Whitefly in the Landscape. April 2012
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1 Catharine Mannion UF/IFAS Tropical Research and Education Center Whitefly in the Landscape April 2012
2 Many species in Florida (> 75) Whiteflies are NOT flies Adults Small, white, moth-like Piercing-sucking mouthparts Excrete honeydew Photos: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
3 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
4
5 Rugose Spiraling Whitefly Bondar s Nesting Whitefly Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Ficus Whitefly
6 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS First detected in Dec 2011, Lee County Three other species known in Florida Not known as economic pest Nuisance??
7 Currently in: Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm Beach, Lee and Collier Counties Hosts Ficus (Banyan, weeping fig, Indian laurel) Avocado, canary laurel, guava, lemon, orange, sapote, surinam cherry, sweetsop, Chinese hibiscus, tilo (stinkwood), Palms (Coconut, Chamaedorea) Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
8 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Bondar s Nesting Whitefly Nymphs
9 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Whitefly nest
10 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Beetle predator, Nephaspis oculatus Wasp parasitoid, Encarsia variegata Beetle larva Whitefly Adult
11 White wax Honeydew Sooty mold
12 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Not whitefly Powdery Mildew
13 ONLY feeds on ficus species Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Damage Yellowing leaves Leaves fall Branches die (highly variable) Photo: A. Roda, USDA APHIS
14 Adult Whitefly (2-4 days) Eggs (10 days) Constant temperature (80º F) 4 th instar puparia (5.8 days) *3rd *2nd 1 st instar crawler (4.2 days) Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS 2 nd -3 rd instars nymphs 2 nd instar 3.7 days; 3 rd instar 3. 3 days Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
15 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Harmonia axyridis Encarsia protransvena Olla v-nigrum Exochomus childreni Chilocorus nigritis Amitus bennetti Curinus coeruleus
16 Live whitefly
17 Parasitized whitefly
18 White ovals on the leaves - adult whiteflies come from these
19 Ficus Whitefly Trapping Adults Mean No. Whitefly per Trap up down east west 100 0
20 Are there whiteflies -??? Breakdown of pesticides (i.e resistance) -??? Cumulative stress Poor planting, age, drought, whiteflies and other insects, disease Importance of nutrition Fertilization; micronutrients (ex: 2 lb N per 1000 sq ft) Disease management Other factors Drought, low use rates
21 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Rugose Spiraling Whitefly First found in Miami on gumbo limbo - Spring 2009 Adult is relatively large and docile
22 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Adult Eggs Rugose Spiraling Whitefly 1 st Instar 4 th Instar 3 rd Instar 2 nd Instar
23 Acalypha wilkesiana (Copperleaf) Bauhinia sp.(orchid tree) Bischofia javanica (Javanese bishopwood) Bougainvillea sp. Bucida buceras (Black olive) Bursera simaruba (Gumbo limbo) Calophyllum species Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) Ceiba sp. Chrysobalanus icaco (Cocoplum) Chrysophyllum oliviforme (Satinleaf) Coccoloba diversifolia (pigeon plum) Coccoloba uvifera (seagrape) Conocarpus erectus (Buttonwood) Cordyline fruticosa (Hawaiian ti) Dracaena marginata Duranta erecta (Golden dewdrops) Ficus aurea (Strangler fig) Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) Ficus carica (Edible fig) Ficus microcarpa (Cuban laurel) Ixora sp. (Jungleflame) Jasminum multiflorum (Star jasmine) Jatropha integerrima (Peregrina) From: I. Stocks, DPI, May2012 Laurus nobilis (Sweet bay, bay laurel) Lysiloma latisiliquum (False tamarind) Lysiloma sabicu (Horseflesh mahogany) Myrica cerifera (Wax myrtle) Ochrosia elliptica (Elliptic yellowwood) Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper) Plumeria pudica (White frangipani) Plumeria rubra (Frangipani) Podocarpus sp. Pongamia pinnata (Karum tree, poonga-oil tree) Quercus virginiana (Live oak) Rosa sp. (Rose) Schefflera actinophylla (Umbrella tree) Simarouba glauca (Paradise tree) Strelitzia nicolai (White bird of paradise) Strelitzia reginae (Bird of paradise) Syzygium cumini (Java plum) Syzygium jambos (Malabar plum, rose apple) Tabebuia species (trumpet tree) Terminalia catappa (Tropical almond)
