 Active Reading Guide An Introduction to Metabolism Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Section 1 1. Define metabolism. Chapter 6 Active Reading Guide An Introduction to Metabolism 2. There are two types of reactions in metabolic pathways: anabolic and catabolic.

More information

Energy Transformation. Metabolism = total chemical reactions in cells.

Energy Transformation. Metabolism = total chemical reactions in cells. Energy Transformation Metabolism = total chemical reactions in cells. metabole = change Metabolism is concerned with managing the material and energy resources of the cell -Catabolism -Anabolism -Catabolism

More information

Metabolism, Energy and Life - 1

Metabolism, Energy and Life - 1 Metabolism, Energy and Life - 1 Thousands of chemical reactions occur in our cells and tissues to keep us alive (and hopefully healthy). Monomers are assembled into the macromolecules we need for cell

More information

Chapter Cells and the Flow of Energy A. Forms of Energy 1. Energy is capacity to do work; cells continually use energy to develop, grow,

Chapter Cells and the Flow of Energy A. Forms of Energy 1. Energy is capacity to do work; cells continually use energy to develop, grow, Chapter 6 6.1 Cells and the Flow of Energy A. Forms of Energy 1. Energy is capacity to do work; cells continually use energy to develop, grow, repair, reproduce, etc. 2. Kinetic energy is energy of motion;

More information

Enzymes are macromolecules (proteins) that act as a catalyst

Enzymes are macromolecules (proteins) that act as a catalyst Chapter 8.4 Enzymes Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers Even though a reaction is spontaneous (exergonic) it may be incredibly slow Enzymes cause hydrolysis to occur at a faster

More information

What Is Energy? Energy is the capacity to do work. First Law of Thermodynamics. Types of energy

What Is Energy? Energy is the capacity to do work. First Law of Thermodynamics. Types of energy What Is Energy? Energy is the capacity to do work. Synthesizing molecules Moving objects Generating heat and light Types of Kinetic: of movement otential: stored First Law of Thermodynamics Energy cannot

More information

Activity: Identifying forms of energy

Activity: Identifying forms of energy Activity: Identifying forms of energy INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM Metabolism Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism Metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with

More information

Energy & Metabolism. Two states of energy. Low and high potential energy 9/23/2016. Energy

Energy & Metabolism. Two states of energy. Low and high potential energy 9/23/2016. Energy Energy & Metabolism Energy Life requires a constant flow of energy. Energy: The capacity to do work. Energy can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms, but cannot be created

More information

Basic Concepts of Metabolism. Stages of Catabolism. Key intermediates 10/12/2015. Chapter 15, Stryer Short Course

Basic Concepts of Metabolism. Stages of Catabolism. Key intermediates 10/12/2015. Chapter 15, Stryer Short Course Basic Concepts of Metabolism Chapter 15, Stryer Short Course Digestion Formation of key intermediate small molecules Formation of ATP Stages of Catabolism Key intermediates 1 Fundamental Needs for Energy

More information

Chapter 6 # METABOLISM PowerPoint Image Slideshow

Chapter 6 # METABOLISM PowerPoint Image Slideshow COLLEGE BIOLOGY PHYSICS Chapter 6 # METABOLISM Chapter Title PowerPoint Image Slideshow Figure 8.1 Metabolism Figure 6.2 Energy from the sun. Plants photosynthesis Herbivores eat those plants Carnivores

More information

An Introduction to Metabolism

An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from

More information

This is an example of cellular respiration, which can be used to make beer and wine using different metabolic pathways For these reasons we call this

This is an example of cellular respiration, which can be used to make beer and wine using different metabolic pathways For these reasons we call this Chapter 6 Carvings from ancient Egypt show barley being crushed and mixed with water (left) and then put into closed vessels (centre) where airless conditions are suitable for the production of alcohol

More information

Energy and Cells. Appendix 1. The two primary energy transformations in plants are photosynthesis and respiration.

