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1 2000,6 (1) : Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science 13 C ( ) : 14 C, C 13 C, ; 13 C 15 N,,, C N,, 13 C, 13 C, : 13 C ; ; : O C C 3 C 4 CO 2 12 C 13 C CO 2 13 C ( 13 C) % ( Pee Dee, PDB),C 3 13 C %,C % [1 3 ], 13 C 13 C 011 % 012 % [4 ] ; 13 C 13 C,, 13 [5 C ] 12 C Vitorello [6 ], C ;Natelhoffer [7 C ] Nakamura [8 ] CO 2 13 C 5 CO 2 13 C ; % % C( 12 C) C( 13 C) ( ) : (1957 ),, C N :1999O05O06

2 1 : 13 C C, 13 C,, 13 [9 ] 0 60cm 13 C % %, 1 13 C % %, 13 C, % % [10 ] 13 C 13 C 13 C [10 ] 13 C 8, 13 C 0101 % 0102 %, % [11 ] 2 13 C :1) 13 C ;2) ;3),C 3 C 4 CO 2 13 C, 13 C 1) 2), C 3 C 4 13 C 3) CONO 0101 %(SD) 13 C( > 100 g C), 0102 %(SD) 13 C [12 ], C 3 1, C 3,, 13 C > 2000 m m m C 4,, C 4, C 3 C 4 C Balesdent and Mariotti [4 ], 2,13 13 C % %, 22 % > 50 m < 2 m, Martin [14 ] C 4 C % 70 % 16 19, > 250 m < 20 m Ryan [15 ] O (C 3 ) 13 C C, (C 4 ) 6 9 (C 3 ) C 3

3 100 6 [15,16 ] C( %) [ 13] Table 1 13 C in different soil particle fractions Particle fraction ( m) Soil before one season Soil during one season of corn growth of corn growth 4 Sampled in April 8 Sampled in August 10 Sampled in October SE SE SE Number of Average SE Number of Average SE Number of Average SE samples(n) (X SE) samples(n) (X SE) samples(n) (X SE) > 2000, Root remnants > 2000, Others C 0105 Numbers with 3 represent that there is a significant difference between the data obtained before and during the growth of corn C 15 N,, 311 ( 1 H 13 C 15 N 19 F 31 P ),, ( ), ( ) ( ),,,, ( ) ( ), ( ),,,

4 1 : 13 C 101 (,mg/ kg), ( 13 C 15 N ), C 15 [ 17] N Table 2 Chemical composition group responding to 13 C and 15 N NMR Chemical shift/ 10-6 Chemical composition group 13 C Methylene groups in aliphatic rings and chains, terminal methyl groups, CO6, OC Methoxyl groups and CO6 of carbonhydrates and sugars, C of most amino acids 2 5 C, OC OC Carbonhydrate derived structures (CO2 to CO5) in hexoses, C of some amino acids, higher alcohols OC, CO2, CO6 Anomeric carbon of carbonhydrates, CO2, CO6 of syringyl units OCH, OC Aromatic COH carbons, alkene carbons OC = O OC = N C Aromatic COR or CNR groups OC/ OC/ OC Carboxyl/ carbonly/ amide carbons 15 N ON, ON, ON Nitrate, nitrite, nitro groups , Imine, phenazine, pyridine, SchiffObases Purine (NO7) , /,,, Chlorophyll, purine/ Pyrimidine, indole, imidazole, pyrrole / NO,, ONH Amide/ peptide, NOacetyl derivatives of aminosugars, tryptphane, proline NH in guanidine ON ON N Oarginine and N Ocitrulline ON, O,, N Oarginine, N Ocitrulline, urea, nucleic acids NH + 4, - NH + 3, - NH 2, - NHR, - NR 2 NH + 4, - NH + 3, - NH 2, - NHR, - NR 2 groups, free amino groups in amino acids and amino sugars

5 C, 13 C, 15 N C 15 N, ( Maillard ) BenzingOPurdie [18 ] 13 C, O O O Maillard :C,C OC COO OC OC ;, Maillard O Hopkins [19 ] 13 C 15 N 224, OC 60 % 20 %, OC 14 5 % 14 % ; 100mg/ kg 15 N, N, N, N [17, Knicker ] Clinton [20 ] 15 N, 80 % O, 15 N, [21 Guggenberger ], 13 C OC OC C ( ) C ( ) OC OC, OC ; OC O [22 ] [23 ], C 66 % OC(OOalkylOC),26 % OC,8 % OC OC, OC ; OC ( ), Kinchesh [24 ] OC OC OC OC ; OC OC OC [16 ] [22 ] ( ) [24 ], 4 13 C 13 C 99 % 13 C ( 13 C 10

6 1 : 13 C 103 ), 13 C 411 CO 2 CO 2, 13 C CO 2 CO 2, CO 2 CO C, : ( ), ( ) ( ) 13 C CO 2, ( ) 13 C, CO C, C N ( ), 13 C, 13 C C CO 2,, ( ), 13 CO 2 CO 2 ( CO 2 ), 13 CO 2 13 CO 2 13 CO 2 ( 13 CO 2 ),,, 13 CO ;, 13 CO 2, 13 CO 2 8, 13 CO 2, 13 CO 2 13 C ( ), 011mg

