AP Biology Chapter 36

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1 Chapter 36 Chapter 36 Transport in Plants Transport in plants - Overview H2O & minerals transport in xylem transpiration evaporation, adhesion & cohesion negative pressure Sugars transport in phloem bulk flow Calvin cycle in leaves loads sucrose into phloem positive pressure Gas exchange photosynthesis respiration CO2 in; O2 out stomates O2 in; CO2 out roots exchange gases within air spaces in soil Transport in Plants Occurs on 3 levels Uptake and loss of water and solutes by individual cells (cellular level) Short distance transport of substances from cell to cell at the level of tissues or organs Long distance transport of sap within xylem and phloem at the level of the whole plant 1

2 Chapter 36 Cellular Transport Passive transport Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient Occurs without direct energy expenditure Active transport Pumping of solutes across membranes against their concentration gradient Requires energy expenditure ATP to transport solutes uphill Aided by transport proteins Proteins embedded in the cellular membrane Speed movement across the membrane Some bind selectively to a solute on one side release on opposite side Selective channels ion channels Na + K + pump Water & mineral absorption Water absorption from soil osmosis aquaporins Mineral absorption active transport proton pumps active transport of H + aquaporin root hair proton pumps H 2 O Mineral absorption Proton pumps active transport of H + ions out of cell chemiosmosis H + gradient creates membrane potential difference in charge drives cation uptake creates gradient cotransport of other solutes against their gradient 2

3 Chapter 36 Proton Pumps Chemiosmosis Transmembrane proton gradient links energy releasing processes to energy consuming processes Produces H+ gradient; Membrane potential Energy from gradient can be used for active transport Drives cations into cell Cotransport - Moves anions and sugars into cell with H+ returns Na+ K+ Pump Membrane potential created from proton pumps drive the active transport of different solutes Actively pumps K + ions into the cell Actively pumps Na + ions out of the cell Water Absorption osmosis Osmosis passive transport of water (down conc. gradient) across a membrane Direction of water movement depends on solute concentration and pressure Water potential combined effects of solute concentration and physical pressure Determines the direction of water movement Water ALWAYS moves from an area of high water potential to low water potential Ex: water moves into a cell with a high solute concentration Water potential is measured in Ψ (psi), in units called megapascals MPa one MPa is equal to 10atm of pressure 3

4 Chapter 36 Water Potential (Ψ) Both solutes and pressure affect water potential Solute potential (Ψ S ) also called osmotic potential proportional to the number of dissolved solute molecules Ψ S of pure water is 0 Pressure potential (Ψ P ) physical pressure on a solution. Can be positive or negative Water in living cells is usually under positive pressure Ψ = Ψ S +Ψ P Solute Potential (Ψ S ) When solutes are added to water Solutes bind water molecules reducing the number of free water molecules Adding solute lowers the water potential Water potential affects the absorption and loss of water by a plant cell Aquaporins transport proteins change the rate of water movement Do NOT affect the water potential gradient or direction of water flow Increase the RATE at which water diffuses down its gradient Water Absorption Plants in a hypotonic environment Solute concentration inside the cell is HIGHER Water enters the cell the plant cell becomes turgid 4

5 Chapter 36 Water Absorption Plants in a hypertonic environment Solute concentration inside the cell is LOWER Water leaves the cell the plant cell becomes plasmolyzed (flaccid/limp as it loses water) Major Pathways of Transport short distance transport Apoplast continuum formed by cell walls, extracellular spaces and dead interiors of tracheids and vessels Ions can be diffused across a tissue entirely though the apoplast Symplast continuum of cytosol, neighboring cells connected by plasmodesmata Transmembrane cell walls and cytosol pathway Bulk Flow long distance transport Movement of water from high pressure to low pressure - Movement of water/solutes through xylem and phloem Water taken up by epidermis Roots hairs/mycorrhizae increase surface area Phloem hydrostatic pressure forces sap to the opposite end of the tube Xylem tension/negative pressure drives transport Transpiration evaporation of water from a leaf reduces pressure in the leaf xylem Creates a tension that pulls xylem sap upward from the roots 5

