Nine items of supplementary information are provided: Supplementary Experimental Procedures;

Transcription

1 Electronic Supplementary Material Nine items of supplementary information are provided: Supplementary Experimental Procedures; Supplementary tables 1-8; Supplementary figure 1. Supplementary Experimental Procedures Field observation details A series of field observations were performed to record other aspects of the potential mimicry of Byrsonima crassifolia (Malpighiaceae) by Trichocentrum ascendens (Oncidiinae). In seasonally dry forest on the Atlantic coast ( N; W, 20 m), bees visiting the potential model (B. crassifolia) were caught and examined for the presence of orchid pollinia. In dry forests in northern Costa Rica ( N; W, 360 m), pollinator activity was recorded in natural populations of T. ascendens over a five-day period between and in April 2002 and March This coincided with the documented peak times for floral visitation by Centris and other tropical bees [1]. We identified naturally occurring populations of Trichocentrum ascendens that confirmed the sympatric occurrence of the putative model (Byrsonima crassifolia) and mimic. Two populations of T. ascendens, approximately 500 m 2, were identified growing epiphytically on Citrus sinensis in the Guanacaste dry forest region in northern Costa Rica ( N; W, 360 m). A mature B. crassifolia tree was found in the centre of the first population; the second population did not contain any potential model species. These populations (separated by 3 km) provided an opportunity to assess the impact of the proposed model s presence on the reproductive success of its non-rewarding mimic in a natural environment. In each population we surveyed the number of T. ascendens plants, number of flowers, male reproductive success per plant (ratio of flowers with pollinia to those without) and female reproductive success per plant (proportion of flowers that produced seed capsules). Supplementary references 1. Dyer A.G., Paulk A.C., Reser D.H Colour processing in complex environments: insights from the visual system of bees. Proc. R. Soc. B 278, (doi: /rspb ).

2 2. Erixon P., Svennblad B., Britton T., Oxelman B Reliability of Bayesian Posterior Probabilities and Bootstrap Frequencies in Phylogenetics. Sys. Biol. 52, (doi: / ). 3. Pridgeon A.M., Cribb P.J., Chase M.W., Rasmussen F Genera Orchidacearum Volume 5 Epidendroideae (part two). (Oxford: Oxford University Press. Supplementary table legends Table S1: Study sites used in Costa Rica to assess floral colour diversity in plant communities and cases of Batesian floral mimicry. Table S2: The 23 study sites were pooled into three habitat types to assess whether the focal orchid or Malpighiaceae species in the site occupied a significantly distinct portion of the colour hexagon compared to the rest of the species (P values indicate whether the species was significantly different in terms of flower colour from sympatrically flowering species within each plant community, significant values are indicated by stars (*). Table S3: Taxon sampling for the phylogenetic analysis of Oncidiinae based on nrits sequences. Herbarium acronyms for voucher specimens: AMO = Chinoin Institute, Mexico City; CICY = Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán; FLAS = University of Florida Herbarium, Florida Museum of Natural History; K = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; MEXU = Herbario Nacional, Universidad Autónoma de Mexico; MO = Missouri Botanical Garden; UEC = Universidade Estadual de Campinas; UPRRP = University of Puerto Rico, Rio Peidras. Table S4: All angiosperm species measured for the community-wide assessment of floral shape. Table S5: Oncidiinae species measured for morphometric analyses. Samples with (b) indicate a second representative of that species was measured.

3 Table S6: Additional Orchidaceae/Malpighiaceae species for which floral reflectance measurements have been taken from fresh material. Source acronyms: FLMNH (Florida Museum of Natural History); RBG Kew (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew); LBG (Lankester Botanical Garden, Costa Rica); SBG (Selby Botanic Gardens). Species in bold are those that are bee-uv-green in colour. Table S7: Locality and phenology data for the two Malpighiaceae species studied, along with the two Oncidiinae species which occupied a significantly distinct portion of bee colour space (Table S2). Herbarium acronyms for voucher specimens: USJ = Universidad de Costa Rica; INBIO = Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad. Table S8: Phenology data for all yellow-flowered Malpighiaceae specimens collected at USJ and INBIO (USJ = Universidad de Costa Rica; INBIO = Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad). Supplementary figure legends Figure S1: Bayesian consensus tree for the ITS analysis of Oncidiinae. Thickened lines indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities above 0.90, an indication of good branch support [2]. The bars to the right of the species names indicate the ten major clades of Oncidiinae [3].

