The emergence of Phytopthora ramorum in North America and Europe. Dave Rizzo, UC Davis Ross Meentemeyer, UNCC Matteo Garbelotto, UC Berkeley

Transcription

1 The emergence of Phytopthora ramorum in North America and Europe Dave Rizzo, UC Davis Ross Meentemeyer, UNCC Matteo Garbelotto, UC Berkeley

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3 Marin County 2000

4 Marin County, CA June 2000

5 Marin County, CA June 2000 Phytophthora ramorum

6 Distribution of Phytophthora ramorum Humboldt Map from M. Kelly, UC-Berkeley Big Sur

7 Rhododendron

8 Distribution of Phytophthora ramorum in Europe

9 Phytophthora ramorum lineages CA, OR forests North American nurseries EU nurseries UK woodlands North American nurseries Grunwald et al WA, CA nurseries

10 Tanoak Notholithocarpus densiflorus Oaks Quercus agrifolia Q. kellogii Q. parvula var. shrevei Q. chrysolepis

11 Southern red oak Horse chestnut European beech

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13 Rhododendron Bigleaf maple Redwood Maidenhair fern Bay laurel

14 Known Host Range of Phytophthora ramorum Andrew's clintonia bead lily Ardisia Bigleaf maple Blueblossom California bay laurel California black oak California buckeye California coffeeberry California hazelnut California honeysuckle California maidenhair fern California nutmeg California wood fern Camellia species Camphor tree Canyon live oak Cascara Chinese witchhazel Coast live oak Coast redwood Douglas fir Drooping leucothoe European ash European beech European turkey oak European yew Evergreen huckleberry Evergreen maple False Solomon s seal Formosa firethorn Fetterbush Goat willow Grand fir Griselinia Holly olive Holm oak Horse chestnut Hybrid witchhazel Japanese evergreen oak Japanese larch Laurustinus Lilac Madrone Magnolia varieties Manzanita Michelia Mountain laurel Northern red oak Oleander Oregon ash Osmanthus Pacific yew Persian ironwood Pieris varieties Planetree maple Poison oak Port-Orford cedar Portuguese laurel cherry Red fir Red tip photinia Redwood ivy Rhododendron species Roble beech Rugosa rose Salal Salmonberry Scotch heather Sessile oak Sheep laurel Shreve oak Southern red oak Spicebush Spreading euonymus Star magnolia Strawberry tree Striped bark maple Sweet bay laurel Sweet chestnut Sweet Cicely Sweet olive Tanoak Toyon Viburnum varieties Victorian box Vine maple Western hemlock Western maidenhair fern Western starflower White fir Winter's bark Witch hazel Wood rose Yew

15 Redwood-Tanoak forest Mixed-evergreen forest

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17 Bay laurel Umbellularia californica

18 X X

19 Rhododendron

20 Phytophthora ramorum associated with rhododendrons Northern red oak in The Netherlands Photo: DEFRA

21 Phytophthora ramorum on Japanese larch in UK Brasier and Webber, 2010

22 Management

23 Scale Dependent Management Individual Landscape Regional to continental

24 Fungicides Spray Treatment Injection Treatments

25 Big Sur K. Frangioso

26 Big Sur S. Frankel

27 Marin County Janet Klein, MMWD

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29 Forest structure Wildlife Fire Microorganisms

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31 Landscape Management Actions Monitoring Diagnosis Eradication Stand Manipulation Fire Fungicides Prevention of Human Spread Restoration

32 Wildland Monitoring/Research Aerial Survey Risk-based ground survey Watershed monitoring Permanent plot studies

33 Stream Monitoring 185 streams 14 counties DEL NORTE BUTTE YUBA PLACER HUMBOLDT EL DORADO MENDOCINO SANTA CRUZ SONOMA MONTEREY CONTRA COSTA SAN LUIS ALAMEDA OBISPO Figure 1. Map of California stream monitoring sites. Sites with P.ramorum recovered (see Table 1 for further information). Source: S. Murphy, K. Aram

34 Risk models Establishment and spread risk Meentemeyer et al., 2004

35 Risk models Establishment and spread risk Meentemeyer et al., 2004

36 Establishment and spread risk

37 Vaclavick et al., 2010

38 Management context: land use history

39 Management Context -Fire suppression -Human-caused fires -Past logging -Grazing -Introduced plants/animals -Urbanization -Agriculture

