Landraces: Genetic Diversity and Evaluation
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1 Landraces: Genetic Diversity and Evaluation Jihad Orabi Department of Agriculture and Ecology Plant and Soil Science Laboratory
2 Landraces Stone Age varieties, primitive varieties, heirloom varieties. traditional cultivars, farmer varieties and garden-races. Landraces have evolved directly from their wild progenitor, that lead to have and maintain high level of genetic diversity. Were developed under natural and human selection. Landrace is a variety with a high capacity to tolerate biotic and abiotic stress, resulting in a high yield stability and an intermediate yield level under a low input agricultural system. (Zeven, 2000).
3 Landraces as Breeding Material Pure line selection: the short-term approach Extracting the highest yielding pure line from a landrace. Crosses: building on adaptation Extracted superior lines form a landrace and utilizing them as parents in the crossing program Mixtures: the long-term approach Pure lines properly characterized for a set of agronomic characters Understanding adaptation to stress Evaluate lines with specific characters to identify, localize, and tag genes or QTLs (Ceccarelli and Grando, 2000)
4 Genetic Diversity Assessment of genetic diversity is an essential step helping to: Understand the relationship among and within the landraces populations. Understand the genetic structure of the landraces. Parental selection. Setting priorities for genetic conservation. Building conservation strategies.
5 Two Examples of Landrace Studies Genetic diversity of the landraces vs the wild barley in West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region Genetic diversity of Eritrean barley landraces
6 Barley in West Asia and North Africa (WANA) The presence of the wild relatives of barley. High genetic diversity in the cultivated barely. Genetic resources for biotic stresses such as diseases. Genetic resources for abiotic stresses such as drought.
7 Plant Material Country of origin Subspecies Subspecies/Origin (S /O)-group Size (lines) Source Jordan H. spontaneum HsJo 10 ICARDA Jordan H. vulgare HvJo 10 ICARDA Turkey H. spontaneum HsTk 9 ICARDA Turkey H. vulgare HsTk 10 ICARDA Syria H. spontaneum HsSy 10 ICARDA Syria H. vulgare HvSy 10 ICARDA Morocco H. spontaneum HsMo 8 Lleida, Spain Morocco H. vulgare HvMo 10 ICARDA
8 Diversity Parameters for Different Subspecies/Origin(S/O)-groups S/O-group No. Allele Unique Allele Genetic diversity index Hs Jordan Hv Jordan Hs Syria Hv Syria Hs Turkey Hv Turkey Hv Moroco Hs Morocco Hs WANA Hv WANA (Orabi et al. 2009)
9 Take-Home Message from WANA Study: Both Wild and cultivated barley from WANA possess high level of genetic diversity Wild and cultivated barley from WANA are a very useful source for barley improvement. Since both, landraces and wild barley posses a high level of genetic diversity, utilizing the landraces is better due to the undesirable traits that can be carried from the wild barley.
10 Barley in Eritrea Barley is the second crop in production and harvested area. Barley is growing as primitive landraces. Barley yield is 352 kg\ha (FAO, 2008).. Barley from Horn of Africa is a valuable resource for diseases resistance
11 The Sites of Eritrean Barley Collection Sudan Eritrea ASMARA 3 Red Sea 1 Dubarwa-Halhale (Mid-highland plains) 2 Medenfera-Adi Quala (Mid-highland plains) 3 Asmara-Dekamhare (Highland terraces) 4 Asmara-Hezega (Highland terraces) 5 Asmara-Himbirti (High plains) 6 Asmara-Serejeka-Weki (Highland terraces) Region Topography 1 Dubarwa-Halhale Mid Highland Plains 2 Medenfera- Adi Quala Mid Highland Plains 3 Asmara- Dekamhare High Lands Terraces 4 Asmara- Hezega High Lands Terraces 5 Asmara- Himbirti High Plains 6 Asmara- Serejeka- Weki High Lands Terraces Ethiopia
12 Morphological Diversity in One Eritrean Barley Field Ten spikes collected from a single barley farmer s field
13 L40.02 Cluster Analysis for the Eritrean Lines Based on Nuclear Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) Distance 120 Adi Hisbay Linkage Distance 20 0 L01.01 L02.03 L19.01 L19.03 L29.07 L29.10 L19.04 L27.07 L03.10 L15.04 L04.06 L08.03 L17.04 L04.10 L20.04 L01.09 L L20.02 L19.08 L03.07 L20.10 L08.07 L20.03 L16.08 L36.01 L12.05 L16.04 L15.09 L06.08 L17.07 L25.03 L10.05 L34.05 L03.09 L01.05 L04.07 L19.09 L32.04 L04.03 L10.07 L25.09 L03.08 L12.09 L11.02 L17.02 L25.05 L03.04 L27.06 L28.05 L31.02 L06.05 L10.09 L34.04 L28.09 L29.06 L31.04 L34.02 L29.05 L08.08 L15.02 L31.06 L20.09 L16.02 L16.01 L27.10 L28.08 L L28.01 L28.03 L L31.05 L29.09 L15.07 L20.08 L28.06 L32.05 L34.09 L36.04 L29.02 L34.06 L02.04 L21.06 L02.05 L12.07 