4 Table S1: Study sites used in Costa Rica to assess floral colour diversity in plant communities and cases of Batesian floral mimicry. Site name Location Coordinates Habitat type Total number of species in site 1. San Pedro San José Province N 9º 42'04 W 83º 58'06 Disturbed vegetation and 6 Alt. 2056m pasture 2. Casa Mata Cartago Province N 9º 46'36 W 83º 59'16 Disturbed vegetation and 12 Alt. 1913m pasture 3. El alto de San Juan San José Province N 9º 19'42 W 83º 45'17 Disturbed vegetation 15 Alt. 1114m 4. Fínca Altamira San Elena, San José N 9º 22'07 W 83º 36'32 Gallery forest 7 Province Alt. 920m 5. Fínca de Francisco San Elena, San José N 9º 20'48 W 83º 37'52 Gallery forest 10 Cordero Province Alt. 817m 6. Golfo Dulce Peninsular de Osa, N 8º W 83º Disturbed vegetation and 6 Puntarenas Province Alt. 220m pasture 7. Golfo Dulce Peninsular de Osa, N2 8º W 83º Disturbed vegetation and 3 Puntarenas Province Alt. 230m pasture 8. Refugio Mixta de Carate, Peninsular de Osa Alt. sea-level Disturbed vegetation and 8 Vida Silvestre pasture 9. San Jorquen de Dota San José Province N 9º 36'47 W 84º 00'51 Alt. 1380m Seasonally dry forest Rancho Montereal Liberia, Guanacaste N 10º 33'16 W 85º 31'44 Dry forest 5 Province Alt. 80m 11. Rancho Montereal Liberia, Guanacaste N 10º 33'16 W 85º 31'44 Dry forest 6 Province Alt. 80m 12. Bosque de Los San Ramón, Alajuela N 10º 11'02 W 84º 28'34 Seasonally dry forest 16 Angeles Province Alt. 1162m 13. Tapantí National Cartago Province N9º 44'59 W 83º Cloud forest 15 Park 47'00Alt. 1697m 14. Tapantí National Cartago Province N 9º 44'59 W 83º 47'02 Cloud forest 14 Park Alt. 1697m 15. Tapantí National Cartago Province N 9º 44'16 W 83º 46'58 Cloud forest 17 Park Alt. 1743m 16. Braulio Carrillo National Park Heredia Province N 10º 04'14 W 83º 59'00 Alt. 1399m Cloud forest Fínca de Don San Juan, San José Province N 9º 19'02 W 83º 46'12 Lower montane cloud 9

5 Vicente, La Cicica Alt. 969m forest and pasture 18. Fínca de Don Vicente, La Cicica San Juan, San José Province N 9º 19'02 W 83º 46'12 Alt. 969m Lower montane cloud forest Las Tablas La Amistad International N 8º 56'51 W 82º 44'13 Cloud forest 7 Park, Puntarenas Province Alt. 1881m 20. Las Tablas La Amistad International N 8º 56'50 W 82º 44'19 Cloud forest 11 Park, Puntarenas Province Alt. 1871m 21. Las Tablas La Amistad International N 8º 56'50 W 82º 44'14 Cloud forest 17 Park, Puntarenas Province Alt. 1885m 22. Refugio Eladios Monteverde Cloud Forest N 10º W 84º Cloud forest 7 Preserve, Alajuela Province Alt. 750m 23. Refugio Aleman Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve, Alajuela Province N 10º W 84º Alt. 750m Cloud forest 8

6 Table S2: The 23 study sites were pooled into three habitat types to assess whether the focal orchid or Malpighiaceae species in the site occupied a significantly distinct portion of the colour hexagon compared to the rest of the species (P values indicate whether the species was significantly different in terms of flower colour from sympatrically flowering species within each plant community; significant values are indicated by stars (*). Site Tested species Bee colour P value Disturbed (disturbed/pasture and gallery forest) San Pedro, San Jose Province Cuitlauzina convallarioides bg Casa Mata, Cartago Province Oncidium bryolophotum uv-g El alto de San Juan, San José Province Oncidium dichromaticum uv-g Finca Altamira, San José Province Erycina pumilio uv-g Finca de Francisco Cordero, San José Province Macroclinium generalense b Refugio Mixta de Vida Silvestre, Peninsula de Osa Byrsonima crassifolia uv-g Dry (dry and seasonally dry forests) San Jorquen de Dota, San José Province Oncidium nebulosum uv-g Rancho Montereal, Guanacaste Province Encyclia cordigera bg Rancho Montereal, Guanacaste Province Encyclia cordigera bg Bosque de Los Angeles, Alajuela Province Oncidium obryzatoides uv-g Moist (cloud, lowland moist and lower montane forests) Tapantí National Park, Cartago Province Epidendrum odontochilum bg 0.1 Tapantí National Park, Cartago Province Oncidium nebulosum uv-g Tapantí National Park, Cartago Province Stelis guatemalensis bg Braulio Carrillo NP, Heredia Province Camaridium campanulata b La Cicica, San José Province Trichocentrum ascendens uv-g 0.027** La Cicica, San José Province Oncidium dichromaticum b 0.53 La Amistad International Park, Puntarenas Province Oncidium nebulosum uv-g 0.02** La Amistad International Park, Puntarenas Province Oncidium cariniferum bg La Amistad International Park, Puntarenas Province Oncidium nebulosum uv-g 0.008*** Golfo Dulce, Peninsular de Osa Byrsonima crassifolia uv-g 0.25 Golfo Dulce, Peninsular de Osa Stigmaphyllon lindenianum uv-g Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve, Alajuela Oncidium nebulosum uv-g Province Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve, Alajuela Province Oncidium nebulosum uv-g 0.218

