INDEX KNOWLEDGE AREA MATTER AND MATERIAL 13
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1 Unit KNOWLEDGE AREA MATTER AND MATERIAL 13 Unit 1 Unit 2 INDEX Page ATOMIC BONDS: MOLECULAR STRUCTURE Chemical bonds Bonding models Valence electrons Valency Lewis structure 16 Activity Formation of bonds Single covalent bonds Molecules with multiple bonds Dative covalent bond 22 Exercise Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory (VSEPR) and molecular shapes 24 Activity 2 25 Practical activity 1 28 Exercise Electronegativity 30 Activity 3 34 Exercise Forces between atoms Electrical potential energy changes in the formation of a molecule Bond energy and length 39 Exercise 4 41 Summary of Unit 1 43 Mind maps of Unit 1 45 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES (BETWEEN MOLECULES) Types of intermolecular forces Ion-dipole forces Ion-induced dipole forces Dipole-dipole forces Dipole-induced dipole forces Induced dipole force (dispersion or London forces) Hydrogen bonds Difference between intermolecular forces and interatomic forces 56 Exercise The influence of intermolecular forces State of molecules Size of molecules Density Boiling point and melting point Viscosity 61 Activity Thermal expansion 64
2 2.3.7 Thermal conductors 64 Experiment 1 64 Experiment 2 66 Experiment 3 68 Experiment 4 69 Experiment 5 70 Exercise Chemistry of water Microscopic structure of water 73 Activity Properties of water 75 Experiment 6 77 Experiment 7 78 Experiment 8 79 Exercise 7 80 Summary of Unit 2 82 Mind maps of Unit 2 87 Unit 3 IDEAL GASES AND THERMAL PROPERTIES Movement of particles Average kinetic energy of gas molecules and temperature The ideal gas model 90 Exercise The relationship between volume and pressure of a gas 95 Experiment 9 95 Exercise Relationship between volume and temperature of a gas 103 Experiment Relationship between temperature and pressure of a gas (constant volume of gas) Kelvin temperature scale 107 Exercise Relationship between pressure, volume and temperature of a gas 110 Exercise The ideal gas equation 113 Exercise Summary of Unit Mind maps of Unit Question paper 119 KNOWLEDGE AREA CHEMICAL CHANGE 125 Unit 1 QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE: STOICHIOMETRY Mole concept Molecular atomic mass (A), molar molecular mass and molar formula mass (M) 127 Exercise Relationship between moles, mass and molar mass 130 Exercise Molar gas volume Avogadro s law 133
3 1.4.2 Molar volume in balanced chemical equations 134 Exercise Concentration of solutions Calculating the concentration of a solution Preparation of a standard solution 139 Practical demonstration Diluting solutions 140 Exercise Percentage composition of compounds Calculations Determination by practical quantitative methods 145 Exercise Empirical formula 148 Exercise Molecular formula 150 Exercise Stoichiometric calculations Calculations based on balanced equations Limiting reactants Mass of precipitate formed during precipitation reactions Percentage yield Applications of exothermic reactions that produce large amounts of gas 162 Experiment Exercise Summary of Unit Mind maps of Unit Unit 2 ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGE Introduction Breaking and forming of bonds during a chemical reaction Application of exothermic and endothermic reactions 180 Experiment Experiment Bond energy 186 Exercise Activation energy and activated complex Energy profiles for exothermic and endothermic reactions Catalysts 192 Experiment Exercise Summary of Unit Mind maps of Unit Unit 3 ACID-BASE REACTIONS Acids Bases Strong and weak acids and bases Concentrated and dilute acids and bases Acid-base reactions 205 Exercise
4 3.6 Ampholytes Reactions of acids Acid-metal carbonate reactions Acid-metal oxide reactions Acid-metal hydroxide reactions Acid-base reactions: applications Indicators 214 Practical activity Experiment Experiment Experiment Exercise Summary of Unit Mind maps of Unit Unit 4 REDOX REACTIONS Oxidation numbers Reactions Displacement reactions 228 Experiment Synthesis reactions 230 Experiment Decomposition reactions 233 Experiment Reducing action 234 Experiment Oxidising effect 236 Experiment Exercise Summary of Unit Mind maps of Unit Question paper 243 KNOWLEDGE AREA CHEMICAL SYSTEMS 251 Unit 1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING Introduction People through the ages Mineral sources in South Africa 253 Exercise Summary: of Unit Unit 2 MINING AND MINERAL PROCESSING 258 A GOLD Gold in South Africa Reasons for mining gold Locations Gold mining and processing Gold mining and the environment 261 Exercise Ancient mining methods 265 Case study: Mapungubwe: South Africa s lost city of gold 265
5 B IRON Iron in South Africa Reasons for mining iron Why South Africa exports iron ore Locations Iron ore mining and processing 269 Experiment Experiment Iron mining and the environment Processing of iron 274 Experiment Exercise C PHOSPHATES Phosphates in South Africa Reasons for mining phosphates The most important mining activities in South 279 Africa Mining and processing of phosphate rock Uses The impact of phosphate mining on the environment 281 Exercise Project 283 Summary of Unit Mind maps of Unit Unit 3 GLOBAL WARMING Increasing human population and global warming Burning of fossil fuels What is global warming? Consequences of global warming 295 Exercise Summary of Unit Mind maps of Unit Question paper 298 Information sheets 309 Work cited 311
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