Kevin Foster. School of Plant Biology Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
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1 Kevin Foster School of Plant Biology Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Kevin holds a Bachelor of Science degree from Curtin University and a Diploma in Agricultural Technology. He is currently on study leave from the Department Agriculture and Food WA where he has worked on a wide variety of research projects on pasture improvement for over 20 years. In his PhD, Kevin researches the drought resistance mechanisms of a new perennial herbaceous pasture legume with the common name tedera. Kevin s study is among the first in the world to investigate the physiological mechanisms in the field that confer drought tolerance in tedera. (This is an abbreviated version of his research. For more information contact Kevin by kfoster@agric.wa.gov.au)
2 The UWA Institute of Agriculture Mechanisms of drought tolerance of albo tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa var. albomarginata) Kevin Foster, Professor Hans Lambers, Dr Megan Ryan and Dr Daniel Real
3 Bituminaria bituminosa var. albomarginata (tedera) Has clearly evolved mechanisms to withstand severe drought Is a highly-light adapted plant Can tolerate drought stress at germination and the seedling stage Utilises a wide range of physiological & morphological mechanisms - that confer drought tolerance - and high water-use efficiency Has a high degree of stomatal control Very low critical relative water content in leaves Exhibits some of the lowest leaf water potentials for agricultural plants All these mechanisms combined allow this plant not only to survive over summer but to be productive for our system
4 Its native environment Lanzarote, and coastal semi arid habitats volcanic in origin mm rainfall and is highly seasonal rain tends not to be heavy high interannual variability high amount of both irradiance and summer temperatures
5 Canary islands
6 The plant self-pollinated (but low levels of outcrossing can occur) perennial herbaceous legume minimal leaf drop during summer prostrate to erect growth habit high leaf/shoot ratio woody basal stems good seed retention drought tolerant
7 Cut and carry of tedera in the Canary Islands How does tedera survive the spring / summer drought and yet still be productive? (Photos by Pilar Mendez)
8 Hypothesis The presence of a range of mechanism such as leaf movements, stomatal control, osmotic adjustment and root structure, all contribute to the drought resistance of tedera.
9 Where did we undertake our research? Field - 2 sites - contrasting soil types - Medium-high rainfall in the wheatbelt - Newdegate and Merredin - Controlled small plot
10 Newdegate experiment Jan % of light transmitted Shelter cover removed in winte Tr 3 rainfed Tr 1 non-irrigated Tr 2 irrigated
11 Large pot experiments on mature plants (Soil reconstructed from the field)
12 What we measured or examined Leaf folding angle DM yields Plant water use and rooting depth (NMM) Relative leaf water content (tissue water status) Leaf water potential Osmotic adjustment Net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance Leaf and stem microscopy
13 Confirmation of the drought tolerance of tedera in the field Newdegate Feb 2009 tr 2 Pre-irrigated tr 2 Post-irrigation tr 3 Rainfed tr 1 Non-irrgated Relative Water Content # 4 lucerne # 6 # 9 # 11 # 12 # 13 # 22
14 Pre-dawn leaf water potential Merredin Jan 2009 # 4 Lucerne # 6 # 9 # 11 # 12 # 13 # 22 tr 2 Pre-irrigated tr 2 Post-irrigation tr 1 Non-irrigated tr 3 Rainfed More negative greater stress
15 What strategies does tedera use?
16 Paraheliotropism (leaf folding) Rapidly induced by unfavourable conditions Fast-acting stress response Fully reversible with little cost to the plant Compensates for lack of heat exchange if stomata are closed Folded leaves can reduce light by % compared to horizontal leaves
17 Tedera control Tolerance at seedling stage is also highly desirable Tedera drought
18 Osmotic adjustment helps tedera maintain water volume and leaf turgor Newdegate Feb 2009 tr1 Non-irrigated tr2 Post-irrigation 0 # 4 Lucerne # 6 # MPa
19 Increase in root mass ratio.
20 Change in leaf hairs control drought
21 Control Drought
22 Leaf rolling and smaller leaves reduces effective leaf area lucerne day 15 of drought tedera day 45 of drought
23 Tedera 15 days after re irrigation
24 Conclusions The need to improve drought tolerance in our perennial plants is particularly urgent. The ability to survive the summer drought determines their persistence and therefore the important autumn yield of our perennial species. We need an understanding of the mechanisms operating at the whole plant level. Tedera now opens a door now on what is possible within our new perennial specie.
25 Summary of preliminary results from the field Summary of results Tedera has clearly evolved mechanisms to withstand severe drought. Tedera is a highly-light adapted plant. Tedera adjusts its morphological & physiological traits to successfully cope with low soil water availability, high temperature & irradiance over summer. Tedera avoids water deficits by maximising water uptake through its tap and lateral roots minimising water loss by its excellent stomatal control leaf folding to reduce transpiration and the interception of light The very low levels of leaf water potentials in live leaves and RWC are exceptional for a herbaceous perennial legume species.
26 Acknowledgements and Funding FFI CRC School of Plant Biology, UWA Department of Agriculture and Food WA My supervisors, Professor Hans Lambers, Dr Megan Ryan and Dr Daniel Real John Kuo, Peta Clode and Lyn Kirilak from CMCA Advice from Neil Turner, Michael Renton, Erik Veneklaas, Tim Colmer, Greg Cawthray and Martin Bader With support from Mike Ewing and Clinton Revell
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