1. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by reducing how much energy they need
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2 1. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by reducing how much energy they need Let s define catalyst. Enzyme?? Their name ends in what??? Catabolic?? Anabolic?? Catabolic rxns are exergonic (what in the world does that mean??) So anabolic ones would be???
3 Let s light up a cheetoh and talk about activation energy. What is this collision theory? By the way, just what is a theory? Watch here
4 Let s break this graph down. Endergonic or exergonic?? Fig. 6.12
5 Are our bodies too cool for that cheetoh? Why not just strike a match and light us up?? Denature, you say?? Like an egg?? Why won t that enzyme work anymore??
6 Can enzymes MAKE a reaction happen??? Fig. 6.13
7 2. Enzymes are substrate specific Substrate = reactant Sucrase is an enzyme that binds to sucrose and speeds the hydrolysis of it into fructose and glucose. Likewise, lactase catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose.
8 What s an active site??? Specificity??? Induced fit??? Fig. 6.14
9 Another example of induced fit
10 More facts about enzyme action. Shape is key, but charges help too. Turnover # = rxns/sec Can you use one more than once? Now, back to HOW they help the reaction occur
11 Fig. 6.15
12 Enzymes lower activation energy and speed a reaction in two different ways: For catabolic reactions, they For anabolic reactions well, let s shake it up! Look here: 0/animations/animations.htm link to Binding Models
13 Enzyme specificity helps control a cell Now what does all this have to do with the control center of the cell?
14 What if we add more substrate molecules??? Let s make a graph of this concept. Now an American comedy classic!
15 EXPLAIN what these graphs show. Fig. 6.16a
16 How about ph? WHY and HOW does ph have this effect??? Fig. 6.16b
17 Do enzymes need help too?? Some inorganic cofactors include zinc, iron, and copper. And what would a Coenzyme be? Take my vitamins?? The manners by which cofactors assist catalysis are diverse and we won t get into any detail here, but watch out for them soon!
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23 I know what you re thinking Wow! These enzymes are so important there ought to be a song about them.
24 5. ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions A cell does three main kinds of work: Mechanical work: beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, movement of chromosomes,etc. Transport work: pumping substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement Chemical work: driving endergonic reactions such as the synthesis of polymers from monomers. In most cases, the immediate source of energy that powers cellular work is ATP.
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26 Let s check out this structure Fig. 6.8a
27 This is how an ATP releases energy. What kind of reaction is this??? Fig. 6.8b
28 What would you call these bonds between phosphates?? Small is good here, yes???
29 Let s see an example of how it works
30 Fig. 6.9 The energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP is harnessed to the endergonic reaction that synthesizes glutamine from glutamic acid through the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP.
31 Can you recharge this little battery?? Where would you get the energy to do that?? In a working muscle cell the entire pool of ATP is recycled once each minute, over 10 million ATP consumed and regenerated per second per cell!!!! This process of ATP regeneration occurs where in your cells??? Fig. 6.10
1. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by reducing how much energy they need
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