Energy and Cells. Appendix 1. The two primary energy transformations in plants are photosynthesis and respiration. Energy and Cells Appendix 1 Energy transformations play a key role in all physical and chemical processes that occur in plants. Energy by itself is insufficient to drive plant growth and development. Enzymes

More information

Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Reading Assignments Review Chapter 3 Energy, Catalysis, & Biosynthesis Read Chapter 13 How Cells obtain Energy from Food Read Chapter 14

More information

Chapter 5 Metabolism: Energy & Enzymes

Chapter 5 Metabolism: Energy & Enzymes Energy Energy is the capacity to do work Kinetic energy Energy of motion Potential energy Stored energy What do you use for energy? Where do you think the energy is stored these molecules? The BONDS! Every

More information

The Energy of Life The living cell is a miniature factory where thousands of reactions occur; it converts energy in many ways.

The Energy of Life The living cell is a miniature factory where thousands of reactions occur; it converts energy in many ways. Course No: BNG2003 Credits: 3.00 General Biology 5. An Introduction in to Cell Metabolism The Energy of Life The living cell is a miniature factory where thousands of reactions occur; it converts energy

More information

Chapter 6: Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell

Chapter 6: Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell Chapter 6: Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell What is Energy? Answer: The Capacity to do Work Types of Energy: 1) Kinetic Energy = Energy of movement Light (movement of photons) Heat (movement of particles)

More information

AN INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM. Metabolism, Energy, and Life

AN INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM. Metabolism, Energy, and Life AN INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM Metabolism, Energy, and Life 1. The chemistry of life is organized into metabolic pathways 2. Organisms transform energy 3. The energy transformations of life are subject

More information

Ch 4: Cellular Metabolism, Part 1

Ch 4: Cellular Metabolism, Part 1 Developed by John Gallagher, MS, DVM Ch 4: Cellular Metabolism, Part 1 Energy as it relates to Biology Energy for synthesis and movement Energy transformation Enzymes and how they speed reactions Metabolism

More information

Chapter 6: Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell

Chapter 6: Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell Chapter 6: Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell What is Energy? Answer: The capacity to do work Types of Energy: 1) Potential Energy = Stored energy Positional (stored in location of object) Chemical (stored

More information

BIOCHEMISTRY. František Vácha. JKU, Linz.

BIOCHEMISTRY. František Vácha. JKU, Linz. BIOCHEMISTRY František Vácha http://www.prf.jcu.cz/~vacha/ JKU, Linz Recommended reading: D.L. Nelson, M.M. Cox Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry D.J. Voet, J.G. Voet, C.W. Pratt Principles of Biochemistry

More information

Chapter 8 Introduction to Metabolism. Metabolism. The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in a living thing.

Chapter 8 Introduction to Metabolism. Metabolism. The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in a living thing. Chapter 8 Introduction to Metabolism Metabolism The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in a living thing. Think of metabolism as a road map of thousands of different chemical reactions Enzymes

More information

Enzymes I. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer semester,

Enzymes I. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer semester, Enzymes I Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer semester, 2017-2018 Resources Mark's Basic Medical Biochemistry Other resources NCBI Bookshelf: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books The Medical Biochemistry

More information

Ch. 8 Metabolism and Energy BIOL 222

Ch. 8 Metabolism and Energy BIOL 222 Ch. 8 Metabolism and Energy BIOL 222 Metabolism Metabolism The totality of an organism s chemical reac:ons Sum of anabolism and catabolism emergent property of life that arises from interac:ons between

More information

Biological Chemistry and Metabolic Pathways

Biological Chemistry and Metabolic Pathways Biological Chemistry and Metabolic Pathways 1. Reaction a. Thermodynamics b. Kinetics 2. Enzyme a. Structure and Function b. Regulation of Activity c. Kinetics d. Inhibition 3. Metabolic Pathways a. REDOX

