2 Components of Species Diversity:
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1 2 Components of Species Diversity: Species Richness: of species Species richness seems to increase productivity and because many species are better able to withstand environmental disturbances Species Evenness: abundance of each species. Unclear how this feeds into stability
2 Ecological Niche vs. Habitat Habitat: the that a species is found in an ecosystem. Niche: the functional of a species in an ecosystem. includes: (physical & chemical); (such as nutrients or food); interactions with biotic & abiotic components of the ecosystem; role in flow of and cycling of. Habitat is like "address" of an organism. Niche is like "occupation" of an organism.
3 Generalists vs. Specialists Generalists: have niches For example eat many types of food, can live in a variety of environments Examples: cockroaches, coyotes, raccoons humans Specialists: have niches For example require a specific type of habitat or food source, e.g. many species in tropical rain forests; Examples: spotted owls, which require old growth forests in the Pacific Northwest; giant pandas, which eat primarily bamboo in bamboo forests of China;
4 Is it better to be a generalist or a specialist? Specialists may have the advantage when environmental conditions are more because may be able to out-compete other species for specific resources; Generalists may have the advantage when environments are, because they can live in a broader range of niches.
5 Types of Species species: species that normally live & in a particular ecosystem: Nonnative species (also called species, alien, or species) originate in other ecosystems; may enter an ecosystem by migration or by deliberate or accidental introduction by humans; example: "killer bees" Scotch Broom
6 Addressing Invasive Species - Customs controls etc. (best, although most difficult to achieve) Containment Removal Encouraging hunting/gathering of invasive species Example- promotion of nutria as a fur and meat source.
7 Types of Species species: Species that are found nowhere else on Earth (a type of native species). Often, are high in endemic species because they are geographically isolated. Examples: Australian ghost bat, Madagascar lemur, Galapagos land iguana Indicator species: species that serve as that a community or ecosystem is being damaged: Decline of migratory songbirds in North America indicates loss & fragmentation of habitat; Presence of trout in mountain streams is an indicator of good water quality; Presence of spotted owls is indicator of healthy old growth forest. Frogs: more sensitive to pollutants, climate shifts, etc.
8 Keystone species: species that play a in an ecosystem: Top predators and pollinators are often keystone species. Examples: Sea otters prevent sea urchins from depleting kelp beds; Dung beetles remove animal waste; Wolves in Yellowstone "The loss of a keystone species is like a drill accidentally striking a power line. It causes lights to go out all over. E.O. Wilson
9 Types of Species Foundation Species: or enhance their habitat in a way which benefits other species. Examples: Beavers build dams & create habitat for a diverse community of species (bluegill fish, muskrats, herons, ducks ). Elephants create open grassy areas for grazing species
10 Discuss with your table partner: Sea stars eat mussels and urchins in tide pools, which have no other natural predator. The graph below indicates the biodiversity with and without sea stars present. Determine if this demonstrates that the sea star is an endemic species, indicator species or keystone species. An experiment by Robert Paine showed that without Pisaster (Sea stars) biodiversity decreased.
11 Types of Species Interactions Biotic interactions: : members of one species (predator) feed on another species (prey); example: lion feeding on gazelle. : when two or more species use the same limited resource (food, space, etc.) and adversely affect each other example: fire ants and native species of ants in North America; fire ants are better competitors & sharply reduce populations of up to 90% of native species.
12 Interspecific competition results because of niche overlap = overlap in requirements for limited resources. Types of Competition: competition: one species actively limits another species' access to a resource; e.g., hummingbirds defending feeding territories. competition: competing species both have access to a limited resource, but one exploits the resource more quickly or efficiently.
13 Principle of Competitive Exclusion Principle of Competitive Exclusion: G.P. Gausse, in a classical experiment (1934), showed that two species with identical niches coexist indefinitely. Note that when grown together, Paramecium aurelia outcompetes Paramecium caudatum.
14 Resource Partitioning The process of different species adapting to reduce interspecific competition. It can allow species with similar to coexist because they use limited resources at different times, in different ways, or in different places.
15 Resource petitioning is a way for species to avoid the Principle of Competitive Exclusion. When the niche of two species overlap, organisms in each species may be more likely to survive if they use the resources in a way that is not in direct competition. Resource Petitioning is an process. Competition AND the environment can limit distributions of organisms
16 Types of Species Interactions Symbiosis: a long lasting relationship in which species live together in intimate association. Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
17 3 Types of Symbiosis Mutualism: two species interacting in a way that. Example: ants live in type of swollen thorn acacia. Tree provides nectar food source and ants defend tree from predators. Commensalism: one organism from another, but that other organism Example: epiphyte growing on a tree (epiphyte benefits & tree not usually affected).
18 3 Types of Symbiosis Parasitism: one organism (parasite) lives on or in part of another organism (host) and, but the host is. Endoparasite: lives inside host (tapeworm) Ectoparasite: lives outside host (lamprey eel, mistletoe)
19 Succession succession: gradual & fairly predictable change in species composition with time. The progression of species that colonize with time are termed early, mid, and late successional species Species: the first species to colonize an area Two kinds of succession: primary succession: establishment of biotic communities in an area where no life existed before; secondary succession: reestablishment of biotic communities in an area where a biotic community was previously present. Hawaii: New Rock Mt. St. Helens
20 Discuss with your table partner: Compare the characteristics of two different trees below and predict which would come earlier in the succession process. Predict which type of tree would tend to be more dominant in the later stage of succession. Be able to explain your answers.
21 Primary Succession Primary succession occurs in areas that are originally lifeless. After Glacial Retreat Examples: newly formed volcanic islands & after the retreat of a glacier Sequence of species colonization: typically lichens & mosses first colonize bare rock ( ); later small herbs & shrubs colonize; Next tree species with high light requirements become established finally tree species with lower light requirements establish a community; New Pond
22 Secondary Succession Secondary succession occurs where an area has been, but some remains. example: abandoned farm fields community: (aka communities). According to the classic view, succession proceeds until an area is occupied by a climax community. Abandoned Farm Field in NC Disturbance
23 Disturbance Disturbance: a discrete event that disrupts an ecosystem or community; Disturbance initiates succession by eliminating part or all of the existing community, & by changing conditions & releasing resources. Natural disturbance: fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, & floods; Human-Caused Disturbance: deforestation, overgrazing, farming;
24 Discuss with your table partner: Through the process of succession, predict what generally happens to each of the following factors over time (from early succession to late succession): o Plant size o Diversity o Number of Ecological Niches o Net Primary Productivity Be able to explain your answers.
25 Ecosystem Changes During Succession acteristic Early Succession Late Succession Plant size small large Species diversity low high Trophic structure mostly producers mixture of producers, consumers, & decomposers Ecological niches few, more generalized many, more specialized Community low high organization (# links) Biomass low high Net Primary high low Productivity Food web simple complex Efficiency for nutrient low high cycling Efficiency of energy use low high
26 Stability of Ecosystems Two key aspects of stability: inertia (or persistence): the ability of a system to resist being ; resilience: the ability of a living system to after a disturbance;
27 Discuss with your table partner whether the following ecosystems would have a high or low inertia and high or low resilience. Tropical rainforest (high biodiversity, poor soil) inertia- resilience- Grasslands (low biodiversity, prone to fires, nutrient rich soil and deep rooted plants) inertia- resilience-
28 In a rainforest, the biotic matter is quickly decomposed and the nutrients are quickly used up. Most of the nutrients are stored in the. Rainforests have poor soil. In the grasslands, there is less biomass and a cold and/or dry season where there is a slower uptake rate. This allows for a of nutrients in the soil. Grasslands have rich soil.
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