Agro-morphological characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces of Wayanad, Kerala

Transcription

1 2018; 7(2): E-ISSN: P-ISSN: JPP 2018; 7(2): Received: Accepted: GA Manjunatha and Genetics, College of CR Elsy and Genetics, Agricultural Research Station, Mannuthy, P Rajendran Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ambalavayal, Wayanad, India Jiji Joseph and Genetics, College of Rose Mary Francies Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of S Krishnan Department of Agricultural Statistics, College of Correspondence GA Manjunatha and Genetics, College of Agro-morphological characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces of Wayanad, Kerala GA Manjunatha, CR Elsy, P Rajendran, Jiji Joseph, Rose Mary Francies and S Krishnan Abstract Sixty landraces of rice (Oryza sative L.), including the aromatic genotypes collected from different parts of Wayanad, Kerala, and were characterized for both qualitative and quantitative characters following the guidelines from the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer's Rights Authority (PPV&FRA). The experiment was conducted in Augmented Block Design with three check varieties (Kanchana, Uma and Aathira). Out of 24 discriptors studied, five characteristics were found monomorphic, thirteen were dimorphic, four were of trimorphic, one character (Basal leaf sheath colour) is tetramorphic and stem length (excluding panicle) showed five states of expression. This detailed characterization of Wayanad rice landraces is very important for rice breeding from the standpoint of selection and conservation of different landraces for further utilization in crop improvement programmes and also to seek protection under PPV&FR Act, 2001 of India. Keywords: DUS, characterization, rice landraces/farmer varieties, PPV & FR Act Introduction Rice is one of the most important cereal crop and staple food for about 60% population of India (Manjunatha et al., 2015) [9]. The cultivated rice, Oryza sativa originated in South East Asia in humid tropical climate and under influence of local environment and farmers need have evolved into 88,681 different variety, out of that 55,615 are landraces, 1,171 are wild races and 32,895 are other varieties (Mishra and Sinha, 2012) [11]. Green revolution is considerably held to improve production of food grains in our country and its role in achieving status of self-sufficiency in food grain is beyond any doubt. But high yielding varieties, which are the back bone of green revolution have indirectly stimulated erosion of land races and wild varieties of rice (Sinha and Mishra, 2013) [16]. Hence, assessment of genetic diversity is very important in rice breeding from the standpoint of selection and conservation of different landraces for further utilization in crop improvement programmes (Patra, 2000) [12]. The landraces are valuable as they possess a huge treasure of genetic material which may prove important in future variety development programmes. Importance of landraces can never be denied in agriculture system, because improvement in existing variety depends upon desirable genes which are possibly present in landraces and wild varieties (Holden et al., 1993) [4]. Divergence studies using morphological characters in rice landraces revealed high variability among different accessions (Patra and Dhua, 2003) [13]. George et al. (2005) [2] studied the characteristics of 12 aromatic rice varieties at Wayanad including Jeerakasala and Gandhakasala. Non-Basmati traditional aromatic fine rice cultivars of Kerala include Gandhakasala, Jeerakasala, Velumbala, Chomala, Kayama, Kothampalarikkayama and Pookkilathari (Kumari, 2007) [8]. KAU (2012) [7] reported that a total of 48 accessions of rice and fifteen accessions of scented rice are being maintained in the rice germplasm of RARS Ambalavayal. As the existing UPOV models of plant variety protection were not suitable for Indian requirements, the Government of India enacted our own legislation on the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Act (PPV&FRA) in 2001 for providing protection to plant varieties based on distinctiveness, uniformity and stability (DUS) test apart from novelty (GOI, 2001) [3]. Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority formulated guidelines for the conduct of test for DUS on rice (PPV&FRA, 2007) [14]. Government of India has introduced Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights (PPV&FR) Act in 2001, for the IP protection over crop varieties including farmers' rights over traditional varieties. Protection of IP rights over varieties can be accomplished by their registration under this Act. ~ 1409 ~