24 Adonidia merrillii (Christmas palm) Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (Bangalow or King palm) Chamaedorea sp. (Bamboo palm) Cocos nucifera (Coconut palm) Cocothrinax sp. Dictyosperma album (Hurricane palm) Dypsis lutescens (Areca palm) Hyophorbe verschaffeltii (Spindle palm) Manilkara roxburghiana Manilkara zapota (Sapodilla) Phoenix roebelenii (Pigmy palm) Pinanga coronata (Ivory cane palm) Sabal palmetto (Sabal palm) Veitchia sp. Veitchia arecina (Montgomery palm) Washingtonia robusta ( Washington fan palm) Wodyetia bifurcata (Foxtail palm) From: I. Stocks, DPI, May2012
25 Annona sp. (Sugarapple) Basella alba (Malabar spinach) Brassica rapa (Turnip) Citrus sp. (citrus) Cnidoscolus chayamansa (Tree spinach) Cocos nucifera (Coconut palm) Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry) Ficus carica (Edible fig) Inga sp. Leea guineensis (West Indian holly) Mangifera indica (Mango) Manilkara roxburghiana Manilkara zapota (Sapodilla) Melicoccus bijugatus (Spanish lime) Musa sp. (Banana) Ocimum basilicum (Sweet basil) Persea americana (Avocado) Psidium guajava (Guava) Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) Spondias sp. Spondias mombin Spondias purpurea (Purple mombin) Syzygium cumini (Java plum) Syzygium jambos (Malabar plum, rose apple) Vitis rotundifolia (Muscadine) From: I. Stocks, DPI, May2012
26 Albizia lebbeck (Woman s tongue) Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk island pine) Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) Cissus verticillata (Seasonvine) Cnidoscolus chayamansa (Tree spinach) Myrcianthes fragrans (Simpson s stopper) Ocotea coriacea (Lancewood) Pithecellobium keyense (Florida Keys blackbead) Pluchea carolinensis (Cure-forall) Rapanea punctata (Myrsine) Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper) Sideroxylon salicifolium (Willow bustic) Sideroxylon foetidissimum (False mastic) Smilax auriculata (Earleaf greenbrier) Thespesia populnea (Portia tree) Zanthoxylum fagara (Wild lime) Zeuxine strateumatica From: I. Stocks, DPI, May2012
27 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
28 Photos: H. Glenn and C. Mannion UF/IFAS
29 Photos: K. Gabel, Monroe County Extension and C. Mannion and UF/IFAS
30 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
31
32 Wasp parasite Beetle predator Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Lacewing predator
33 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Coccinellid predator Feeds on many whitefly species Well established in Florida for > 25 years Been introduced to other places for control of spiraling whitefly Currently found feeding on Rugose spiraling and Bondar s nesting whiteflies
34 Another common predator Feeds on many whiteflies Commercially available NOT commonly seen feeding on Rugose spiraling whitefly indicating it may not be a suitable natural enemy Photos: BugGuid.net
35
36 Important and necessary component for long-term control Potential natural enemies For each whitefly there are beetle predators and wasp parasitoids currently feeding on the whitefly Potential of predators/parasitoids for closely related whiteflies MUST MATCH THE CORRECT NATURAL ENEMY WITH THE APPROPRIATE PEST
37 Cultural control Alternative plant choices (difficult for rugose spiraling whitefly) Washing plants off with water Small infestations or small plants Must remove the immature stages and eggs.
38 Soaps and oils Strictly contact so thorough coverage is required Several applications are required 7-10 days Phytotoxicity under high temperatures
39 Insecticides Sometimes important in the early management of a pest Appropriate choices of insecticide, formulation, methods of application and frequency of application Effects on natural enemies
40 Insecticides Misuse or overuse can cause problems such as insect resistance, secondary pest problems, environmental contamination, and detrimental effects on non-target organisms Follow label instructions - The site and method of application must be on the label (i.e. landscape, nursery, etc.)
