Preface. The Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) Cure Diagram of Thermosetting Polymeric Systems

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1 Editorial With the publication of Vol. 51 the editors and the publisher would like to take this opportunity to thank authors and readers for their collaboration and their efforts to meet the scientific requirements of this series. We appreciate the concern of our authors for the progress of "Advances in Polymer Science" and we also welcome the advice and critical comments of our readers. With the publication of Vol. 51 we would also like to refer to a editorial policy: this series publishes incited, critical review articles of new developments in all areas of polymer science in English (authors may naturally also include workes of their own). The responsible editor, that means the editor who has invited the author, discusses the scope of the review with the author on the basis of a tentative outline which the author is asked to provide. The author and editor are responsible for the scientific quality of the contribution. Manuscripts must be submitted in content language and form satisfactory to Springer-Verlag. Figures and formulas should be reproducible. To meet the convenience of our readers, the publisher will include "volume index" which characterizes the content of the volume. The editors and the publisher will make all efforts to publish the manuscripts as rapidly as possible, i.e., at the maximum six months after the submission of an accepted paper. Contributions from diverse areas of polymer science must occasionally be united in one volume. In such cases a "volume index" cannot meet all expectations, but will nevertheless provide more information than a mere volume number. Starting with Vol. 51, each volume will contain a subject index. Editors Publisher

2 Preface This volume of ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE contains the first part of a series of critical reviews on selected topics concerning epoxy resins and composites. The last decade has been marked by an intense development of applications of epoxy resins in traditional and newly developing ar, as such as coatings, adhesives, civil engineering or electronics and high-performance composites. The growing interest in applications and requirements of high quality and performance has provoked a new wave in fundamental research in the area of resin synthesis, curing systems, properties of cured products and m, thods of their characterization. The collection of reviews to be published in ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE is devoted just to these fundamental problems. The epoxy resin-curing agent formulations are typical thermosetting systems of a rather high degree of complexity. Therefore, some of the formation-structure-properties relationships are still of empirical or semiempirical nature. The main objective of this series of articles is to demonstrate the progress in research towards the understanding of these relationships in terms of current theories of macromolecular systems. Because of the complexity of the problems discussed, the theoretical approaches and interpretation of results presented by various authors and schools may be somewhat different. It may be hoped, however, that a confrontation of ideas may positively contribute to the knowledge about this important class of polymeric materials. In view of the wide range of this area, it was impossible to publish all contributions in successive volum s of ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE. Part I is published in this Vol. 72; Part II will appear in Vol. 75. Part III and Part IV will follow in the beginning of The reader may appreciate receiving a list of all contributions to the series EPOXY RESINS AND COMPOSITES to appear in ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE: M. T. Aronhime and J. K. Gillham (Princeton University, Princeton, N.J., The Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) Cure Diagram of Thermosetting Polymeric Systems

3 X Preface A. Apicella and L. Nicolais (University of Naples, Naples, Italy) Effect of Water on the Properties of Epoxy Matrix and Composites (Part I, Vol. 72) J. M. Barton (Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, UK) The Application of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to the Study of Epoxy Resins Curing Reactions (Part I, Vol. 72) W. Burchard (University of Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br., FRG) Branching in Epoxy Resins Based on Diglycidyl Ethers of Bisphenol A L. T. Drzal (Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, The Interphase in Epoxy Composites (Part II, Vol. 75) K. Du~ek (Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry', Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechoslovakia) Network Formation in Curing of Epoxy Resins M. Fedtke (Technical University, Merseburg, GDR) Elucidation of the Mechanism of Epoxy Curing by Model Reactions A. Gupta (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, Mechanism and Kinetics of the Cure Process in Tetragtycidytmethane Dianiline-Diaminodiphenyl Sulphone Thermoset System T. Kamon and H. Furukawa (The Kyoto Municipal Research Institute of Industry, Kyoto, Japan) Curing Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of Cured Epoxy Resins J. L. Kardos and M. P. Dudukovi6 (Washington University, St. Louis. MO, Void Growth and Transport During Processing of Thermosetting Matrix Composites A. J. Kinloch (Imperial College, London, UK) Mechanics and Mechanisms of Fracture of Thermosetting Epoxy Polymers E. S. W. Kong (Hewlett-Paekard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, Physical Aging in Epoxy Matrices and Composites J. D. LeMay and F. N. Kelley (University of Akron, Akron, OH, Structure and Ultimate Properties of Epoxy Resins F. Lohse, and H. Zweifel (Ciba-Geigy, Basle, Switzerland) Photocrosslinking of Epoxy Resins J. A. Manson, R. W. Hertzberg, G. Attalla, D. Shah, J. Hwang and J, Turkanis (Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, Fatigue in Neat and Rubber-Modified Epoxies E. Mertzel and J. L. Koenig (Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH,

4 Prel~ce X1 Application of FT-IR and NMR to Epoxy Resins (Part II, Vol. 75) R. J. Morgan (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory~ Livermore, CA, Structure-Properties Relations of Epoxies Used as Composite Matrices (Part I, Vol. 72) E. F. Oleinik (Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences of USSR, Moscow, USSR) Structure and Properties of Epoxy-Aromatic Amine Networks in the Glassy State B. A. Rozenberg (Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences of USSR, Moscow, USSR) Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Mechanism of Reactions of Epoxy Oligomers with Amines (Part II, Vol. 75) S. D. Senturia and N. F. Sheppard (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, Dielectric Analysis of Epoxy Cure R. G. Schmidt and J. P. Bell (University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, Epoxy Adhesion to Metals (Part II, Vol. 75) E. M. Yorkgitis, N. S. Eiss, Jr., C. Tran, G. L. Wilkes and J. E. McGrath (Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA, Siloxane Modified Epoxy Resins (Part I, Vol. 72) The editor wishes to express his gratitude to all contributors for their cooperation. Prague, August 1985 Karel Du~ek Editor

5 Table of Contents Structure-Property Relations of Epoxies Used as Composite Matrices R, J. Morgan Mechanics and Mechanisms of Fracture of Thermosetting Epoxy Polymers A. J. Kinloch... : Effect of Water on the Properties of Epoxy Matrix and Composite A. Apicella, L. Nicolais Siloxane-Modified Epoxy Resins E. M. Yorkgitis, N. S. Eiss, Jr., C. Tran, G. L. Wilkes, J. E. McGrath The Application of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to the Study of Epoxy Resins Curing Reactions J. M. Barton Author Index Volumes Subject Index