7 Table S3: Taxon sampling for the phylogenetic analysis of Oncidiinae based on nrits sequences. Herbarium acronyms for voucher specimens: AMO = Chinoin Institute, Mexico City; CICY = Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán; FLAS = University of Florida Herbarium, Florida Museum of Natural History; K = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; MEXU = Herbario Nacional, Universidad Autónoma de Mexico; MO = Missouri Botanical Garden; UEC = Universidade Estadual de Campinas; UPRRP = University of Puerto Rico. Taxa Voucher GenBank accession number Aspasia epidendroides Whitten FLAS AF Aspasia principissa Whitten FLAS FJ Brassia arcuigera Whitten FLAS AF Brassia caudata MSBG b SEL AF Brassia elegantula Whitten 1644 FLAS FJ Brassia gireoudiana Williams s.n. FLAS AF Capanemia superflua Chase K FJ Caucaea cucullatum Beckendorf N179 FLAS AF Caucaea nubigena Whitten 1659 FLAS FJ Caucaea phalaenopsis Whitten 1715 FLAS FJ Cischweinfia pusilla Whitten FLAS FJ Cuitlauzina candida Chase O-148 K FJ Cuitlauzina egertonii Whitten FLAS FJ Cuitlauzina pendula Chase O-169 K FJ Cuitlauzina pulchellum Williams N141 FLAS FJ Cyrtochiloides cardiochila Chase O-653 K AF Cyrtochiloides panduriforme Chase O-136 K AF Cyrtochiloides riopalenqueana Dodson & Tan 5371 MO FJ Cyrtochilum angustatum no voucher AF Cyrtochilum annulare Whitten FLAS AF Cyrtochilum aureum Whitten 2354 FLAS FJ Cyrtochilum edwardii Chase O-663 K AF Cyrtochilum gracile no voucher AF Cyrtochilum halteratum Beckendorf N118 FLAS AF Cyrtochilum ioplocon no voucher AF Cyrtochilum ixioides no voucher AF Cyrtochilum longipes Whitten 3461 FLAS FJ Cyrtochilum loxense Williams N163 FLAS FJ Cyrtochilum macranthum no voucher AF Cyrtochilum myanthium no voucher AF350848

8 Cyrtochilum pardinum Chase O-665 K FJ Cyrtochilum ramosissimum Whitten 1545 FLAS FJ Cyrtochilum revolutum Whitten 1776 FLAS FJ Cyrtochilum tricostatum Chase O-654 K AF Cyrtochilum villenaorum Whitten 3565 FLAS FJ Erycina crista-galli Silvera 87 FLAS FJ Erycina echinata Chase O-1350 K AF Erycina glossomystax Whitten 2512 FLAS FJ Erycina hyalinobulbon Whitten W0512 FLAS FJ Erycina pumilio Whitten 2341 FLAS FJ Erycina pusilla Whitten 1771 FLAS FJ Pachyphyllum ecuadorensis Whitten 3285 FLAS FJ Gomesa ciliatum Chase O-137 K FJ Gomesa concolor Williams N341 FLAS FJ Gomesa dasytyle Chase O-210 K AF Gomesa fimbriatum Williams N342 FLAS FJ Gomesa flexuosum Chase O-98 K AF Gomesa imperatoris-maximiliani Faria & Pansarin 1022 UEC FJ Gomesa raniferum Chase K FJ Gomesa viperinum Gerlach 98/2080 M FJ Gomesa warmingii Chase K FJ Grandiphyllum auriculatum Whitten 3523 FLAS FJ Grandiphyllum divaricatum Whitten 3456 FLAS FJ Grandiphyllum hians Chase K FJ Grandiphyllum robustissimum Whitten 1777 FLAS FJ Hofmeisterella eumicroscopica Chase O-112 K AF Lockhartia amoena Blanco 1803 FLAS FJ Miltonia phymatochila Chase O-208 K FJ Miltoniopsis bismarkii Whitten 1687 FLAS AF Miltoniopsis phalaenopsis no voucher AF Miltoniopsis vexillaria Whitten FLAS AF Miltoniopsis warscewiczii Chase O-14 K AF Nohawilliamsia pirarensis Chase 8175 K FJ Oncidium alexandrae Beckendorf N132 FLAS AF Oncidium aloisii no voucher AF Oncidium altissimum Williams s.n. FLAS AF Oncidium anthocrene Whitten 3451 FLAS FJ565452

9 Oncidium armatum Beckendorf N176 FLAS AF Oncidium aspidorhinum Beckendorf N328 FLAS AF Oncidium astranthum Beckendorf N191 FLAS AF Oncidium auriculatum no voucher AF Oncidium baurii Whitten 1731 FLAS FJ Oncidium blandum Beckendorf N117 FLAS AF Oncidium bracteatum Whitten FLAS AF Oncidium cariniferum Williams N158 FLAS FJ Oncidium cheirophorum Whitten FLAS AF Oncidium cirrhosum Beckendorf N150 FLAS AF Oncidium constrictum Williams N145 FLAS AF Oncidium crinitum no voucher AF Oncidium cristatellum Beckendorf N327 FLAS AF Oncidium cristatum Beckendorf N216 FLAS AF Oncidium crocidipterum Williams s.n. FLAS AF Oncidium cruentum Beckendorf N130 FLAS AF Oncidium denticulatum Beckendorf N136 FLAS AF Oncidium digitatum Beckendorf N129 FLAS AF Oncidium endocharis Chase 6606 K FJ Oncidium ensatum Atwood 5606 FLAS AF Oncidium epidendroides Beckendorf N190 FLAS AF Oncidium exalatum Chase 7347 K AF Oncidium fuscatum Chase K FJ Oncidium ghiesbreghtianum Williams N115 FLAS FJ Oncidium gloriosum no voucher AF Oncidium graminifolium Chase O-33 K AF Oncidium hallii Beckendorf N122 FLAS AF Oncidium harryanum Williams N131 FLAS FJ Oncidium hastatum Williams N208 FLAS AF Oncidium hastilabium Chase O-41 K AF Oncidium heteranthum Whitten 1735 FLAS FJ Oncidium hyphaematicum Whitten FLAS FJ Oncidium incurvum Whitten FLAS AF Oncidium lacerum Beckendorf N140 FLAS AF Oncidium laeve no voucher AF Oncidium leucochilum Chase O-30 K AF Oncidium lindleyanum Beckendorf N180 FLAS AF350751