41 Whitefly should be present Foliar insecticides may provide quick control, most will not provide long-term control. Some foliar insecticides (i.e. pyrethroids) may disrupt the natural enemies and should be used very selectively. It is not recommended to use the same insecticide on both the foliage and in the soil
42 Abamectin (Avid) Acetamiprid (TriStar) Azadirachtin (Azatin XL) Bifenthrin (Talstar) Buprofezin, (Talus) Clothianidin (Arena) Endosulfan (Endosulfan; Thiodan) Flonicamid (Aria) Horticultural oil Imidacloprid (Merit, Marathon, Discus, Allectus) Pymentrozine (Endeavor) Pyriproxyfen (Distance) Spiromesifen (Judo) Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard)
43 Foliar Insecticides for Homeowner Use Trade Name(s) Active Ingredient Flower, Fruit & Vegetable Insect Killer (Ortho) Acetamiprid Bug B Gon Max Lawn & Garden Insect Killer (Ortho) Rose & Flower Insect Killer (Bayer Advanced); Lawn & Garden Insect Killer (Schultz) Triazicide Once & Done Insect Killer (Spectracide) Indoor/Outdoor Broad Use Insecticide (Hi-Yield) Yard & Garden Insect Killer (Bonide); Rose & Flower Insect Spray (Spectracide) Bifenthrin Cyfluthrin Lambdacyhalothrin Permethrin Pyrethrin
44 Apply a systemic (neonicotinoid) insecticide to the soil or trunk for longer control Soil application (drench, granular, pellets) Trunk application (basal spray, injection)
45 Systemic Insecticides (Neonicotinoids) Active Ingredient Acetamiprid Trade Names Professional Use TriStar (no soil application) Trade Names Over-the-Counter Ortho Max Flower, Fruit and Vegetable Insect Killer; Ortho Rose Pride Insect Killer Clothianadin Dinotefuran Arena, Aloft Safari, Zylam Green Light Tree & Shrub Insect Control with Safari Imidacloprid Thiamethoxam Merit, Marathon, Coretect, Discus, Allectus, Bandit, several generic labels Flagship, Meridian Bayer Advanced Rose and Flower Insect Killer; Bayer Advanced Tree & Shrub Protect & Feed; Bonide Systematic Insect Control; Ferti- Lome Tree and Shrub Systematic Insect Drench; Ortho Max Tree & Shrub Insect Control
46 Systemic insecticide soil and trunk methods Drench Injection Granular Trunk spray Photos: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS and J. Chamberlin, Valent, Inc.
47 Slide Credit: Presentation by C. Sclar, Longwood Gardens
48 Slide information courtesy C. Sclar. Longwood Gardens
49 K oc Source: Shetlar, Turfgrass Trends, July 2007
50 Applied: May 7, 2011 Buzz Uber (Crop Inspection Service), Walter Albeldano (Valent USA Corp).
51 Important to monitor for active pest populations to determine time of reapplication Rule of Thumb: Do not retreat until the pest population is observed to be increasing again Neonicotinoids (applied as soil or trunk treatments) Generally provide long-term control (6 12 months) Consider a.i., use rate, formulations, timing and environmental conditions
52 Application to fruits Must be on the label to use on edible plants Application to coconuts Landscape: ornamental vs edible plant If the label states you cannot use on edible plant cannot legally use Some labels state can eat fruit one year after application
53 Affects on pollinators (particularly bees) Recent study Neonicotinoid insecticides are toxic to bees High rate - foliar sprays most toxic Systemic applications longer residual Should use lowest effective dose Avoid use on tree species that are highly attractive to pollinators Use after bloom Consider impact of other types of insecticides
54 Whatever control method you use, there will be impact on natural enemies Insecticide use Only use when necessary Use appropriate insecticides and methods of application Only use insecticides as a final option DO EVERYTHING POSSIBLE TO CONSERVE NATURAL ENEMIES
55 Remember - the below symptoms do not stop or go away immediately even if you are controlling the pest Leaf drop White, waxy flock Sooty mold Do not apply additional insecticide unless you are sure it is necessary
56 (consolidated a lot of the whitefly information)
57 Catharine Mannion Research and Extension Specialist Ornamental Entomology University of Florida, IFAS Tropical Research and Education Center SW 280 th Street Homestead, FL
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