Graphene Based Saturable Absorber Modelockers at 2µm
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1 ISLA Workshop Munich Integrated disruptive components for 2µm fibre Lasers ISLA Graphene Based Saturable Absorber Modelockers at 2µm Prof. Werner Blau - Trinity College Dublin Friday, 26th of June 2015
2 2D Nanosystems Strong covalent bonds in layer; Weak van der Waals interaction between layers; Specific 2D confinement of electron motion; Absence of interlayer perturbation; Unique electronic, optical, mechanical and thermal properties. Electron energy versus density of states for 3D, 2D, 1D and 0D semiconductors. Page 2
3 Graphene - Characterisation TEM AFM Graphene Graphite (x2) G Raman 0.50 Absorption Intensity (a.u.) D Raman shift (cm -1 ) 2D Absorption (a.u.) Graphene PVA composite Raman shift (cm -1 ) 0.35 Graphene in DMF Wavelength (nm) Page 3
4 Graphene SAM Chemical Vapour Deposition Liquid Phase Exfoliation Drop Casting PMMA Prepared Grown on Cu Oven Prepared 5% Solution Oven Prepared 10% Solution Vacuum Prepared 5% Solution Thickness Page 4
5 I-scan Setup OPA Laser Source Variable ND filter Sample Chopper InGaAs Photodiode Page 5
6 I-scan of Graphene on Mirror and SESAM at 2 µm Very clear saturable absorption of graphene coat Mirror at 2 µm SESAM from BATOP (SAM ps-x) Typical I-scan curves of SESAM and Graphene Mirror at 2 µm 79.3% Graphene on Mirror SESAM from BATOP 76.5% % Graphene Mirror prepared by vacuum filtration Reflectivity % I sat = 74.6 MW/cm % I sat =490 MW/cm % I (GW/cm2) Conherent OPA 9800 laser, ~100 fs, 100 KHz, 2 µm Page 6
7 Beam Size Measure for I-scan Blade Blade Blade 1 1st Derivative Gauss Fitting 0-1 Intensity (a.u.) Blade Derivative Y Diameter ~93 um X-axis Position (mm) z (mm) Page 7
8 Graphene Mode-locked Laser Development 2 µm mode-locked lasers were achieved by several groups using graphene absorbers 1. Wavelength: 1908 nm; Rep. Rate: 1.82 MHz; Pulse Energy: 16.2 nj; Pulse Duration: ~65 ns 2. Wavelength: 1944 nm; Rep. Rate: MHz; Power: 1.3 mw; Mode-locked Pulse Duration: ~1.6 ps Fu, Bo, et al. "Broadband graphene saturable absorber for pulsed fiber lasers at 1, 1.5, and 2 µm." Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of 20.5 (2014): Page 8 Sotor, Jaroslaw, et al. "Simultaneous mode-locking at 1565 nm and 1944 nm in fiber laser based on common graphene saturable absorber." Optics Express (2013):
9 Graphene Mode-locked Fibre Laser Development 3. Wavelength: 1884 nm; Rep. Rate: 20.5 MHz; Mode-locked Pulse Duration: 1.2ps 4. Wavelength: 2018 nm; Rep. Rate: 99 MHz; Power: 60.2 mw Mode-locked Pulse Duration: 729 fs Sobon, Grzegorz, et al. "Thulium-doped all-fiber laser mode-locked by CVD-graphene/PMMA saturable absorber." Optics express (2013): Ma, J., et al. "Graphene mode-locked femtosecond laser at 2 µm wavelength." Optics letters (2012): Page 9
10 Rapid Material Characterisation Z-scan Beamsplitter Lens Graphene Lens LASER z Open Detector Reference Detector Normalised Transmission Open Z-scan Theoretical Fit Detector Z-distance(cm) 10
11 Other 2D Materials Other layered materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and black phosphorus, also have prominent saturable absorption in infrared region. Normalized Transmission nm, 340 fs 3 uj WS2 MoS2 Graphene Normalized transmission nm, 340 fs BP, 81.2% Graphene, 82.3% z (mm) Intensity (GW/cm 2 ) Z-scan Result of Several 2D materials Page 11