10 Oncidium luteopurpureum no voucher AF Oncidium maculatum Atwood 5604 FLAS AF Oncidium matagense no voucher AF Oncidium mirandum no voucher AF Oncidium multistellare Chase O-172 K AF Oncidium nevadense Chase O-661 K AF Oncidium nobile Williams N149 FLAS AF Oncidium noezlianum no voucher AF Oncidium obryzatoides Chase K FJ Oncidium obryzatum Whitten 2343 FLAS AF Oncidium oliganthum Chase O-16 K AF Oncidium sotoanum Whitten s.n. FLAS AF Oncidium pardothrysus Chase O-121 K FJ Oncidium pollardii Chase 7346 K AF Oncidium portmanii Beckendorf N139 FLAS AF Oncidium powellii Chase K FJ Oncidium praestans Beckendorf N147 FLAS AF Oncidium reflexum Chase O-173 K AF Oncidium reichenheimii Williams N142 FLAS FJ Oncidium reversum Beckendorf N157 FLAS AF Oncidium rhynchanthum Chase O-1490 K AF Oncidium roseum no voucher AF Oncidium sanguineum Chase O-54 K AF Oncidium sceptrum no voucher AF Oncidium schillerianum Beckendorf N135 FLAS AF Oncidium spectatissimum Beckendorf N156 FLAS AF Oncidium sphacelatum Whitten FLAS AF Oncidium stenoglosa Chase K FJ Oncidium storkii Chase K FJ Oncidium tenue Beckendorf N175 FLAS AF Oncidium tigrinum Chase O-171 K AF Oncidium tigroides no voucher AF Oncidium toachicum Chase O-142 K AF Oncidium trilobum Beckendorf N112 FLAS AF Oncidium tripudians Beckendorf N152 FLAS AF Oncidium velleum Beckendorf N155 FLAS AF Oncidium vulcanicum no voucher AF350744

11 Oncidium wallisii Chase O-62 FLAS AF Oncidium weirii Beckendorf N162 FLAS AF Oncidium wydleri Chase O-89 K AF Otoglossum chiriquense Chase O-61 K AF Otoglossum coronarium no voucher AF Otoglossum globuliferum Whitten 3155 FLAS FJ Otoglossum harlingii Whitten 1609 FLAS AF Psychopsiella limminghei Whitten 3561 FLAS FJ Psychopsis papilio no voucher AF Psychopsis sanderae Chase K FJ Rhynchostele aptera G. Salazar 6622 MEXU KF Rhynchostele bictoniensis Chase O-19 K AF Rhynchostele candidula Williams N207 FLAS FJ Rhynchostele cervantesii Williams N127 FLAS FJ Rhynchostele cordata Williams N121 FLAS FJ Rhynchostele costaricensis Whitten FLAS AF Rhynchostele ehrenbergii Williams N189 FLAS FJ Rhynchostele galeottiana Williams N204 FLAS FJ Rhynchostele hortense Beckendorf s.n. KF Rhynchostele londesboroughiana Chase O-652 K AF Rhynchostele maculatum Williams N134 FLAS FJ Rhynchostele madrense Williams N205 FLAS FJ Rhynchostele majalis Williams N177 FLAS FJ Rhynchostele pygmaea Williams N120 FLAS FJ Rhynchostele rossii Williams N126 FLAS FJ Rhynchostele stellatum Williams N119 FLAS FJ Rhynchostele uroskinneri Williams N203 FLAS FJ Rossioglossum ampliatum no voucher AF Rossioglossum insleayi Williams N187 FLAS FJ Rossioglossum krameri Chase K FJ Rossioglossum oerstedii Williams 96 FLAS FJ Rossioglossum schlieperianum Chase K FJ Telipogon andicola Escobar 3603 FLAS DQ Telipogon costaricensis no voucher DQ Telipogon sp Whitten 2413 FLAS DQ Tolumnia arizajuliana Williams 318 FLAS FJ Tolumnia calochila Whitten 1907 FLAS AF350532

12 Tolumnia compressicaulis Ackerman 3254 UPRRP FJ Tolumnia gauntlettii Whitten 1890 FLAS FJ Tolumnia guianensis Whitten 3496 FLAS FJ Tolumnia haitiensis Whitten 1951a FLAS FJ Tolumnia henekenii Whitten s.n. FLAS AF Tolumnia leiboldii Williams 395 FLAS FJ Tolumnia prionochila Ackerman 3337 UPRRP FJ Tolumnia pulchella Whitten 3499 FLAS FJ Tolumnia quadriloba Whitten 3503 FLAS FJ Tolumnia sasseri Whitten 3509 FLAS FJ Tolumnia sylvestris Ackerman 3257 UPRRP FJ Tolumnia tetrapetala Whitten 3510 FLAS FJ Tolumnia triquetra Whitten 3511 FLAS FJ Tolumnia tuerckheimii Williams s.n. FLAS AF Tolumnia urophylla Whitten 3512 FLAS FJ Tolumnia variegata Whitten 3513 FLAS AF Trichocentrum ascendens Whitten FLAS KF Trichocentrum bicallosum Chase K FJ Trichocentrum cebolleta Whitten FLAS AF Trichocentrum luridum Carnevali 6243 AMO, CICY FJ Trichocentrum jonesianum Chase O-90 K AF Trichocentrum lanceanum Whitten s.n. FLAS AF Trichocentrum lindenii Whitten 1776 FLAS FJ Trichocentrum maculatum Whitten 3515 FLAS FJ Trichocentrum pumillum Whitten 3554 FLAS FJ Trichocentrum splendidum Whitten s.n. FLAS AF Trichocentrum stramineum Carnevali 6057 CICY FJ Trichocentrum tigrinum Chase K FJ Trichocentrum wittii Whitten 3602 FLAS FJ Trichoceros sp Whitten 2353 FLAS DQ Trichopilia sanguinolenta Whitten 1643 FLAS FJ Vitekorchis excavata Chase O-86 K AF Zelenkoa onusta Whitten FLAS FJ OUTGROUPS Cryptarrhena lunata no voucher AF Dichaea muricata Chase O-93 K AF Pescatorea lehmanii Whitten FLAS AF350583