2 Morphological characterization based on DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) is the requisite for registering varieties under PPV&FR Act. Hence the programme is aiming for DUS characterization of sixty rice landraces of Wayanad District of Kerala, which is the Hot-spot of biodiversity, using twenty-four agro morphological characters, which may prove important in future variety development programmes. Materials and Methods The study was conducted in the and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University. Sixty landraces of rice (Table 1) collected from Wayanad district of Kerala were grown in an Augmented Block Design at the RARS farm, Ambalavayal, KAU, Situated at 11 61' N latitude, 76 21' E longitude and altitude of 938m above mean sea level. The collected landraces were grown in 6 blocks, along with three check varieties (Kanchana, Uma and Aathira), during Nancha (first crop) season, Each entry was sown in three rows of 20 plants each, at spacing of 10 cm between rows and 20 cm between plants, and 1mt isolation distance has been maintained between two entries in each block. All the cultural practices followed according to package of practices of Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). Observations were recorded on 10 randomly selected plants of each genotype for all the traits under study, at different stages of growth with appropriate procedures as per the Guidelines for the Conduct of Test for DUS on Rice (PPV & FRA, 2007) [14]. The traits studied are provided in (Table 2). Table: 1: List of sixty rice landraces and place of collection Sl. No. Genotype Name Sl. No. Genotype Name 1 Kalladiyaran 31 Chenthadi 2 Thondi 1 32 Peruvaya 3 Ambalavayal 1 33 Palthondi 4 Ayirankana 34 Vaalicha 5 Palveliyan 35 Veliyathondi 6 Kannali 36 Edavaga 7 Chomala 37 Velumpala 8 Keervana 38 Kumbali 9 Kothandon 39 Adukkan 10 Kannikayama 40 Ambalavayal 2 11 Addy 41 Urunikayama 12 Koduveliyan 42 Gandhakasala 13 Thondi 2 43 Kothandan 14 Chenthondi 44 Thavalakannan 15 Mangalapuram puncha 45 Kunam kulumban 16 Chennellu 46 Chomala 2 17 Punnadanthondi 47 Jeerakasala 18 Puttabetta 48 Kuttiveliyan 19 Rajameni 49 Thonnooran thondi 20 Chettuveliyan 50 Chomala 1 21 Kuruva 51 Rasagatham 22 Mullakuruva 52 Njavara 23 Mannuveliyan 53 Sugandhamathi 24 Njavara black 54 Palthondimatta 25 Veliyan 55 Vellimuthu 26 Mahikuruva 56 Marathondi 27 Valichoori 57 Kayama 28 Urulankayama 58 Onamottan 29 Thondi 3 59 Karimpalan 30 Mullanpuncha 60 Gandhakasala dwarf Place of collection : Wayanad district, Kerala Table 2: Frequency distribution of landraces of rice for various DUS characters Sl. No. Characteristics States Note Number of genotypes Frequency Distribution (%) Colourless Coleoptile: Colour Green Purple Green Basal leaf: Sheath colour Light purple Purple lines Uniform purple Light Leaf: Intensity of green colour Medium Dark Leaf: Anthocyanin colouration Absent Present Leaf: Distribution of anthocyanin Absent colouration On tips only ~ 1410 ~

3 6 Leaf Sheath: anthocyanin colouration 7 Leaf: Pubescence of blade surface 8 Leaf: Auricles 9 Leaf: Anthocyanin colouration of auricles On margins only In blotches only Uniform Absent Present Absent Weak Medium Strong Very strong Absent Present Colourless Light purple Purple Leaf: Collar Absent Present Leaf: Anthocyanin colouration of Absent collar Present Leaf: Ligule Absent Present Truncate Leaf: Shape of ligule Acute Split Leaf: Colour of ligule 15 Culm: attitude 16 Stem: Anthocyanin colouration of nodes 17 Flag leaf: Attitude of blade 18 Leaf: Senescence 19 Leaf: Length of blade 20 Leaf: Width of blade 21 Stem: Thickness 22 Stem: Length (excluding panicle) 23 Time of heading (50% of plants with panicles) 24 Time maturity (days) White Light purple Purple Erect Semi-erect Open Spreading Absent Present Erect Semi-erect Horizontal Deflexed Early Medium Late Short (<30 cm) Medium (30-45 cm ) Long (>45 cm) Narrow (<1 cm) Medium (1-2 cm) Broad (>2 cm) Thin (<0.40 cm) Medium ( cm) Thick (>0.55 cm) Very short (<91 cm ) Short ( cm) Medium ( cm ) Long ( cm) Very long (>150 cm ) Very early (<71 days ) Early (71-90 days ) Medium ( days ) Late ( days ) Very late (> 131 days) Very early (<100) Early ( ) Medium ( ) Late ( ) Very late (>160) ~ 1411 ~

