Production of ultracold neutrons
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- Lynette Lang
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1 Production of ultracold neutrons The Mini-D 2 UCN-source Andreas Frei Physik-Department E18 - TU-München MLL-Kolloquium (10 Feb. 2005) Basic ideas of Mini-D 2 Deuterium as UCN converter The TRIGA-Mainz test setup Status of the project First results of experiments P. Geltenbort (A. Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
2 How are UCN produced? By downscattering of higher-energy neutrons fission thermal cold We need a moderator material high inelastic scattering cross section low absorption cross section very low temperature ( no heating ) UCN P. Geltenbort (A. Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
3 Mini-D 2 (scheme) P. Geltenbort (A. Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
4 Mini-D 2 at SR4 Cold source UCN storage tube tubeequilibrium :: absorbtion absorbtionand and up-scattering up-scattering in inthe the converter converter losses losseswall wallcollisions decay decay escape escape through through holes holes SR4 beam tube In-pile cryostat UCN-storage tube P. Geltenbort (A. Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
5 The converter In-pile cryostat 300 K cooling channels 5 K cooling ch. UCN-storage tube Materials Solid D 2 Al6061 Zirkaloy-4 Solid D 2 converter 25 K cooling ch. P. Geltenbort (A. Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
6 TUM - UCN density versus temperature of the second moderator ( converter ) Mike Pendlebury University of Sussex P. Geltenbort Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
7 The solid (ortho) D 2 up-scattering cross-section versus temperature Mike Pendlebury University of Sussex P. Geltenbort Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
8 Safety aspects 1. Reactor is source of high neutron and gamma flux 2. UCN device will be located inside the biological shield of FRM-II 3. Deuterium is a dangerous (explosive) material 4. Other experimental facilities are planned to work on FRM-II We must guarantee low level of radiation dose Double-wall concept of barriers Decoupling of UCN from FRM-II P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
9 Floorplan at the FRM-II EDM LT EDM LT 1.8 m P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
10 Problems related with the use of solid D 2 Goal: Prevent additional absorption of neutrons Deuterium has to be sufficiently clean H < 10-4 and N 2 < 10-5 atomic concentration Temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of solid deuterium for various ortho/ para compositions. Small percentage of para-d 2 (high up-scattering cross section heating ) X para < 5*10-3 Thermal conductivity of solid D 2 (good cooling system) The p-d 2 concentration has to be kept below 1% to get the highest thermal conductivity of ortho-deuterium. As, above 4 K, the thermal conductivity of ortho-d 2 decreases drastically with temperature, good cooling of the converter is very important (cold finger). P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
11 Para and Ortho deuterium Natural D 2 is a mixture of two possible compounds, having different nuclear spin S and orbital angular momentum J: Ortho-D 2 : S=0,2 ; J=even (0,2,...) Para-D 2 : S=1 ; J=odd (1,3,...) Room Temperature: D 2 is mixture of 1/3-para, 2/3-ortho Energy difference of first para to ortho state (J=1 -> J=0) is approximately 7meV Inelastic scattering of UCN with para-molecules leads to high energy transfer to the UCN, which means that this neutron is no longer ultracold (upscattering) P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
12 Conversion pd 2 -> > od 2 Not possible for isolated molecules! (Transition J=1 and S=1 -> S=0,2) Induced by an inhomogeneous magnetic field. Self conversion: Interaction with the dipol or rotational magnetic moment of a neighbouring molecule: µ µ D rot = µ = µ N N Conversion rate: K = (0.060 ± 0.003)% h 1 µ 2 µ 2 D D, rot ( ) Induced by magnetic centres µ = O ( µ B ) : (Fe(OH) 3, O 2, Ag) Reduction of the conversion time from months to hours. P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
13 The Coldhead Silver coated conversion volume Cold finger D 2 inlet P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
14 Raman spectroscopy - inelastic scattering of photons with molecules - molecules get stimulated to a higher energy state (rotational or vibrational energy) - frequence of incoming light is shifted to certain levels - spectral analysis can detect this shifted frequencies Our special case: The integral over two peaks in the spectrum build a ratio between para and ortho deuterium P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
15 Raman results P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
16 Conversion by radiation Measued influence of the γ irradiation on the Ortho deuterium content Measured point Ortho deuterium γ?? Expected point C ortho (t)= exp( t) before irradiation ( ) time [hs] ( ) P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
17 Ortho-Para Para-Reconversion Mainz 14.30h (09.12) Ortho to Para "Re-conversion" rate in deuterium C ortho = 0.863e t Ortho Deuterium Munich 19.30h (10.12) Munich 15.30h (11.12) Munich 15.30h (13.12) time [hs] P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
18 TR I I raining esearch sotopes G A eneral tomics Mark II at Mainz power: 100 kw th (steady) 250 MW th (pulse mode) P. Geltenbort (K. Eberhardt) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