13 Table S4: All angiosperm species measured for the community-wide assessment of floral shape. Family Orchidaceae (subtribe Oncidiinae) Malpighiaceae Orchidaceae (non-oncidiinae) Acanthaceae Actinidiaceae Alstroemeriaceae Amaranthaceae Anacardiaceae Species Oncidium nebulosum Cuitlauzina convallarioides Oncidium bryolophotum Oncidium obryzatoides Oncidium dichromaticum Erycina pumilio Trichocentrum ascendens Oncidium cariniferum Oncidium parviflorum Brysonima crassifolia Brysonima crispa Stigmaphyllon lindenianum Stigmaphyllon ciliatum Bunchosia carnifolia Bunchosia sp. Mapighia glabra Dichaea robusta Epidendrum flexuosum Masdevallia picturata Oerstedella pinnifera Pleurothallis homalantha Encyclia cordigera Elleanthus robustus Epidendrum odontochilum Lepanthes disticha Masdevallia nidifica Maxillaria angustissima Camaridium campanulata Camaridium falcata Trichosalpinx dura Thunbergia grandiflora Ruellia inundata Justicia valerioi Saurauia madrensis Actinidia chinensis Saurauia montana Bomarea acutifolia Bomarea edulis Bomarea obovata Gomphrena serrata Blutaparon vermiculare Pfaffia townsendii Spondias mombin Mauria heterophylla

14 Asteraceae Balsaminaceae Begoniaceae Bignoniaceae Boraginaceae Bromeliaceae Calceolariaceae Campanulaceae Capparidaceae Caryophyllaceae Clusiaceae Combretaceae Commelinaceae Cucurbitaceae Dioscoreaceae Toxicodendron radicans Acmella oppositifolia Hidalgoa ternata Wedelia trilobata Jaegeria hirta Youngia japonica Emilia fosbergii Baltimora recta Impatiens balsamina Impatiens turrialbana Impatiens walleriana Begonia involucrata Begonia sericoneura Begonia broussonetiifolia Tecomma stans Amphitecna latifolia Podranea ricasoliana Hackelia floribunda Cordia alliodora Heliotropium indicum Guzmania lingulata Aechmea fasciata Tillandsia aeranthos Calceolaria irazuensis Hippobroma longiflora Diastatea tenera Lobelia erinus Capparis cynophallophora Podandrogyne formosa Cleome viscosa Cerastium tomentosum Arenaria lanuginose Drymaria cordata Chrysochlamys skutchii Clusia minor Garcinia mangostana Laguncularia racemosa Combretum cacoucia Terminalia catappa Tripogandra serrulata Commelina erecta Tradescantia zanonia Momordica charantia Luffa aegyptiaca Sechium edule Dioscorea elephantipes Dioscorea communis Dioscorea caucasica

15 Elaeocarpaceae Ericaceae Fabaceae Gesneriaceae Lamiaceae Lentibulariaceae Lythraceae Melastomataceae Myrtaceae Nyctaginaceae Onagraceae Passifloraceae Phytolaccaceae Sloanea terniflora Crinodendron patagua; Chimaphila maculata Kalmia latifolia Vaccinium membranaceum Arachis pintoi Caesalpinia pulcherrima Centrosma plumieri Solenophora calycosa Drymaria lanceolata Besleria formosa Columnea microphylla Alloplectus icthyoderma Kohleria spicata Prunella vulgaris Hyptis suaveolens Aegiphila odontophylla Pinguicula crenatiloba Utricularia praetermissa Utricularia jamesoniana Lagerstroemia speciosa Rotala ramosior Cuphea carthagensis Blakea litoralis Constegia xalapensis Arthrostemma ciliatum Clidemia globuliflora Constegia subcrustulata Blakea gracilis Conostegia xalapensis Blakea grandiflora Blakea tuberculata Centradenia inaequilateralis Meriania phlomoides Ugni myricoides Syzygium jambos Psidium guajava Mirabilis jalapa Boerhaia diffusa Bougainvillea glabra Fuchsia microphylla Ludwigia leptocarpa Ludwigia octovalvis Passiflora edulis Passiflora alata Passiflora vitifola Trichostigma polyandrum Rivina humilis