12 Other 2D Materials 1.2 Normalized Transmission (a. u.) nm 340fs MoS 2 MoSe 2 MoTe Z (mm) Z-scan Result of Several 2D materials Page 12
13 CNT/Graphene Based Saturable Arbsorber Modelockers at 2µm WP leaders Prof. Werner Blau Dr. Yong Zhang Dr. Kanpeng Wang Aidan A. Murray John J. Magan Objectives Investigating SWNT/Graphene saturable absorption and potential for mode-locking in 2µm region Implementation and testing of mode-locker devices in fibre laser setup Page 13
14 Graphene - Liquid Phase Exfoliation a b c d e f N-methyl-2- pyrrolidone (NMP) N,Ndimethylform amide (DMF) Graphite in NMP Sonication 200W, 24hrs Standing 24 hrs Centrifug rpm 90min On shelf 5 weeks Diluted dispersion Page 14
15 2 micron Z-scan - Graphene Open Aperture Transmission (arb.) Open Apeture - 2um Pure Graphene Thin Film - 20ul of solution 4.2X10^(-3) GW/cm^(2) 8.4X10^(-3) GW/cm^(2) 1.3X10^(-2) GW/cm^(2) 1.7X10^(-2) GW/cm^(2) 2.3X10^(-2) GW/cm^(2) 2.7X10^(-2) GW/cm^(2) Open Aperture Transmission (arb.) Open Apeture - 2um Graphene Polystyrene Film 2.3X10^(-2) GW/cm^(2) 0 wt% 1 wt% 5 wt% Distance from Focal Point (mm) Distance from Focal Point (m) Page 15
16 2 micron z-scan Carbon Nanotubes Open Aperture Signal - Transmission (arb.) Open Aperture - 2um Pure Carbon Nanotube Thin Film 9.0X10^(-3) GW/cm^2 3.3X10^(-3) GW/cm^2 1.9X10^(-3) GW/cm^ Distance from Focal Point (mm) Page 16
17 Nanocarbon Modelocker Graphene Thin Films on Glass Parameter Symbol Unit Target Values for fiber lasers Target Values for solid-state lasers min max target min max target Values Achieved to-date Modulation depth DR % >5 * Saturation fluence Fsat µj/cm2??? * Non-saturable loss Rns % 0??? 1-2% neglegible from z- scan Recovery time t1/e ps < 3 Induced absorption parameter F2 J/cm2??? 3000 Damage fluence Fd mj/cm > 1*** Saturation Parameter S --??? 3 10 ** References: 1. Maas et. al., "High precsion optical characterization of semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors", Vol. 16, No. 10, Optics Express 12 May 2008, pp Saraceno et. al., "SESAMs for High-Power Oscillators: Design Guidelines and Damage Thresholds", Vol. 18, NO. 1, IEEE J. OF Sel. Top. Quant. El., Jan/Feb 2012, pp * measured in transmission by z-scan technique and then calculated for reflection from experimental data, at 2.0 micron with 100 fs pulses ** can only ve determined in actual testbed laser *** No visibly observable damage seen, can only be determined quantitatively on testbed laser Page 17
18 Controlling Nanocarbon Nonlinearity Nanocarbon Broadband Ultrafast Nonlinear Response 1-D Plasmonic Nanowire Nonlinearity Control 2-D Periodic Structure Wavelength Control Y Zhang,, JJ Wand & W Blau Nature Photonics 2013 under review Page 18
19 Graphene Mode-locked 1053 nm Fibre Laser L. Zhang, W Blau, et al, Laser Page Phys. 19Lett. (2012)
20 Graphene Saturable Absorption Graphene in water 605nm 809nm 130fs 80MHz Transmission [a.u.] e - Conduction K carrier-carrier scattering e-h recombination Normalized transmittance Z [mm] 532 nm 6ns 10Hz Graphene in NMP 20.3 µj 40.4 µj 80.6 µj 100 µj h + carrier-phonon scattering Valence Page Z (cm)
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