Why the nuclear era needs NERA

Transcription

1 Why the nuclear era needs NERA Jan Leen Kloosterman TU-Delft Delft University of Technology Challenge the future Meet & Greet Scientific staff members Secretary and technicians 2 1

2 Chemistry and Materials Reactors and Applications for Energy Theoretical and and Health Thermal Computational Hydraulics Reactor Physics and Heat Transfer 3 World population 11 billion population / million year 4 2

3 World population and energy use Country Population (million) Electricity (kwh/cap) World OECD China Asia Africa Energy (Mtoe/cap) IEA, Key world energy statistics, 2013 data from CO2 concentration CO 2 in 2100 (with business as usual) Double pre-industrial CO CO 2 now CO 2 concentration (ppm) 10 Last 160,000 years (from ice cores) and the next 100 years Temperature difference from now C Now Time (thousands of years) Source: IPCC 3

4 Nuclear fission Radio-active U n X Y n 200 MeV CH 2O CO 2H O 8eV Fossils equivalent to 1 gram of U235 Gasoline Coal 2500 liter 3000 kg 8 4

5 Binding energy per nucleon Fusion Fission 9 Table of isotopes P r o t o n s Isotope Yield (%) U U U Primordial nuclides Neutrons 12 5

6 Table of isotopes P r o t o n s Isotope Yield (%) Fuel (%) U U U Primordial nuclides Neutrons 13 Fission cross section Moderation Ratio U-235 U-238 Energy of incoming Nuclear Energy neutron & Radiation (ev) Applications 14 6

7 neutron U-235 Moderator Fission products Actinides U-238 U-235 Pu-239 Moderator Am Pu Pressurized Water Reactor 16 7

8 Boiling Water Reactor 17 Decay heat 18 8

9 High level waste neutron U-235 Moderator Fission products U-238 U-235 Uranium ore Pu Am Actinides 19 Supercritical fluids From dry cleaning to energy conversion 20 9

10 Super-Critical Water Reactor Chairman PMB-SCWR 21 SCWR Operational Range at 25 MPa SCWR BWR Properties change significantly! 22 10

11 SCWR Stability DELIGHT facility Flow driven by density difference Detailed instrumentation: thermocouples, pressure sensors Artificial neutronic feedback 10 m 23 Near Wall Fluid Properties T h T c Strong C p increase Strong density drop T h T c c p

12 Annular Flow Laser (LDA) Seeding chamber Optical access unit Release valve Vacuum pump Seeding injection system 25 Numerical: fixed T at wall, no buoyancy Cartesius cluster, 256 cores Re=10 4 Pr 1 Very thin boundary layer! SC CO 2 (80 bars) 26 12

13 Molten Salt Nuclear Reactors EC delegate SC-MSR 27 Molten Salt Fast Reactor Working parameters MSFR High temperature (750 0 C) Low pressure (1 bar) Circulation time (4 sec) LiF-ThF4-UF4-(TRU)F3 ( mol%). Online processing / fueling Three (fuel) salt loops 28 13

14 Unique features MS(F)R Fuel salt is at ambient pressure No driving force leading to dispersion Fuel salt is a fluid No compaction of the fuel possible Expansion gives strong negative feedback Freeze plugs to drain the salt Fuel salt cleaning Continuous removal of fission products and uranium Remaining products strongly bound to the salt Flexible fuel cycle Breeding with thorium or uranium Waste burning (Pu/MA from LWR spent fuel) No external fuel processing steps 29 SAMOFAR Cooperation USA FHR EU/France MSFR SAMOFAR Russia SMART-MSFR China TMSR 30 14

15 Radiotoxicity MSR 31 Why is MSR analysis complex? Materials Geometry Solver neutron transport eqs. Temperature distribution Fluid flow Fuel depletion n x, y, z, E,,, t P x, y, z, t 32 15

16 Adaptive refinement 33 Uncertainty analysis Materials Geometry Solver neutron transport eqs. Temperature distribution Fluid flow Fuel depletion t nxyze,,,,,, Pxyzt,,, 34 16

17 Uncertainty analysis Materials Geometry Solver neutron transport eqs. Temperature distribution Fluid flow Fuel depletion t nxyze,,,,,, Pxyzt,,, 35 Polynomial chaos expansion: FANISP 36 17

18 Grid of basis functions 37 Holland PTC Deterministic modelling for dose calculation and sensitivity analysis for increased robustness of treatment plans Cooperation with Erasmus MC, LUMC, VARIAN, 38 18

19 Uncertainties in proton therapy 39 Patient Primary tumour is indicated in red (CTV high), high risk areas for metastasis are delineated in yellow (CTV low). The tumour is surrounded by critical organs, such as spinal cord, the brain stem and the salivary glands

20 Dose volume histogram 41 DVH plus uncertainties 42 20

21 Mo-99 supply chain OPAL ANSTO(Australia) ANSTO(Australia) Mo-99 production steps 1 Target fabrication 2 Target irradiation 3 Target delivery 4 Target cutting 5 Target dissolving 6 Solution treatment 7 Mo-99 recovery 11 Waste collection 8 Mo-99 purification 12 U-235 recovery 9 Mo-99 generator 13 Waste processing 10 Mo-99 pharmacy 14 Waste storage 44 21

22 Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor AHR power of 15 kw for 2% Mo-99 demand 45 OYSTER OYSTER Optimized Reactor Core Installation of Cold Neutron Source Installation of New Instruments and Facilities 46 22

23 Isotope production loop 47 Isotope production loop 2% global demand Mo

24 Geological disposal Basic and chemical research Ceramic Waste forms (e.g. phospates) Migration experiments (U/FP in Clay) Interfaces (concrete/clay) 49 TU TU Delft A laboratory in the North wing of RID for handling α-emitting natural isotopes of U and Th is composed of two alpha-tight glove boxes and equipment for inorganic synthesis

25 Concluding We have the Need for energy and isotopes We have the Experts to find solutions We have the Research vision to guide us We have the Ambition to motivate us 52 25