40 Landscape Management Actions Monitoring Diagnosis Eradication Stand Manipulation Fire Fungicides Prevention of Human Spread Restoration

41 Eradication Mike McWilliams, ODF

42 Everett Hansen, OSU

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44 Sudden Oak Death Infested Sites and Quarantine Area Year = 2001 Quarantine = 9 mi 2 Source: A. Kanaskie

45 Sudden Oak Death Infested Sites and Quarantine Area Year = 2007 Quarantine = 26 mi 2 Source: A. Kanaskie

46 Cumulative Disease Progression Shows all sites, even those that were treated Sites enlarged for visibility Source: A. Kanaskie

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48 Humboldt County Mortality and Treatment Areas Source: Y. Valachovic, C. Lee

49 Before After

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51 Japanese larch in UK England Wales Ireland

52 APHIS website:

53 Pathogen spread- human mediated Ornamental plants Soil Green waste

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55 Movement of Phytophthora ramorum lineages Goss et al. 2009

56 Risk for Sudden Oak Death in the United States Kelly et al. 2005

57 Phytophthora species described Pre 2000 In Erwin & Ribeiro 1996 P. arecae P. erythroseptica P. japonica P. phaseoli P. boehmeriae P. fragariae frag. P. katsurae P. porri P. botryosa P. fragariae rubi P. lateralis P. primulae P. cactorum P. gonapodyides P. macrochlamy. P. pseudotsugae P. cajani P. heveae P. meadii P. quercina 1999 P. cambivora P. hibernalis P. medicaginis P. quininea P. capsici P. humicola P. megakarya P. richardiae P. cinnamomi P. idaei P. megasperma P. sinensis P. citricola P. ilicis P. melonis P. sojae P. citrophthora P. infestans P. mexicana P. syringae P. clandestina P. inflata P. mirabilis P. tentaculata P. colocasiae P. insolita P. multivesiculata P. trifolii P. cryptogea P. iranica P. nicotianae P. vignae P. drechsleri P. italica P. palmivora 54 Source: Clive Brasier, Forest Research, UK

58 Phytophthora species Post 2000 Species described or under construction P. alni (x 3) P. kernoviae P. frigida P. taxon salixsoil P. andina P. nemorosa P. austrocedrae P. tax. pgchlamydo P. asparagi P. niederhauserii P. lagoariana P. taxon riversoil P. bisheria P. pistaciae P. cuyabensis P. taxon oaksoil P. brassicae P. polonica P. cact x hedr P. parvasperma P. captiosa P. pseudosyringae P. foliorum P.hungarica P. europaea P. psychrophila P. sulawesiensis P. sylvatica P. fallax P. ramorum P. siskiyouensis P. carica P. gallica P. sansomea P. uliginosa P. quercetorum P. glovera P. taxon Banksia P. tax. meadii-like P. hedraiandra P. taxon. chicory P. taxon Acer P. inundata P. cact x nic P. taxon Agathis P. ipomoeae P. tropicalis P. taxon orphan P. kelmania P. alticola 50 (53) Source: Clive Brasier, Forest Research, UK

59 Phytophthora species / taxa Post 2000 Associated with research on nursery trees, forests and natural ecosystems P. alni (x 3) P. kernoviae P. frigida P. taxon salixsoil P. andina P. nemorosa P. austrocedrae P. tax. pgchlamydo P. asparagi P. niederhauserii P. lagoariana P. taxon riversoil P. bisheria P. pistaciae P. cuyabensis P. taxon oaksoil P. brassicae P. polonica P. cact x hedr P. parvasperma P. captiosa P. pseudosyringae P. foliorum P.hungarica P. europaea P. psychrophila P. sulawesiensis P. sylvatica P. fallax P. ramorum P. siskiyouensis P. carica P. gallica P. sansomea P. uliginosa P. quercetorum P. glovera P. taxon Banksia P. tax. meadii-like P. hedraiandra P. taxon. chicory P. taxon Acer P. inundata P. cact x nic P. taxon Agathis P. ipomoeae P. tropicalis P. taxon orphan P. kelmania P. alticola 30+/50 = 60+% Source: Clive Brasier, Forest Research, UK

60 Chestnut Blight Cryphonectria parasitica White Pine Blister Rust Cronartium ribicola Port Orford cedar root disease Phytophthora lateralis Dutch elm disease Ophiostoma ulmi & O. novo-ulmi