16 Plantaginaceae Polygalaceae Rosaceae Rubiaceae Solanaceae Urticaceae Verbenaceae Violaceae Zingiberaceae Phytolacca octandra Digitalis purpurea Russelia sarmentosa Moutabea gentryi Polygala paucifolia Securidaca diversifolia Rosa acicularis Pyracantha coccinea Rubus rosaefolius Pentagonia monocaulis Mitracarpus hirtus Psychotria elata Cestrum aurantiacum Cuatresia cuneata Solanum torvum Schultesianthus megalandrus Laportea cadensis Cornutia pyramidata Lantana camara Lantana trifolia Stachyterpheta jamaicensis Amphirrhox longifolia Hybanthus calceolaria Viola stipularis Etlingera elatior Alpinia zerumbet Hedychium coronarium

17 Table S5: Oncidiinae species measured for morphometric analyses. Samples with (b) indicate a second representative of that species was measured. Yellow-flowered (1) Species or non-yellowflowered (2) Erycina crista-galli 1 Erycina echinata 1 Erycina glossomystax 1 Erycina hyalinobulbon 1 Erycina pumilio 1 Erycina pusilla 1 Fernandezia ecuadorensis 1 Gomesa ciliatum 1 Gomesa concolor 1 Gomesa crispata 1 Gomesa fimbriatum 1 Gomesa flexuosum 1 Gomesa raniferum 1 Gomesa viperinum 1 Oncidium aloisii 1 Oncidium altissima 1 Rossioglossum ampliatum (b) 1 Oncidium ansiferum 1 Cyrtochilum aureum 1 Oncidium baueri 1 Trichocentrum bicallosum 1 Oncidium bicolor 1 Oncidium bracteatum 1 Oncidium bryolophotum 1 Trichocentrum cavendisianum 1 Oncidium cheirophorum 1 Gomesa croesus 1 Oncidium cruentum (b) 1 Oncidium dichromaticum (yellow form) 1 Grandiphyllum divaricatum 1 Oncidium endocharis 1 Oncidium ensatum 1 Oncidium estradae 1 Oncidium exalatum 1 Vitekorchis excavatum 1 Vitekorchis foveatum 1 Oncidium ghiesbreghtianum 1 Otoglossum globuliferum (b) 1 Oncidium graminifolium 1 Otoglossum harlingii 1 Gandiphyllum harrisonianum 1 Oncidium heteranthum 1 Oncidium hyphaematicum 1 Oncidium imitans 1

18 Crytochilum ixioides 1 Oncidium JBL Oncidium nebulosum (b) 1 Psychopsiella limminghei (b) 1 Trichocentrum lindenii 1 Gomesa longipes 1 Cyrtochilum loxense 1 Oncidium luteum 1 Cyrtochilum macranthum 1 Oncidium obryzatoides 1 Oncidium oliganthum (b) 1 Nohawilliamsia pirarensis 1 Oncidium pardothyrsus 1 Cyrtochiloides parviflora 1 Oncidium powellii 1 Trichocentrum pumilum 1 Oncidium reflexum 1 Oncidium reversum 1 Grandiphyllum robustissimum 1 Oncidium sceptrum 1 Oncidium schillerianum 1 Oncidium sphacelatum 1 Trichocentrum splendidum 1 Trichocentrum sprucei 1 Trichocentrum stacyi 1 Oncidium stenotis 1 Oncidium storkii 1 Trichocentrum stramineum 1 Oncidium tigrinum (b) 1 Oncidium toachicum 1 Oncidium wydleri 1 Otoglossum coronarium 1 Psychopsis papilio 1 Psychopsis sanderae 1 Rhynchostele londesboroughiana 1 Rossioglossum insleayi 1 Rossioglossum schlieperianum (b) 1 Tolumnia acunai 1 Tolumnia calochila (b) 1 Tolumnia compressicaulis 1 Tolumnia guianensis(b) 1 Tolumnia haitiense 1 Tolumnia lemoniana (b) 1 Tolumnia lucayana (b) 1 Tolumnia prionochila 1 Tolumnia quadriloba (b) 1 Tolumnia tuerckheimii 1 Tolumnia urophylla 1 Trichocentrum ascendens (b) 1 Trichocentrum cebolleta (b) 1 Vitekorchis foveata 1

19 Zelenkoa onusta (b) 1 Brassia chlorops 2 Aspasia epidendroides 2 Aspasia psitticina 2 Brassia arcuigera 2 Brassia caudata 2 Brassia elegantula 2 Brassia gireoudiana 2 Capanemia australis 2 Cischweinfia pusilla 2 Oncidium roseum 2 Cuitlauzina candida 2 Cuitlauzina convallarioides 2 Cuitlauzina egertonii 2 Cuitlauzina pendula 2 Cuitlauzina pulchellum 2 Cyrtochiloides panduriforme (b) 2 Cyrtochiloides riopalenquana 2 Cyrtochilum macranthum 2 Cyrtochilum leopoldianum 2 Dimerandra emarginata 2 Gomesa warmingii 2 Grandiphyllum auricula 2 Trichopilia sanguinolenta 2 Hofmeisterella eumicroscopica 2 Lockhartia hercodonta 2 Trichocentrum carthagenensis 2 Trichocentrum luridum (b) 2 Miltonia phymatochila (b) 2 Miltoniopsis bismarckii 2 Miltoniopsis phalaenopsis 2 Miltoniopsis vexillaria 2 Miltoniopsis warscewiczii (b) 2 Oncidium cristatellum (b) 2 Oncidium cristatum 2 Oncidium angustatum 2 Cyrtochilum annulare 2 Oncidium anthocrene 2 Oncidium armatum 2 Oncidium aspidorhinum 2 Oncidium astranthum 2 Oncidium blandum 2 Miltonia xbluntii 2 Miltonia candida 2 Cyrtochiloides cardiochilum (b) 2 Oncidium cariniferum 2 Oncidium cirrhosum 2 Miltonia clowesii 2 Oncidium constrictum 2 Oncidium crinitum 2 Oncidium crispum (b) 2

