Diversity Assessment of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Landraces from Eritrea Using Morphological Descriptors

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1 Diversity Assessment of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Landraces from Eritrea Using Morphological Descriptors Biniam Mesfin Ghebreslassie PhD student at JKUAT, Kenya Lecturer, Hamelmalo Agricultural College, Eritrea Supervisors: Prof Githiri Mwangi; Prof Tadesse Mehari & Dr R. Kasili

2 Intro (cont ) Potato cul)va)on in Eritrea has long history during which period a number of landraces adopted. However, li=le is known about their diversity. Understanding the gene)c diversity is vital in iden)fying poten)al breeding popula)ons for crop improvement. A number of methods are currently available for characterization. The typical approach involves the observation and recording of morphological descriptors (Nováková et al., 2010). 2

3 Statement of the problem/justification Ø Few studies have been conducted on the diversity of potato landraces in Eritrea. Ø Landrace potato varie)es are widely known by names based on flower colour or place of origin. Characteriza?on of landraces will help to: ü Iden)fy and understand diversity and/or similarity, ü Avoid duplica)on and mix up of names, ü Open door for crop improvement and enable breeders to make informed decisions 3

4 General objectives To contribute to increased potato production in Eritrea through characterization of genotypes. ü To assess similarity/diversity of potato performance using morphological descriptors ü To classify potato genotypes grown in Eritrea based on their morphological characteristics. ü Recommend breeders and policy makers to make informed decisions.

5 Materials and Methods HAC : 1330 m asl N and E Site description ASM : 2363 m asl 15 20N and E RCBD HAC Halibet, Asmara 5

6 List and source of potato materials used in this study Accession No. Common Name Village Subzoba Zoba Source 1 Yeha Geremi Serejeka Maekel Farmers 2 Tsaeda_Embaba_I Afdeyu Serejeka Maekel Farmers 3 Keyh_Embaba_I Afdeyu Serejeka Maekel Farmers 4 Tsaeda_Embab_ II Adiregit Serejeka Maekel Farmers 5 Carneshim Adiregit Serejeka Maekel Farmers 6 Shashemanie_I Mendefera Mendefera Debub Farmers 7 Zafira_I SelaeDaero GalaneUi Maekel Farmers 8 Round_Sudan SelaeDaero GalaneUi Maekel Farmers 9 Oval_Sudan SelaeDaero GalaneUi Maekel Farmers 10 Keyh_Embaba_II Debarwa Debarwa Debub Famers 11 Tsaeda_Embaba_III Debarwa Debarwa Debub Farmers 12 Banba Halhale Debarwa Debub NARI 13 Baren Halhale Debarwa Debub NARI 14 Orla Halhale Debarwa Debub NARI 15 Slaney Halhale Debarwa Debub NARI 16 Shashemanie_II Adi- Blay Emnihaili Debub Farmers 17 Keyh Embaba_III Adi_mongon) Mendefera Debub Farmers 18 Ajeba Adi mongon) Mendefera Debub Farmers 19 Zafir_ II Mendefera Mendefera Debub Farmers 20 Safira AdiInadi Mendefera Debub Farmers 6

7 Plant material (cont..) 17 landraces collected from farmers and 4 from NARI were used Descriptors 33 Descriptors Vegeta)ve (14) Flowering (6) Reproduc)ve (13) 7

8 Method (cont..) Data collection and Analysis Qualitative and Quantitative data recorded according to Huaman et al. (1977). Standardized data was used for mul)variate analysis Single linkage clustering method using UPGMA employing Euclidean test was used to yield a dendrogram. 8

9 Results and Discussions 9

10 Plant growth characteris)cs Ø The data collected from both sites indicated that there was a significant loca)onal effect on the growth and performance of the plants. Ø Accessions grown in HAC took shorter days to emerge (24.52) and reach maturity (94.84) as compared to plants grown in Asmara and days, respec)vely. Ø It was noted that plants growing in Asmara failed and/or were late to produce flowers, the effect of photoperiod. 10

11 Sta)s)cal summary of the variables observed in the two sites. Variables Site Sta?s?cal summary HAC Asmara Mean LSD St Dv. Emergence Date ** 5.13 Branching Habit ** 0.50 Growth Habit ** 0.35 Stem Thickness * 1.24 No. of Primary Stems ** 1.06 Flowering Date ** No. of Flowers ** 1.29 Leaf interject ** 0.39 No. of lateral eaves * 0.52 Maturity?me ** 9.49 Tuber set ** 4.89 Tuber Size ** 6.64 Tuber weight ** 0.17 ** highly significant at <0.01; * significant at <