L12.10 L15.01 L15.03 L17.09 L10.01 L15.06 L25.07 L29.01 L32.01 L27.01 L36.10 L36.07 L36.05 L01.08 L19.07 L06.02 L31.03 L32.03 L04.04 L10.03 L12.06 L17.03 L17.06 L19.02 L06.07 L08.06 L27.03 L17.05 L19.10 L25.10 L25.01 L29.08 L31.01 L31.07 L32.06 L L21.01 L40.07 L L21.03 L21.05 L40.03 L40.08 L21.02 L21.08 L21.10 L40.01 L40.04 L40.06 L40.09 L40.05 L21.07 L34.01 L36.08 L34.03 L21.04 L01.02 L08.04 L03.01 L04.08 L11.08 L11.09 L11.10 L10.02 L10.04 L01.06 L02.10 L11.06 L11.03 L11.07 L12.01 L12.02 L06.03 L04.05 L08.01 L10.10 L08.09 L34.07 L02.02 L12.08 L27.04 L04.01 L08.05 L03.06 L11.05 L06.04 L06.06 L06.10 L04.02 L11.04 L01.10 L L20.06 L36.03 L17.08 L16.10 L04.09 L16.06 L19.05 L16.05 L20.01 L32.10 L31.09 L27.09 L32.08 L25.04 L31.08 L32.09 L20.05 L15.05 L17.01 L16.07 L19.06 L25.06 L36.09 L15.10 L06.09 L16.09 L10.06 L12.03 L12.04 L02.01 L34.08 L36.06 L31.10 L01.07 L20.07 L01.04 L02.07 L03.02 L08.02 L06.01 L27.02 L36.02 L01.03 L10.08 L11.01 L02.09 L16.03 L34.10 L28.10 L02.06 L25.02 L02.08 L L08.10 L21.09 L27.05 L27.08 L17.10 L32.07 L32.02 L28.02 L29.03
14 Plant Materials Used in 40 Nuclear SSRs Profiling Study Group Sources Subspecies Country No. of individuals Our group H. vulgare Eritrea 240 I GRU, ICARDA, Syria H. vulgare Ethiopia 23 NSGC, USA H spontaneum Ethiopia 2 Our group H spontaneum Palestine 100 GRU, ICARDA, Syria H spontaneum Syria 10 GRU, ICARDA, Syria H spontaneum Jordan 10 GRU, ICARDA, Syria H spontaneum Turkey 9 II Lleida, Spain H spontaneum Morocco 8 GRU, ICARDA, Syria H. vulgare Syria 10 GRU, ICARDA, Syria H. vulgare Jordan 10 GRU, ICARDA, Syria H. vulgare Turkey 10 GRU, ICARDA, Syria H. vulgare Tunisia 10 GRU, ICARDA, Syria H. vulgare Morocco 10 III Life. Ku H. vulgare NW. EU 96 Total 549
15 The Allele Number and the Unique Allele Number of Barley Populations Based on Nuclear SSRs Alleles HsWa HvWa HvEr& HvEt HvEu Alleles no. Unique Alleles no. Unique Alleles no. Unique Alleles no. Unique Total Average 20,81 16,45 4,98 9,95 0,90 9,90 1,64 6,02 0,74
16 The Geographical Distribution of the WANA, European and Eritrean Barley Populations Used NW.EU 3000 km WANA 5000 km Eritrea 100 km
17 Multi-dimensional Scaling (MDS) for all Groups Based on nussrs 1.10 Dimension Dimension 1 Hs-Palestine Hs-Syria Hs-Jordan Hs-Turkey Hs-Morocco Hv-Syria Hv-Jordan Hv-Turkey Hv-Tunesia Hv-Morocco Hv-Eritrea Hv-Ethiopia Hv-Europe (Orabi et al. 2007)
18 Allelic Richness and the Diversity Index Ĥ Based on 5 Chloroplast SSRs for all Populations Population Sample size A Ĥ SD Ĥ* H.sp. WANA H.v. WANA H.v. Eritrea H.v. Ethiopia H.v. Europe (Orabi et al. 2007)
19 MDS for all Groups Based on cpssrs 0.90 Dimension Dimension 1 Hs-WANA Hv-Eritrea Hv-Ethiopia Hv-Europe Hv-WANA Hs/Hv-WANA Hs-Ethiopia/Hv-Eritrea Hv-Ethiopia/Eritrea Hv-Europe/WANA Hv-Eritrea/Hs-WANA Hs/Hv-WANA/Hv-Eritrea Hv-Europe/Eritrea/Ethiopia (Orabi et al. 2007)
20 Neighbour-Joining tree Based on Nei-dissimilarity nussrs cpssrs (Orabi et al. 2007)
21 Phylogenetic Tree Based on Sequence Differences in a Chloroplast intergenic-spacer (Orabi et al. 2007)
22 Distinctness of the Horn of Africa s Barley cpssrs Sequence Differences in a Chloroplast intergenic-spacer nussrs Molina-Cano et al Ethiopian barley Jilal et al. 2008
23 Take-Home message from Eritrea study A huge genetic diversity also at chloroplast level was found within the Eritrean barley fields. H. v. subsp. spontaneum is the progenitor of the WANA and the European barley. H. v. subsp. spontaneum is NOT the progenitor of the Eritrean-Ethiopian barley. An independent domestication event of barley could have happened in East Africa. The Eritrean-Ethiopian barley is a new gene-pool that can deliver new source for breeding.
24 A landrace story In 1948, Jack Haralan and Osman Tosun collected a wheat landrace from Turkey PI It lodged, had no winter hardiness and susceptible to leaf rust. it was hopelessly useless but dutifully conserved 15 years later a stripe rust outbreak happend in USA PI was found to have resistance to 4 races strip rust. 35 races of common bunt. 10 races of dwarf bunt. A tolerance to flag smut and snow mold. PI is in the pedigree of all wheat in the Pacific Northwest. (Kaplan 1998)
25 Acknowledgment: Faulty of Life Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark Ahmed Jahoor (Nordic seed) Gunter Backes Nordic Gene Resource Centre (NordGen). Alnarp, Sweden Morten Rasmussen Agnese Kolodinska Brantestam National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI), Asmara, Eritrea Asmelash Wolday The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo Syria Amor Yahyaoui J. Valkoun M. H. Matougui
26 Thanks for your attention
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