6 Chapter 36 Ascent of xylem fluid Transpiration pull generated by leaf Transpiration-Cohesion-Tension Method Xylem moves water/minerals one way Transpiration evaporation of water from leaves, due to lower water potential of air Flow of water transported up from the xylem replaces water lost in transpiration Also carries minerals to the shoot system Creates NEGATIVE pressure to pull water up from roots and shoots Water forms column and moves by capillary action Cohesion water molecules stick to each other due to hydrogen bonding Adhesion water molecules sick to surface of xylem cells Root Pressure At night transpiration is very low Root cells continue to expend energy while pumping minerals into xylem Accumulation of minerals lowers the water potential causing a positive pressure = root pressure forces fluid up the xylem Root pressure causes guttation forcing water droplets out of the leave blade 6

7 Chapter 36 Transpirational Pull Root pressure is not the major mechanism driving ascent of xylem sap Primarily xylem sap is pulled upward by the leaves Transpiration provides the pull Cohesion and adhesion of water due to hydrogen bonding transmits the upward pull of the xylem Depends on the generative of negative pressure (tension) in the leaf Tension created by adhesion and surface tension lowers the water potential drawing water from an area of high water potential to an area of lower water potential Stomata regulate rate of transpiration Large surface area of leaves Enhance light absorption for photosynthesis Increase water loss through stomata CO 2 diffuses into and O 2 diffuses out of the leaf via stomata A leaf may transpire more than its weight in water each day Amount of water lost depends on number of stomata Stomata Each stomata is flanked by a pair of guard cells Control the diameter of the stoma by changing shape (widen or narrow the gap between the two cells) Guard cells take in water turgid, increases the gap between cells Guard cells lose water flaccid, space between the cells close 7

8 Chapter 36 Control of Stomates Epidermal cell Guard cell Chloroplasts Nucleus Uptake of K + ions K + K by guard cells + H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O proton pumps K + K + water enters by K + K osmosis + H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O guard cells K + K + become turgid Thickened inner Loss of K + ions cell wall (rigid) by guard cells water leaves by osmosis guard cells become flaccid H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O K + K + K + K + Stoma open Stoma closed water moves into guard cells water moves out of guard cells Stomatal opening cues Blue light receptors stimulate activity of proton pumps uptake of K + Depletion of CO 2 as photosynthesis begins Stomatal opening is an internal clock located in guard cells Circadian rhythm opening and closing cycle of the stomata (cycles with an interval of 24 hours) Environment stresses can cause stomata to close during the date Water deficiency Hormone responses Control of transpiration Balancing stomate function always a compromise between photosynthesis & transpiration leaf may transpire more than its weight in water in a day this loss must be balanced with plant s need for CO 2 for photosynthesis 8

9 Chapter 36 Transport of Nutrients in Phloem Translocation the transport of nutrients through the phloem Sieve tube members specialized cells that function in translocation (arranged to form long sieve tubes) Sieve tubes always carry food from a sugar source to a sugar sink Sugar source plant organ in which sugar is being produced by photosynthesis (mature leaves) Sugar sink organ that is the consumer of sugar (growing roots, buds, stems, fruits) Phloem sap moves from the source to sink driven by positive pressure Companion cells help load sugars into sieve tube elements High sugar concentration reduces water potential (water moves INTO tubes) Removal of sugar at sink increases water potential (water moves OUT of tubes into xylem) Pressure flow in phloem Mass flow hypothesis source to sink flow direction of transport in phloem is dependent on plant s needs phloem loading active transport of sucrose into phloem increased sucrose concentration decreases H 2 O potential water flows in from xylem cells increase in pressure due to increase in H 2 O causes flow can flow 1m/hr On a plant What s a source What s a sink? Transport of sugars in phloem Loading of sucrose into phloem flow through cells via plasmodesmata proton pumps cotransport of sucrose into cells down proton gradient 9

10 Chapter 36 Summary of Phloem Transport Pressure flow in a sieve tube drives the flow of phloem sap Lading of sugar into the sieve tube at the source reduces water potential inside the sieve tube uptake of water The absorption of water generates hydrostatic pressure forces sap to flow along the tube Pressure relieved by unloading sugar and loss of water from the tube at the sink Xylem recycles water form sink to source Sap always flows from source to sink 10

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