20 Oncidium crocidipterum 2 Caucaea olivacea 2 Gomesa dasytyle 2 Oncidium dichromaticum (white form) 2 Cyrtochilum edwardii 2 Miltonia flavescens 2 Oncidium fuscatum 2 Gomesa gracile 2 Cyrtochilum halteratum 2 Oncidium harryanum 2 Oncidium hastatum 2 Oncidium hastilabium 2 Grandiphyllum hians 2 Oncidium incurvum 2 Oncidium ioplocon 2 Trichocentrum jonesianum 2 Trichocentrum lacerum 2 Oncidium laeve 2 Trichocentrum lanceanum 2 Oncidium leucochilum (b) 2 Trichocentrum lindenii 2 Oncidium luteopurpureum 2 Oncidium maculatum (b) 2 Oncidium multistellare 2 Cyrtochilum myanthum 2 Oncidium nevadense 2 Oncidium nobile 2 Oncidium noezlianum 2 Caucaea nubigena 2 Oncidium oliganthum 2 Oncidium sotoanum 2 Cyrtochilum tricostatum (b) 2 Brassia peruvianum 2 Caucaea phalaenopsis 2 Oncidium pollardii 2 Oncidium portmannii 2 Oncidium praestans 2 Cyrtochilum ramosissimum 2 Oncidium reichenheimii 2 Oncidium rhynchanthum 2 Oncidium sanguineum 2 Oncidium schroederianum 2 Oncidium spectabile 2 Oncidium spectatissimum (b) 2 Oncidium stenoglossum 2 Oncidium tenue 2 Oncidium trilobum 2 Oncidium tripudians 2 Oncidium velleum 2 Oncidium vulcanicum 2 Oncidium wallisii (b) 2

21 Oncidium weirii 2 Rhynchostele aptera 2 Rhynchostele beloglossa (b) 2 Rhynchostele bictoniensis 2 Rhynchostele candidula 2 Rhynchostele cervantesii 2 Rhynchostele cordata 2 Rhynchostele ehrenbergii 2 Rhynchostele galleotiana 2 Rhynchostele hortensiae 2 Rhynchostele maculata 2 Rhynchostele madrense 2 Rhynchostele majalis 2 Rhynchostele pygmaea 2 Rhynchostele rossii 2 Rhynchostele stellata 2 Rhynchostele uroskinneri 2 Rossioglossum schlieperianum 2 Telipogon alvarezii 2 Telipogon costaricensis 2 Telipogon tupayachii 2 Rossioglossum krameri 2 Rossioglossum oerstedii 2 Tolumnia arizajuliana (b) 2 Tolumnia bahamensis 2 Tolumnia gauntlettii 2 Tolumnia henekenii 2 Tolumnia leiboldii 2 Tolumnia pulchella (b) 2 Tolumnia sasseri 2 Tolumnia sylvestris (b) 2 Tolumnia tetrapetala 2 Tolumnia triquetra 2 Tolumnia variegata 2 Tolumnia velutina 2 Trichocentrum estrellense 2 Trichocentrum tigrinum 2 Trichoceros antennifer 2

22 Table S6: Additional Orchidaceae/Malpighiaceae species for which floral reflectance measurements have been taken from fresh material. Source acronyms: FLMNH (Florida Museum of Natural History); RBG Kew (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew); LBG (Lankester Botanical Garden, Costa Rica); SBG (Selby Botanic Gardens). Species in bold Arial font are those which are bee-uv-green in colour. Family Species Source Accession number Orchidaceae Aspasia epidendroides FLMNH Orchidaceae Brassia andreettae RBG Kew Orchidaceae Brassia gireoudiana LBG DB1983 Orchidaceae Cuitlauzina convallarioides LBG DB2852 Orchidaceae Cuitlauzina egertonii LBG 9078 Orchidaceae Cyrtochiloides riopalenqueana SBG Orchidaceae Erycina crista-galli LBG Orchidaceae Erycina pusilla RBG Kew Orchidaceae Gomesa cornigera RBG Kew Orchidaceae Lockhartia amoena SBG A Orchidaceae Lockhartia hercodonta LBG DB732 Orchidaceae Lockhartia oerstedii RBG Kew Orchidaceae Lockhartia sp FLMNH Orchidaceae Miltonia sp LBG FP6828 Orchidaceae Oncidium aff. calanthum RBG Kew Orchidaceae Oncidium altissimum RBG Kew Orchidaceae Oncidium ansiferum LBG DB5500 Orchidaceae Oncidium baueri RBG Kew Orchidaceae Gomesa bicolor RBG Kew Orchidaceae Oncidium bracteatum LBG DB1550 Orchidaceae Oncidium bryolophotum LBG FP6477 Orchidaceae Oncidium cf. estradae SBG Orchidaceae Oncidium cheirophorum RBG Kew Tropical Nursery Orchidaceae Oncidium dichromaticum LBG FP0621 Orchidaceae Oncidium dichromaticum (white form) LBG M. Whitten 2061 Orchidaceae Oncidium ensatum SBG Orchidaceae Oncidium fuscatum LBG Orchidaceae Oncidium hyphaematicum LBG FP6422 Orchidaceae Oncidium isthmii SBG A