4 Table 3: Characterization of rice landraces (total 60) as per DUS guidelines Sl. No. Genotype A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X 1 Kanchana Uma Athira Kalladiyaran Thondi Ambalavayal Ayirankana Palveliyan Kannali Chomala Keervana Kothandon Kannikayama Addy Koduveliyan Thondi Chenthondi Mangalapuram puncha Chennellu Punnadanthondi Puttabetta Rajameni Chettuveliyan Kuruva Mullakuruva Mannuveliyan Njavara black Veliyan Mahikuruva Valichoori Urulankayama Thondi Mullanpuncha Chenthadi Peruvaya Palthondi Vaalicha Veliyathondi Edavaga Velumpala Kumbali Adukkan Ambalavayal Urunikayama Gandhakasala Kothandan Thavalakannan Kunam kulumban Chomala Jeerakasala Kuttiveliyan Thonnooran thondi Chomala Rasagatham Njavara Sugandhamathi Palthondimatta Vellimuthu Marathondi Kayama Onamottan Karimpalan Gandhakasala dwarf (A) Coleoptile: Colour, (B) Basal leaf: Sheath colour, (C) Leaf: Intensity of green colour, (D) Leaf: Anthocyanin colouration, (E) Leaf: Distribution of anthocyanin colouration, (F) Leaf Sheath: anthocyanin colouration, (G) Leaf: Pubescence of blade surface, (H) Leaf: Auricles, (I) Leaf: Anthocyanin colouration of auricles, (J) Leaf: Collar, (K) Leaf: Anthocyanin colouration of collar, (L) Leaf: Ligule, (M) Leaf: Shape of ligule, (N) Leaf: Colour of ligule, (O) Culm: attitude, (P) Stem: Anthocyanin colouration of nodes, (Q) Flag leaf: Attitude of blade, (R) Leaf: Senescence, (S) Leaf: Length of blade, (T) Leaf: Width of blade, (U) Stem: Thickness, (V) Stem: Length (excluding panicle), (W) Time of heading (50% of plants with panicles), (X) Time maturity(days) ~ 1412 ~

