Science And Technology

Transcription

1 Name Period Final Exam Review Sheet Due: Wednesday, June 10 th Open-Ended Section of Final: Friday, June 12 th Multiple Choice Section: Monday (15 th ) or Tuesday (16 th ) Over the course of the year, we have explored many topics and questions related to these topics. Use the list below to help guide your review of the year s information. Your responsibility is to define the vocabulary terms and answer the questions relating to the topics on a SEPARATE sheet of paper. This is worth a lab grade!! ***** Remember your final exam will count as a test grade in the 4 th marking period as well as the final exam grade. Science And Technology 1) Why is it important to practice lab safety in science? Be specific in your response. a. Lab safety ensures that you are those in the lab classroom do not get hurt. There are also less mistakes due to carelessness. 2) SI units of measure (chart pg. 71 in Science and Technology textbook) a. Be able to read this chart. Standard unit of measure and easy to compare units. 3) How do you find the mass of substance in a beaker? a. Total mass on the substance in the beaker mass of the beaker = mass of substance. 4) How do you find the volume of irregular object? a. Place the irregular object in a graduated cylinder filled with water. b. The volume after putting the object in the graduated cylinder the volume before the object goes in the graduated cylinder = the volume of the object. 5) Reliable vs. Biased information a. Reliable information is not biased. b. Reliable information can be trusted. 6) Informed Consumer When you are buying products, you need to know that the things that you are buying are safe.

2 7) Variables (3 different ones) a. Manipulated Variable: The variable that you change on purpose. What you are testing. b. Responding Variable: What is going to change because you changed the manipulated variable. c. Controlled Variables: All of the things that must stay the same in the experiment. d. Remember only 1 thing should be changing in a controlled experiment. 8) How have science and technology changed society? (Two examples) a. Communication b. New types of medicine Matter 1) Label Element Name Atomic Number Atomic Mass Chlorine 17 Cl Element Symbol 2) States of matter properties a. Liquid- Takes the shape of the container, can slide past each other and are close together. b. Solid- Does not take the shape of the container, tightly packed, vibrate in place, do not move past each other. c. Gas- Spread to fit the container and move freely. 3) Model of Atom Electron Nucleus Proton Neutron 4) Compound substance made of more than one element chemically bonded together 5) Homogeneous Mixture a mixture of substance that are physically bonded and you cannot see the individual parts. Example: lemonade

3 6) Heterogeneous Mixture - a mixture of substance that are physically bonded and you can see the individual parts. Example: Mike and Ike candy 7) Substance matter that has the same composition and properties 8) Element matter made of atoms of only one kind; substance that cannot be broken into a smaller substance. (Elements of the periodic table) 9) Physical changes change the appearance of the material without changing the composition. Chemical changes the substance into a new substance. Earth s Surface 1) Explain relief and elevation. a. Relief: The difference in elevation from the highest to lowest point. b. Elevation: Height above sea level 2) Weathering vs. erosion a. Weathering- The chemical and physical processes that break down rock and other substances. i. Chemical Weathering- Rock is broken down by chemical changes. (pg ) ii. Mechanical Weathering- Rock is physically broken down. (pg.40) b. Erosion- The process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves weathered particle of rock and soil. 3) Soil Horizons Horizon A Top soil, humus, rich in nutrients Horizon B- Subsoil, Some nutrients Horizon C- Rock and hard soil 4) Mass Movements a. One of several processes by which gravity moves sediment downhill. b. Examples: creep, slump, landslide, mudslide 5) Uniformitarianism a. The same geologic processes that happen today also happened in the past to change Earth s surface. 6) Prime Meridian & Equator location a. Prime Meridian- Imaginary line that separated the Eastern and Western Hemisphere b. Equator- Imaginary line that separates the Northern and Southern Hemisphere 7) Headland a. Part of the shore resists wave erosion 8) Decomposition / Humus a. Humus Dark colored organic material in soil the nutrients b. Decomposition- The process of breaking down wastes and dead organism, creates humus

4 9) Soil Conservation- The management of soil to prevent soil loss. 10) Law of Superposition- In undisturbed horizontal sedimentary rock layers, the higher the layer the younger the age of the rock. 11) Fill Out the Chart Below: Differences between plains, plateaus, and mountains. Landform Elevation Relief Plains Low Low Mountain High High Plateau High Low Light and Sound 1) Mechanical waves (Transverse, Longitudinal) a. All mechanical waves need a medium b. Transverse- The direction of the wave and the direction of the particles are perpendicularly. Example: rope, flag c. Longitudinal- The direction of the wave and the direction of the particles are parallel. Example : sound waves, spring 2) Energy a. Energy causes a medium to vibrate, which forms a wave. 3) Medium a. The material through which a wave travels. 4) Wavelength a. Transverse Wave: distance from crest to crest or trough to trough b. Longitudinal Wave: distance from compression to compression or rarefaction to rarefaction 5) Frequency a. The number of waves that pass a given point in a second. b. Measured in Hertz (Hz) 6) Constructive Interference vs. Destructive Interference a. Constructive interference- the energy of the combined wave is greater than the energy of each of the two waves. b. Destructive interference- the energy of the combined wave is less than the energy of each of the two waves. For example, when the crest of one wave overlaps with the trough of another wave. 7) Reflection- The bouncing back of an object or a wave when it hits a surface through which it cannot pass. Example: light bouncing off a mirror. 8) Refraction- The bending of waves as they enter a new medium. For example a straw in a glass of water. 9) Diffraction- The bending or spreading of waves as they move around a barrier or pass through an opening. Example: sound waves bending around a building corner. 10) Doppler Effect a. The change in frequency of a wave as its source moved in relation to an observer.

5 Astronomy 1) Constellation a. A pattern or group of stars that people imagined to represent a figure, animal, or object. 2) Rotation vs. Revolution a. Rotation- Earth spins on its axis which causes day and night b. Revolution- Earth moves around the sun which causes our years 3) Seasons in each hemisphere a. When the Northern Hemisphere is experiencing one season the Southern Hemisphere is experiencing the opposite season. b. For example, where the Northern Hemisphere is experiencing spring the Southern Hemisphere is experiencing fall. Possible Topics for Open-Ended? 1) If you were to create a lab safety poster for next year, what rules would be on it? a. Look at the rules in the center binding of your folder. 2) How do science and society affect each other? Use Semmelweis and Rachel Carson as examples? a. The work that scientists do changes society. In turn society influences the work that scientists do. For example, when mothers were dying after giving birth Semmelweis investigated why they were dying. Rachel Carson investigated the effects of DDT a pesticide. 3) How is science used in everyday life? a. In non-science careers, science is used. For example chefs use measuring tools when they measure the amount of each ingredient needed. There are physical and chemical changes when they mix ingredients. 4) Scientific method a. Question ask a question about an observation b. Background research- use reliable and relevant resources to research information about the topic. c. Hypothesis suggest a possible answer to the scientific question. d. Run experiment identify the manipulated, responding, and controlled variable. Then, record your data in a data table as you complete the experiment. e. Analyze data and conclusion create a graph from the data recorded and then write a conclusion about your findings. f. Communicate results share the results of your experiment with other people by creating a display board and by writing an abstract.