23 Orchidaceae Oncidium nebulosum LBG FP6458 Orchidaceae Oncidium leleui FLMNH Orchidaceae Oncidium leucochilum RBG Kew ; Orchidaceae Oncidium luteum LBG FP5465 Orchidaceae Oncidium maculatum RBG Kew Orchidaceae Oncidium oliganthum RBG Kew Orchidaceae Oncidium polycladium LBG FP6545 Orchidaceae Oncidium schroederianum LBG 09087/FP6254 Orchidaceae Oncidium sp RBG Kew Orchidaceae Oncidium sp RBG Kew Tropical Nursery Orchidaceae Oncidium sp RBG Kew Orchidaceae Oncidium sphacelatum SBG; RBG Kew ; Orchidaceae Oncidium stenoglossum LBG DB3875 Orchidaceae Oncidium lineoligerum SBG Orchidaceae Oncidium storkii LBG Orchidaceae Oncidium tigrinum RBG Kew Orchidaceae Otoglossum chiriquense LBG FP6235 Orchidaceae Otoglossum globuleriferum LBG FP5296 bis Orchidaceae Psychopsis krameriana LBG DB2655 Orchidaceae Rhynchostele bictoniensis RBG Kew Orchidaceae Rhynchostele cordata RBG Kew Orchidaceae Rhynchostele ehrenbergii RBG Kew Orchidaceae Rossioglossum ampliata SBG; RBG Kew A; Orchidaceae Rossioglossum ampliata LBG 8485 Orchidaceae Tolumnia pulchella LBG Orchidaceae Tolumnia variegata FLMNH TPU4454 Orchidaceae Trichocentrum ascendens LBG FP5784 Orchidaceae Trichocentrum carthagenense LBG DB2228 Orchidaceae Trichocentrum cavendishianum RBG Kew Orchidaceae Trichocentrum cebolleta LBG DB2610 Orchidaceae Trichocentrum estrellense LBG DB3845 Orchidaceae Trichocentrum luridum LBG FP6423 Orchidaceae Trichocentrum splendidum SBG A Orchidaceae Trichocentrum sprucei RBG Kew Costa Rica Malpighiaceae Bunchosia cf. carnifolia (field) Malpighiaceae Byrsonima crassifolia Costa Rica

24 (field) Costa Rica Malpighiaceae Byrsonima crassifolia (field) Costa Rica Malpighiaceae Byrsonima crassifolia (field) Costa Rica Malpighiaceae Byrsonima crassifolia (field) Costa Rica Malpighiaceae Byrsonima crassifolia (field) Costa Rica Malpighiaceae Byrsonima crassifolia (field) Malpighiaceae Stigmaphyllon ciliatum RBG Kew Costa Rica Malpighiaceae Stigmaphyllon lindenianum (field)

25 Table S7: Locality and phenology data for the two Malpighiaceae species studied, along with the two Oncidiinae species that occupied a significantly distinct portion of bee colour space (Table S2). Herbarium acronyms for voucher specimens: USJ = Universidad de Costa Rica; INBIO = Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad. Species Locality Phenology Elevation (m) Source Byrsonima crassifolia HER: La Selva-Puerto Viejo USJ (Malpighiaceae) SJ: Villa Colón, Finca El Potrero USJ LIM: playa en desembocadura Río Estrella USJ PUN: 15 km antes de Puntarenas, km USJ SJ: Sta. Ana, Alto de Las Palomas USJ PUN: Osa, Isla del Caño USJ ALA: Tambor de Alajuela USJ SJ: Pérez Zeledón, Valle del General USJ SJ: Villa Colón USJ GUA: Bagaces USJ ALA: San Antonio de Alajuela USJ CAR: Instituto Colecc. Frutales USJ GUA: Bagaces USJ Stigmaphyllon lindenianum LIM: Cord. Talamance USJ (Malpighiaceae) HER: Sarapiquí, Río Cuarto USJ HER: La Selva USJ CAR: Turrialba USJ CAR: Turrialba, Oriente USJ PUN: RF Golfo Dulce - - USJ PUN: Osa, Puerto Jimenez - - USJ Trichocentrum ascendens SJ: Pacífico Central, Puesto Cara INBIO (Orchidaceae) ALA: Brasilia, Camino de La Jabalina INBIO ALA: San Jose, Laguna Las Playuelas INBIO ALA: Caño Negro, Playuelas INBIO GUA: Estacion Pitilla INBIO Oncidium nebulosum ALA: Monteverde, Estacion Aleman INBIO (Orchidaceae) CAR: Sendero Las Pavas, Estacion Tapantí INBIO ALA: Sendero Volcan Muerto INBIO CAR: Sendero Los, Estacion Tapantí INBIO ALA: Río Peñas Blancas INBIO PUN: Monteverde INBIO GUA: Santa Elena, Monteverde INBIO ALA: El Pilon, Cabeceras del Rio Celeste Bijagua INBIO SJ: Zurqui Station INBIO CAR: Tapantí N.P., Sendero Oropendula INBIO

26 Table S8: Phenology data for all yellow-flowered Malpighiaceae specimens collected at USJ and INBIO Month No. specimens flowered January 3 February 11 March 14 April 9 May 16 June 8 July 10 August 3 September 8 October 2 November 8 December 7