More information

BIOCHEMISTRY/MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

BIOCHEMISTRY/MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Enzymes Activation Energy Chemical reactions require an initial input of energy activation energy large biomolecules are stable must absorb energy to break bonds cellulose energy CO 2 + H 2 O + heat Activation

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Lecture 13 9/30/05 I. General Principles Cellular Respiration: arvesting Chemical Energy Chapter 9 Lecture utline 1. Regulation of Enzymes: competitive, allosteric, phosphorylation 2. Equilibrium 3. Digestion

More information

Energy & Metabolism. Kinetic Energy. Potential Energy. Chapt. 6

Energy & Metabolism. Kinetic Energy. Potential Energy. Chapt. 6 Energy & Metabolism Chapt. 6 All living things require energy One of the primary functions of macromolecules is to provide E. Energy is the ability to do Work Energy exists in two forms: Kinetic Energy

More information

CHAPTER 15 Metabolism: Basic Concepts and Design

CHAPTER 15 Metabolism: Basic Concepts and Design CHAPTER 15 Metabolism: Basic Concepts and Design Chapter 15 An overview of Metabolism Metabolism is the sum of cellular reactions - Metabolism the entire network of chemical reactions carried out by living

More information

Lecture #8 9/21/01 Dr. Hirsh

Lecture #8 9/21/01 Dr. Hirsh Lecture #8 9/21/01 Dr. Hirsh Types of Energy Kinetic = energy of motion - force x distance Potential = stored energy In bonds, concentration gradients, electrical potential gradients, torsional tension

More information

METABOLISM CHAPTER 04 BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I. Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill.

METABOLISM CHAPTER 04 BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I. Dr. Lawrence G. Altman  Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill. BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I CHAPTER 04 1 Please wait 20 seconds before starting slide show. Mouse click or Arrow keys to navigate. Hit ESCAPE Key to exit. CELLULAR METABOLISM Dr. Lawrence G. Altman

More information

CELL METABOLISM OVERVIEW Keep the big picture in mind as we discuss the particulars!

CELL METABOLISM OVERVIEW Keep the big picture in mind as we discuss the particulars! BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I CHAPTER 04 CELLULAR METABOLISM 1 Please wait 20 seconds before starting slide show. Mouse click or Arrow keys to navigate. Hit ESCAPE Key to exit. Dr. Lawrence G. Altman

More information

Section A: The Principles of Energy Harvest

Section A: The Principles of Energy Harvest CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL ENERGY Section A: The Principles of Energy Harvest 1. Cellular respiration and fermentation are catabolic, energy-yielding pathways 2. Cells recycle

More information

What is an enzyme? Lecture 12: Enzymes & Kinetics I Introduction to Enzymes and Kinetics. Margaret A. Daugherty Fall General Properties

What is an enzyme? Lecture 12: Enzymes & Kinetics I Introduction to Enzymes and Kinetics. Margaret A. Daugherty Fall General Properties Lecture 12: Enzymes & Kinetics I Introduction to Enzymes and Kinetics Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2003 ENZYMES: Why, what, when, where, how? All but the who! What: proteins that exert kinetic control over

More information

Chapter 6~ An Introduction to Metabolism

Chapter 6~ An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 6~ An Introduction to Metabolism Metabolism/Bioenergetics Metabolism: The totality of an organism s chemical processes; managing the material and energy resources of the cell Catabolic pathways:

More information

Principles of Bioenergetics. Lehninger 3 rd ed. Chapter 14

Principles of Bioenergetics. Lehninger 3 rd ed. Chapter 14 1 Principles of Bioenergetics Lehninger 3 rd ed. Chapter 14 2 Metabolism A highly coordinated cellular activity aimed at achieving the following goals: Obtain chemical energy. Convert nutrient molecules

More information

3.1 Metabolism and Energy

3.1 Metabolism and Energy 3.1 Metabolism and Energy Metabolism All of the chemical reactions in a cell To transform matter and energy Step-by-step sequences metabolic pathways Metabolic Pathways Anabolic reactions Build large molecules

More information