Les espèces exotiques envahissantes à l échelle mondiale: concepts et enjeux. Dan Simberloff University of Tennessee

Transcription

1 Les espèces exotiques envahissantes à l échelle mondiale: concepts et enjeux Dan Simberloff University of Tennessee

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4 Boiga irregularis, the brown tree snake on Guam

5 Burmese python, Florida

6 Nile perch in Lake Victoria

7 Caulerpa taxifolia Mediterranean

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9 1989. Ecol. Monogr. 59:

10 T Fukami et al Above- and below-ground impacts of introduced predators in seabirddominated island ecosystems

11 T Fukami et al Above- and below-ground impacts of introduced predators in seabird-dominated island ecosystems

12 2004

13 Anolis sagrei Kolbe et al. 2004, Nature 431:

14 ruddy duck (North America) white-headed Duck (Europe) one hybrid

15 Spartina anglica M. Ainouche et al Biological Invasions 11:

16 Nature 2011

17 2009

18 Oikos 2013

19 1) How many introduced species are harmful?

20 CATEGORIES OF NON-NATIVE SPECIES introduced (with direct or indirect human assistance) (whether or not persists without continuing human assistance) (whether or not has any impacts) some introduced species become naturalized (persists without human assistance) (whether or not spreads into natural areas) (whether or not has any impacts) some naturalized species become invasive (spreads into natural areas) (often assumed to have some impact)

21 1) How many introduced species are harmful? a) Some native species become invasive.

22 Simberloff et al. 2012, Ecology 93: a) introduced plants 40X more likely to become damaging b) when native plants become invasive, almost always induced by some anthropogenic change, like grazing or changed fire regime Cf. Paolucci et al Diversity and Distributions Hassan and Ricciardi 2014 Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment Encroachment by Juniperus occidentalis

23 1) How many introduced species are harmful? a) Some native species become invasive. b) Are invaders drivers or passengers?

24 R. Barbault et A. Teyssèdre 2009, Dossier pour la Science

25 1) How many introduced species are harmful? 2) Are actions against introduced species xenophobic?

26 2008 Politix 82:

27 Restrictive United States Laws introduced species human immigration 1900 Lacey Act 1901 beginning of Ellis Island restrictions 1912 Plant Quarantine Act st national quotas Philip Pauly Immigration Act

28 attitudes towards foreign pests merged with ethnic prejudices: the gypsy moth and the oriental chestnut blight both took on and contributed to characteristics ascribed to their presumed human compatriots. - P. Pauly, 1996

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30 1) How many introduced species are harmful? 2) Are actions against introduced species xenophobic? 3) Efforts to contain invasions are futile.

31 Mark Gardener, Director, Charles Darwin Research Station, Galapagos, 2011: It s time to embrace the aliens. Blackberries now cover more than 30,000 ha here, and our studies show that island biodioversity is reduced by at least 50% when it s present. But as far as I m concerned, it s now a Galapagos native, and it s time we accepted it as such. Rubus niveus

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33 melon fly = Bactrocera cucurbitae

34 1990 introduced 1992 eradication campaign begun ,200 ha over 900 km ha ha eradicated Kochia scoparia in Western Australia

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36 mammal eradication campaigns on islands France + Southern Territories + French Polynesia + New Caledonia + Martinique + Gaudeloupe: 97

37 Maintenance Management physical control mechanical control chemical control biological control

38 Australian paperbark, Melaleuca quinquenervia

39 15 Years of Melaleuca Management in south Florida % 12%

40 Mechanical Physical Chemical Biological Prescribed Fire Control Methods Toolbox adapted from T. Pernas/F. Laroche

41 physical control mechanical control chemical control biological control sterile male techniques pheromonal methods

42 sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus

43 physical control mechanical control chemical control biological control sterile male techniques pheromonal methods genetic approaches

44 R. Thresher et al. Biological Invasions 16:

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46 physical control mechanical control chemical control biological control sterile male techniques pheromonal methods genetic approaches bright ideas

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48 1) How many introduced species are harmful? 2) Are actions against introduced species xenophobic? 3) Efforts to contain invasions are futile. 4) Animal rights objections to eradication and management of (some) invasive vertebrates. North American gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis

49 rights of species to exist vs. rights of individual animals to exist

50 1) How many introduced species are harmful? 2) Are actions against introduced species xenophobic? 3) Efforts to contain invasions are futile. 4) Animal rights objections to eradication and management of (some) invasive vertebrates.

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52 1989. Ecol. Monogr. 59: invasional meltdown