7 Smith BN and Epstein S. Two categories of 13 C/ 12 C ratio for higher plants. Plant Physiology, 1971, 47 : Benner R, Forgel ML, Sprague EK and Hodson RE. Depletion of 13 C in lignin and its implication for stable carbon isotope studies. Nature, 1987, 329 : Bender MM. Variations in the 13 C/ 12 C ratio of plants in relation to the pathway of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation. Phytochemistry, 1971, 10 : Balestent J and Mariotti A. Natural 13 C abundance as a tracer for studies of soil organic matter dynamics. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1987, 19 : Deines P. The isotope composition of reduced organic carbon. In : Fritz P and Fontes J C(eds). Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry. Amsterdam : Elsiever., 1980,, Vitorello VA. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1989, 53 :773 7 Natelhoffer K J and Fry B. Control on natural nitrogeno15 and carbono13 abundance in forest soil organic matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1988, 52 : Nakamura K, Kakai Y and Wada E. Carbon isotope of soil gases and related organic matter in an agroecosystem with special reference to paddy field. In : Durance EM et al. (eds. ). Geochemistry of gaseous elements and compounds. Publications, Athens, 1990, Theophrasus 9 O Brien B J and Stout JD. Movement and turnover of soil organic matter as indicated by carbon isotope measurements. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1978, 10 : Andreux F, Cerri C, Vose PB and Vitorello VA. Potential of stable isotope, 15 N and 13 C, methods for determining input and turnover in soils. In : Harrison AF et al. (eds. ). Nutrient Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems : field methods, application and interpretation. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd, Barking, U K, 1990, Liu R, Clapp CE and Cheng HH. Usefulness of the carbono13 tracer technique for characerizing terrestrial carbon pools. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 1997, 49 : Barrie A, Brookes ST, Prosser SJ and Debney S. High productivity analysis of 15 N and 13 C in soil/ plant research. Fertilizer Res., 1995, 42 : Balesdent J and Balabane M. Maize root Oderived soil organic carbon estimated by natural 13 C abundance. Soil Biol. Biochem., 1992, 24 : Martin A, Mariotti A, Lavelle P and Vuattoux R. Estimate of organic matter turnover rate in a savanna soil by 13 C natural abundance measurements. Soil Biol. Biochem., 1990, 22 : Rryan MC, Aravena R and Gillham RW. The use of 13 C natural abundance to investigate the turnover of the microbial biomass and active fractions of soil organic matter under two tillage treatments. In :Lal R et al. (eds. ). Soil and Global Change. CRC Press, FI., 1995, Balesdent J, Mariotti A and Boisgontier D. Effect of tillage on soil organic matter carbon mineralization estimated from 13 C abundance in maize fields. J. Soil Sci., 1990, 41 : Knicker H, Ludemann HD and Haider K. Incorporation studies of NH + 4 during incubation of organic residues by 15 NOCP2 MASONMROspectrospcopy. Europ. J. Soil Sci., : BenzingOPurdie L,and Ripmeester JA. Melaniodins and soil organic matter : evidence of strong similarities revealed by 13 C CPOMAS NMR. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1983, 47 : Hopkins DW, Chudex J A, Webster EA and Barraclough D. Following the decomposition of ryegrass labelled with 13 C and 15 N in soil by solidostate nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Europ J. Soil Sci.,1997, 48 : Clinton PW, Newman RH and Allen RB. Immobilization of 15 N in forest litter studied by 15 N CPMAS NMP spectroscopy. Europ J. Soil Sci., 1995, 6 : Guggenberger G, Zech W, Haumaier L and Christensen TB. LandOuse effects on composition of organic matter in particle Osize separates of soils : 2 CPMAS and solution 13 C NMR analysis. Europ. J. Soil Sci., 1995, 46 : Kaiser K, Guggenberger G, Haumaier L and Zech W. Dissolved organic matter sorption on subsoils and minerals studied by

8 1 : 13 C CONMR and DRIFT spectroscopy. Europ. J. Soil Sci., 1997, 48 : Baldock JA, Oades J M, Vassallo AM and Wilson MA. Aust. J. Soil Res., 1989, 27 : Kinchesh P, Powlson DS and Randall EW. 13 C NMR studies of organic matter in whole soils 2. A case study of some Rothamsted soils. Europ. J. Soil Sci., 1995, 46 : APL ICATION OF 13 C LABELL ING TECHNIQUE TO SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION Shen Qirong, Yin Shixue, Yang Chaoguang, Chen Wei ( College of Res. A nd Envi. Sci. A nd MOA Key L ab. Of Plant Growth Regulation, Nanjing A gri. U niv., Nanjing ) Abstract : Owing to the concern of its radioactivity by human being, radioactive 14 C labelling technique used to study the turnover of organic materials added to soils has gradually been re2 placed by stable isotope 13 C labelling technique since 1980 s. The two advantages of stable iso2 tope 13 C labelling technique have been recognized. Firstly, much time and cost spent on la2 belling can be saved while real inositu study can be attained if we choose naturally labeling mate2 rials obtained with the help of discrimination of different plants between 13 C and 12 C. Second2 ly, enrichment of 13 C and 15 N and their combination with NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy can help us study not only the dynamics of decomposition of organic materials but also the changes of their chemical structures during the turnover of the organic materials, which can provide more information in clarifying the C and N cycling and humification of the organic materials applied to soils. The paper gives a brief review on the application of 13 C labelling tech2 nique to soil science and plant nutrition, in which some key notes are devoted. Therefore, the paper will prove very useful in initiating the related research work in China. Key words : 13 C labelling technique ; soil ; plant nutrition

Chemical Alterations Occurring During Biomass Charring and their Impact on Char Recalcitrance

Chemical Alterations Occurring During Biomass Charring and their Impact on Char Recalcitrance Chemical Alterations ccurring During Biomass Charring and their Impact on Char Recalcitrance Heike Knicker Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain Impact of fire on soil organic