12 Correla?on coefficient matrix Ø About 50% of the parameters used contributed no significant varia)on to discriminate the materials => thus removed (16/33). Ø The correla)on coefficient matrix of the 16 explained posi)ve and nega)ve correla)on between the variables along with their magnitude 12

13 Correla)on coefficient matrix among the 16 descriptors of 21 accessions studied Variables Emer_D AP SW GH No_PS PH ST Flow_DA P SFC Dis_SFC Flow_dg No_ flow Maturity T_ shape T_size T_set SW GH No_PS PH ST Flow_DA P SFC Dis_SFC Flow_dg No_flow Maturity T_shape T_size T_set T_wt

14 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) PCA shows the importance and varia)on contributed by each of the 16 variables iden)fied. Selec)on of the components was done on the basis of ini)al Eigen value 1. Thus, the first four components are used which have explained about 84.6% of the total variability in the data. The 1 st component accounted to flowering patterns while the 2 nd component related to yield factors 14

15 Variables Principal Components Emergence date after planting (Emer DAP) Stem Wing (SW) Growth Habit (GH) Number of Primary Stems (No PS) Plant Height (PH) Principal Component Analysis Stem thickness (ST) Flowering days after planting (Flow DAP) Secondary Flower Color (SFC) Distribution of SFC (Diss. SFC) Flower degree (flow degree) Number of flowers per plant (No flow) Maturity Tuber shape Tuber size Tuber set Tuber weight/yield

16 Principal component Bi- plot The Bi-plot analysis showed the underlying relationships among the materials. The figure indicated that the variables scattered mainly in the I followed by II and IV quadrants. The figure supports the above observed relations between components and variables. 16

17 Sca=er plot matrix of PC score of accessions and variables using of PCA1 and PCA2. Principal Component Biplot 4 Emer_DAP ST Grandnain Maturity Flow_DAP 2 T_size T_shape Round_Sudan Tsaeda_Embaba_III T_wt Carneshim No_flow Dis_SFC Flow_dg SFC Baren Slaney Zafir_II 0 Oval_Sudan Banba Safira SW Shashemanie_II Keyh_Embaba_I Keyh Embaba_III Keyh_Embaba_II Shashemanie_I Yeha Tsaeda_Embaba_I PH Tsaeda_Embab_II T_set -2 Zafira_I Orla No_PS GH -4 Ajeba PC 1 (37.8%) 17

18 Cluster analysis Cluster analysis based on similarity matrix at 92% classified the materials into three clusters. The clustering is in fair agreement with the bi- plot clustering, except GII and GIII are combined in this clustering. The current cluster analysis showed that Yeha, Tseaeda_embaba_I, Tseaeda_embaba_II and Shahemanie_I are closely related accessions with more than 98% similarity => Although farmers give them different names 18

19 Dendrogram based on UPGMA I II III Yeha Tsaeda_Embab_II Shashemanie_I Tsaeda_Embaba_I Shashemanie_II Keyh_Embaba_II Keyh Embaba_III Keyh_Embaba_I Safira Banba Zafir_II Baren Slaney Orla Zafira_I Tsaeda_Embaba_III Carneshim Grandnain Round_Sudan Oval_Sudan Ajeba Euclidean distance

20 Cont The mean devia)on of clusters from the grand mean for each variable was calculated to iden)fy posi)ve traits contained. Group I; showed +ve devia)on to Flow DAP, No PS, PH, and tuber set. Most of the materials in this group performed good except the two weakest links in this group (Keyh_embaba I and III). 20

21 Groups quan)ta)ve traits mean difference from the total mean in 21 potato cul)vars Group Emer. Flow Maturity No. PH ST T.set T.size T.wt DAP DAP?me PS Total Mean Difference I Mean Differences II Mean Difference III Mean Difference Group II and I can be considered as core collection for crop improvement

22 Conclusion The current study of characteriza)on is the first in its kind in Eritrea. The work has provided preliminary knowledge of potato materials growing in Eritrea Cluster analysis generated three groups at 92% similarity level with a number of sub clusters. Significant varia)on among the samples was noted useful for future breeding program. 22

23 Ongoing ac)vity To compliment the current study molecular and nutri)onal characteriza)on is going on at BecA ILRI- hub Fairly good agreement was noted on clustering with the morphological.. It was noted that the Eritrean landraces have more contribu)on from the Tuberosum of European origin. 23

24 ACKNOWLEDMENT v All supervisors v JICA v HAC v JKUAT (Department of Horticulture) v BecA, CIP ILRI campus v Audience Thank you for listening!! 24

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