19 Aufbau TRIGA Mainz Chemie A Reflektor (Grafit) B Neutronen - Spin - Filter Thermische Säule (Grafit) Reaktortank Kern BNCT Rohr post 1-3 Chemie D Wasser C Ref lek tor Ultrakalte Neutronen Kar uss Therell m. Säul e Strahlrohre: Strahlrohre: Schnelle Schnelle Rohrpost Rohrpost (Förderzeiten (Förderzeiten s) s) Gas-Jet Gas-Jet Transportsystem Transportsystem (U, (U, Pu, Pu, Cf-Target) Cf-Target) P. Geltenbort (K. Eberhardt) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
20 Pulsbetrieb Erzeugung kurzlebiger Nuklide für die NAA Herstellung kurzlebiger Spaltprodukte Interferenzen durch längerlebige Nuklide werden unterdrückt Messung von Aufenthaltsdauern in chem. Trennapparaturen Startsignal Pulsstab 2 $ 1.75 $ 1.5 $ 250 MW (P max. ) 30 ms (FWHM) n/cm MW (P max. ) 40 ms (FWHM) 70 MW (P max. ) 65 ms (FWHM) 50 W 0 ms 800 ms Für 2 $-Puls gilt: Akt. Puls /Akt. Sätt. = 55 s/t 1/2 [s] Für 2 $-Puls gilt: Akt. Puls /Akt. Sätt. = 55 s/t 1/2 [s] P. Geltenbort (K. Eberhardt) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
21 The TRIGA Mainz setup ~ 1 UCN/cm 3 Test cryostat Test cryostat Neutron Neutron valve valve Neutron storage volume Neutron storage volume UCN guide tube UCN guide tube Reactor channel Reactor channel Deuterium converter Deuterium converter in in-pile cryostat in in-pile cryostat pulsed neutrons P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
22 TRIGA setup flowscheme P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
23 Testcryostat in reality P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
24 The D 2 gas system Functions Produce a vacuum in the system and in the testcryostat Store deuterium at low temperature (solid) or in gasous state (300 l) Check the purity with a mass spectrometer Convert p-d 2 to o-d 2 Software control system P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
25 Gas system in reality P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
26 Controlling with redundancy Devices like - valves - sensors - vacuum pumps - flowmeter - heater - mass spectrometer Simatic S7-400 SPS-Unit I/O-modules Memory PC with WinCC unit (controlling surface) internal CPU PC with Simatic Manager (programming surface) P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
27 Heating phenomena Steady (FRM-II) Solid D 2 ~ 0.14 W/cm 3 Al6061 ~ 1.8 W/cm 3 Pulsed (TRIGA) Pulse (30 msec) ~10.3 W/cm 3 Time between pulses 10 min. Ortho-Para Deuterium conversion TRIGA Hot spot K T [K] ΔT ~ 6 K Time [s] P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
28 The christmas shot First try of UCN production in Mainz: Several problems occured: UCN-Detectors were broken after transport to Mainz High radiation background measured Temperature oscillations in He-cooling => New detectors have to be installed Detectors have to be shielded against background He-cooling oscillations have to be reduced P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
29 He-cooling oscillations P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
30 Problems with He-cooling Big amplitude of oscillations leads to big oscillations in vapor pressure (0.001mbar to 1mbar) More UCN losses due to absorption and inelastic scattering Currently the source of the bigger oscillation amplitude not fully understood Further investigations are necessary P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
31 Problems with background Unshielded detector P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
32 Background problems Shielded detector P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
33 Outcome of christmas shot Results: Gas system works fine Sufficient cooling (no melting of deuterium) Control and steering system is functional Shielding of detector has to be improved He-cooling problems have to be solved P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
34 Outlook Newest measurements (PSI group) indicate, that conversion of neutrons with a deuterium converter corresponds with the calculated values The TRIGA experiment can also proof this calculations and can extend them to the case of a pulsed reactor Combining these results with a high neutron flux reactor as the FRM-II shows, that Mini-D 2 can be a new powerful UCN-source P. Geltenbort (A.Frei) Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
35 8.9 A neutrons are needed to create UCN in 4 He Mike Pendlebury University of Sussex P. Geltenbort Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
36 A dedicated UCN source for cryoedm at ILL P. Geltenbort Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
37 cryoedm apparatus as planned for the ILL A CAD overview of the apparatus as now planned for the ILL. On the right is Cooling Tower II, which supplies superfluid LHe to the entire neutron volume, over Phase I of the new cryostat construction. On the left are the large magnetic shields surround the Ramsey cell, behind which is Cooling Tower I which supplies the cooling power to the shields. Next to Tower I is Phase II of the cryostat, which contains the UCN transfer section and the vertical detector section. Between the shields and Phase II is the 6-way cryogenic section needed for access and construction and in which we will mount the SQUIDs P. Geltenbort Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
38 Calculating the UCN density in the super-fluid 4 He The UCN production rate per unit volume = (4.55 ±0.25) x10 8 (dφ/dλ) at 8.9 Å. C. A. Baker et al, NIM A, 308 (2003) 67. Thus, for (dφ/dλ) at 8.9 Å = 2.5 x10 +8 /cm 2 /s/å, the production rate in the superfluid is 11 UCN/cm 3 /s. If the UCN mean survival time in the super-fluid is 150 s, then, after having the cold beam on for 150 s, the UCN density will be 11 x 150 x (1 e 1 ) = 1080 /cm 3 Mike Pendlebury University of Sussex P. Geltenbort Workshop "Physics with Spallation UCN" RCNP Osaka, March
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