Plant Defenses - How Trees Defend Themselves and Why it Matters. Pierluigi (Enrico) Bonello Dept. of Plant Pathology
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1 Plant Defenses - How Trees Defend Themselves and Why it Matters Pierluigi (Enrico) Bonello Dept. of Plant Pathology
2 è è è Why are we interested in this subject? Plant defenses are the foundation of host plant resistance Resistance is a cost-effective and ecologically-sound approach to disease and insect management Resistance is compatible with other IPM techniques and sometimes it is singularly sufficient to suppress pest damage to tolerable levels è In IPM, defense traits associated with resistance can be used as biomarkers for selection of resistant plant germplasm 2
3 Disease Triangle Host Amount of Disease Pathogen Environment 3
4 è è Why are we interested in this subject? To apply resistance as an IPM tool we need to understand it Only once we understand it will we be able to harness it to our advantage, i.e. è è lower costs of pest control lower human and environmental impacts of pesticide use 4
5 è è Layout of today s talk Major concepts in tree defense against pathogens Current research on tree disease resistance 5
6 Mechanisms of Pest Resistance Plants do not have an immune system as we understand it in humans, they defend themselves using: è è Mechanical (physical) barriers: preformed (passive), induced Chemical barriers : preformed (passive), induced But: mechanical barriers are always the result of chemical processes! 6
7 Preformed Mechanical Barriers è Leaves: e.g. cuticles, leaf hairs (trichomes) è Stem and roots: outer bark 7
8 LEAVES (Manion, P.D. (1991) Tree Disease Concepts. Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.) 8
9 Young poplar leaf (susceptible to Marssonina leaf spot) LEAVES Older poplar leaf (resistant to Marssonina leaf spot) (Blanchette, R.A. & Biggs, A.R. (Eds.) (1992) Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plant Against Fungi. Springer-Verlag, Berlin) 9
10 STEMS (Rost et al. (1984) Botany - A Brief Introduction to Plant Biology. John Wiley & Sons, New York) 10
11 Franceschi VR, Krokene P, Christiansen E, Krekling T (2005) Anatomical and chemical defenses of conifer bark against bark beetles and other pests. New Phytologist 167 (2):
12 STEMS (Manion, P.D. (1991) Tree Disease Concepts. Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.) 12
13 è è Leaves: Preformed Chemical Barriers è exuded antibiotic chemicals, e.g. gallic acid from Norway maple leaves è antibiotics inside leaves (a plethora), e.g. resin in pine needles. Stem and roots: è phloem and xylem usually contain all sorts of nasty chemicals 13
14 Soluble chemicals Franceschi VR, Krokene P, Christiansen E, Krekling T (2005) Anatomical and chemical defenses of conifer bark against bark beetles and other pests. New Phytologist 167 (2):
15 Hickory cultivar susceptible to Cladosporium caryigenum Hickory cultivar resistant to Cladosporium caryigenum (Blanchette, R.A. & Biggs, A.R. (Eds.) (1992) Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plant Against Fungi. Springer-Verlag, Berlin) 15
16 Induced Mechanical Barriers (Wound Healing) è è Leaves: e.g. abscission zones, corky layers Stem and roots: corky layers, new periderms 16
17 LEAVES Phyllosticta leaf spot of red maple Alternaria leaf blight of Zinnia 17
18 STEMS (Blanchette, R.A. & Biggs, A.R. (Eds.) (1992) Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plant Against Fungi. Springer-Verlag, Berlin) 18
19 STEMS 19 (Blanchette, R.A. & Biggs, A.R. (Eds.) (1992) Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plant Against Fungi. Springer-Verlag, Berlin)
20 STEMS (Blanchette, R.A. & Biggs, A.R. (Eds.) (1992) Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plant Against Fungi. Springer-Verlag, Berlin) (Pearce, R.B. (1996) Tansley Review No. 87. Antimicrobial defences in the wood of living trees. New Phytologist 132, ) 20
21 è è Induced Chemical Barriers All tissues: increased amounts of preformed antibiotic chemicals, new antibiotic chemicals, chemical changes of the cell walls, etc. One of the main induced defense responses is increased lignification 21
22 Soluble chemicals Cell wall-bound chemicals, e.g. lignin 22
23 Chemical Plant Defense Components of defense Constitutive (phytoanticipins) and induced (phytoalexins) Against herbivory (e.g. insects) Typically relies on constitutive phenolics Against infection (e.g. fungal pathogens) Typically relies on induced phenolics Intensity and, more importantly, speed of accumulation often correlated to resistance 23
24 Phenolics Specialized (secondary) metabolites Low molecular weight Derivatives of phenol Chemical properties Organic compounds with structural heterogeneity Benzene ring with one or more hydroxyl group Absorb strongly in UV and / or visible light Hydroxyl group allows for different reactions 24
25 Raison d être of phenolics Synthesis selected for throughout evolution Plant defense Protection from environmental exposure, e.g. UV radiation Physical support Insect/animal attractants Signaling Allelopathy 25
26 Case Study: Sudden Oak Death 26
27 New Approaches to Assess Coast Live Oak Resistance Before Infection by the Invasive Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum Collaborators Anna Conrad, Luis Rodriguez-Saona, Stephen Opiyo Ohio State Brice McPherson David Wood University of California, Berkeley Sylvia Mori Forest Service Statistical guidance Larry Madden Ohio State Anna O. Conrad 27
28 Sudden Oak Death First documented in Marin County, CA in the mid-90 s. Associated with die-off of tanoak and coast live oak (CLO). Attacks by ambrosia and bark beetles and presence of fungi (e.g. Annulohypoxylon thouarsianum and Trametes versicolor) were associated with dying trees. Phytophthora ramorum identified as the causal agent in
29
30 Pathogen: Phytophthora ramorum 30
31 COAST LIVE OAK SUSCEPTIBILITY VARIES Resistant Susceptible 31
32 CANKER LENGTH PREDICTS RESISTANCE 32
33 CANKER LENGTH PREDICTS SURVIVAL External canker length measured 9 months following inoculation can be used to predict coast live oak survival 7 years following inoculation (McPherson et al., 2014). 33
34 PHYTOCHEMICALS AND DEFENSE Ellagic acid and a tyrosol derivative are associated with resistant CLO (Nagle et al., 2011) Concentrations of 4 putative phenolic biomarkers of resistance were identified from asymptomatic tissue of already infected CLO (McPherson et al., 2014) Ellagic acid and crude methanol extract from CLO phloem tissue both inhibit the growth of P. ramorum in vitro (McPherson et al., 2014) 34
35 PHENOLIC BIOMARKERS IDENTIFY RESISTANT CLO BEFORE INFECTION 35
36 ELLAGIC ACID HAS STRONG ANTI- PHYTOPHTHORA RAMORUM EFFECTS IN VITRO 36
37 CONCLUSIONS Phytochemical biomarkers can predict CLO resistance and, more importantly, survival First example of biomarkers of resistance developed for naturally regenerated trees growing under field conditions 37
38 è è Why are we interested in this subject? To apply resistance as an IPM tool we need to understand it Only once we understand it will we be able to harness it to our advantage, i.e. lower costs of pest control lower human and environmental impacts of pesticide use 38
39 39
40
41 41
42 CONCLUSIONS Studying plant chemistry associated with resistance can inform management Such methods can be used on many other systems We are in the process of applying these approaches to Austrian pine resistance to Diplodia tip blight, as well as other key diseases like white pine blister rust in whitebark pine, and ash dieback in Europe 42
43 If interested in donating to my program please go to my webpage plantpath.osu.edu/bonello 43
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