5 Results and Discussion For detailed characterization or to establish distinctiveness among 60 rice landraces, 24 characters have been studied, which include eighteen qualitative characters and six quantitative characters. For the morphological characterization or identification of landraces of rice, qualitative characters are considered as morphological markers, because they are less influenced by environmental changes (Rao et al., 2013 [15] ; Kalyan et al., 2017) [6]. The rice landraces under study showed wide range of distinctiveness for all most all the morphological traits studied and similar results as been reported by Joshi et al., 2007 [5] ; Chakrabarty et al., 2012 [1] ; Tirkey et al., 2013 [17] ; Manjunatha et al., 2016 [10]. Frequency distribution for all the characters under study were computed (Table 2). Qualitative and quantitative characters of different agronomic and morphological parameters are computed in Table 4. Out of 60 landraces studied, 65% landraces recorded purple coloured coleoptile and 35% were colourless. Anthocyanin coloration in basal leaf sheath was present in 65% landraces, out of which 40% landraces light purpled, 13% landraces have purple lines and 12% landraces exhibited uniformed purple colour. For the intensity of green colour, all the landraces found to be medium to dark green in colour, in which 20% landraces exhibited medium intensity of green colour and 80% landraces recorded dark intensity of green colour. Anthocyanin colouration of leaf sheath was purple for 67% landraces and out of which, anthocyanin colouration of leaf was recorded in only one landrace i.e. Thavalakannan, and it was distributed in the blotches of the leaves. For the pubescence of blade surface, 83% landraces were found to be distinct for having strong pubescence, while 17% landraces were marked for medium of pubescence in leaf blade. Out of 60 landraces evaluated, 98% landraces exhibited presence of leaf auricle, except for one landraces i.e. Mullanpuncha. Out of which, Thavalakannan exhibited uniform purple auricles. With respect to leaf collar, all landraces showed for its presence of collar and absence of anthocyanin colouration for the leaf collar. For the character leaf ligule, all the landraces recorded for its presence with split shape of ligule, and one landrace i.e. Thavalakannan possess purple colour of ligule. For the character flag leaf attitude of blade, semi erect type of flag leaf was observed for 87% landraces and 13% landraces are of horizontal type. For the character leaf senescence, 42% were of late, 45% were of medium and 13% were of early type. For the character s leaf length and width, 3% landraces exhibited short leaf type, 33% landraces were of medium type and 63% landraces recorded long type of leaves. Medium leaf width exhibited for 77% landraces and broad leaf width recorded for 23% landraces. With respect to the stem characters, 82% landraces were of erect to semi erect type, 17% were of open type, and only one landrace (i.e. Kalladiyaran) having spreading type of culm. For the character stem anthocyanin colouration of nodes, all the 60 landraces were recorded absence of anthocyanin colouration of node. For the stem length (excluding panicle) 5% landraces were of very short, 12% were of short, 22% were of medium type, 28% and 33% were of long and very long type respectively. With respect to thickness of stem, 20% landraces were of thin, 67% were of medium and 13% were of thick. Coming to the time of heading (50% of plants with panicles) were observed and noticed that 17% landraces were of late type ( days) and 83% landraces were of very late (> 131 days) duration types. For the character time of maturity (days), 15% landraces were of late type ( days) and 85% landraces exhibited very late (>160) duration types. Conclusion Thus, it is concluded that out of 60 landraces evaluated for 24 discriptors, five characteristics viz., stem anthocyanin colouration of nodes, shape of ligule, Ligule presence or absence, anthocyanin colouration of collar and leaf collar presence were found monomorphic. Thirteen characteristics viz., coleoptile colour, leaf intensity of green colour, leaf anthocyanin colouration, distribution of anthocyanin colouration on leaf, leaf sheath anthocyanin colouration, pubescence of blade surface of leaf, leaf auricles, anthocyanin colouration of auricles of leaf, Colour of ligule, attitude of blade of flag leaf, width of blade of leaf, time of heading (50% of plants with panicles) and time of maturity were dimorphic. Four characteristics viz., stem thickness, length of blade, leaf senescence and culm attitude were of trimorphic. one character viz., basal leaf sheath colour is tetramorphic and stem length (excluding panicle) showed five states of expression. This DUS characterization will be useful for breeders, researchers and farmers to identify and choose the restoration and conservation of beneficial genes for crop improvement. This study also supports their registration under PPV & FR Act and benefit sharing mechanism and protection of traditional knowledge over these varieties. References 1. Chakrabarty SK, Joshi MA, Singh Y, Maity A, Vashisht V, Dadlani M. Characterization and evaluation of variability in farmers varieties of rice from West Bengal. Ind. J Gen. 2012; 72: George SP, Bastian D, Radhakrishan NV, Aipe KC. Evaluation of aromatic rice varieties in Wayanad, Kerala. J Trop. Agric. 2005; 43(1-2): GOI (Government of India). Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Act, The Gazette of India 2(1), Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi, 2001, Holden J, Peacock J, Williams T. Genes, crops and the environment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1993, Joshi MA, Sarao NK, Sharma RC, Singh P, Bharaj TS. Varietal characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) based on morphological descriptors. Seed Res. 2007; 35: Kalyan B, Krishna KVR, Rao SLV. DUS Characterization for Germplasm of Rice. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2017; 6: KAU (Kerala Agricultural University). Report of 21 st ZREAC meeting at RARS Ambalavayal, KAU on , Kumari L. Rice varieties: Kerala. Kerala Calling. 2007; 17: Manjunatha GA, Vanaja T, Vasudevan NR, Rao GVS. Organic varietal traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) for high yield revealed through farmer participatory evaluation strategy. Ann. Plant Physiol. 2015; 29(2): Manjunatha GA, Vanaja T, Naik J, Kumar ASA, Vasudevan NR. Identification of rice genotypes best suited for the development of organic varieties and identification of current varieties best suited for organic farming. J Organics. 2016; 3(1): ~ 1413 ~

6 11. Mishra PK, Sinha AK. Rice diversity in Bankura district of West Bengal (India). Bioscience Discovery. 2012; 3(3): Patra BC. Collection and characterization of rice genetic resources from Keonjhar district of Orissa. Oryza. 2000; 34: Patra BC, Dhua SR. Agro-morphological diversity scenario in upland rice germplasm of Jeypore tract. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 2003; 50: PPV & FRA. Guidelines for the conduct of test for Distinctiveness, Uniformity and Stability on rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Variety J India. 2007; 1: Rao SLV, Prasad GS, Chiranjivi M, Chaitanya U, Surendhar R. DUS Characterization for Farmer varieties of rice. IOSR J. Agric. Vet. Sci. 2013; 4: Sinha AK, Mishra PK. Morphology based multivariate analysis of phenotypic diversity of landraces of rice (Oryza sativa L.) of Bankura district of West Bengal. J Crop Weed. 2013; 9(2): Tirkey A, Sarawgi AK, Rao SLV. Studies on genetic diversity in various qualitative and quantitative characters in rice germplasm. Ind. J Plant. Gen. Res. 2013; 26: ~ 1414 ~