VDU Kauno botanikos sodo oranžerijoje auginamų vaistinių augalų kolekcijos įvairovė
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1 VDU Kauno botanikos sodo oranžerijoje auginamų vaistinių augalų kolekcijos įvairovė Judita Varkulevičienė* Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Kauno botanikos sodas Ž. E. Žilibero g. 2, LT Kaunas. El. paštas (Gauta 2016 m. sausio mėn.; atiduota spaudai 2016 m. balandžio mėn.; prieiga internete nuo 2016 m. gegužės 10 d.) Anotacija VDU Kauno botanikos sodo oranžerijoje kaupiami nuo 1923 m. augalai, pasižymintys vaistinėmis savybėmis. Remiantis m. atliktų tyrimų ir stebėjimų duomenimis, įvertinta oranžerijoje auginamų vaistinių augalų kolekcija. Šioje kolekcijoje-ekspozicijoje auginama 113 rūšių augalų iš 53 šeimų. Gausiausios šeimos yra Asparagaceae 10 rūšių, vidutinės 10 šeimų turi po 4 rūšis (Asphodelaceae, Arecaceae, Cactaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Passifloraceae), o mažiausiai turi 15 šeimų po 1 rūšį (Ginkgoaceae, Orchidaceae ir kt.). Iš jų 50 rūšių gresia išnykimas, šios rūšys saugomos ir dauginamos bei platinamos visuomenei. Reikšminiai žodžiai: oranžerija, vaistiniai augalai, sistematinis įvertinimas. Abstract Plants having medicinal properties have been collecting in the conservatory of Kaunas Botanical Garden of VMU since Based on the studies carried out in and on observational data the collection of medicinal plants grown in the conservatory was estimated. 113 species of plants from 53 families are grown in this collectionexposition. The most numerous family is Asparagaceaee 10 species, average 10 families have 4 species (Asphodelaceae, Arecaceae, Cactaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Passifloraceae), and 15 families at least have 1 species (Ginkgoaceae, Orchidaceae). 50 species of them are threatened with extinction, the species are protected, propagated and distributed to the public. Key words: conservatory, medicinal plants, systematic evaluation. Įvadas Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto (VDU) Kauno botanikos sodo oranžerijoje kaupiami nuo 1923 m. augalai, pasižymintys vaistinėmis savybėmis. Kaupiant ir pildant kolekciją pagal geografinius ir morfologinius principus taip pat svarbus ir sistematinis įvertinimas (Ragažinskienė ir kt., 2004). Mokslinę vertę turi kolekcija, kai yra surinktas maksimalus genčių kiekis, kurios išsamiai atspindi genotipo įvairovę. Didelę vertę turi kolekcija, kai joje yra endeminės, reliktinės rūšys, ekonomiškai svarbūs augalai, dekoratyvinės formos. Sėkmingam darbui kolekcijoje būtina sistematiškai įvertinti ją, stebėti augalų bioritmą, fenologiją ir fitosanitarinę būklę. Gaunami vis nauji dekoratyviniai augalai, kurie tiriami, vertinami, teikiamos rekomendacijos auginimo klausimais (Varkulevičienė, Motiejūnaitė, 2008). Interjero augalų introdukcija aprėpia augalų genetinę informaciją, jų paveldimumą ir dirbtinių aplinkos sąlygų sudarymo galimybes. Karšto klimato kraštų augalai, kokie yra ir vaistinių augalų atstovai, oranžerijoje ir interjere neišvengiamai patiria stresą. Auginant šiuos augalus oranžerijose, gyvenamosiose patalpose temperatūra, šviesa, santykinė oro drėgmė yra stresiniai abiotiniai veiksniai. Specifiniai mūsų krašto ir interjero mikroorganizmai (biotiniai veiksniai) taip pat turi įtakos interjero augalų egzistavimui (Šlapakauskas ir kt., 2006). Oranžerijos tikslas kaupti įdomiausią ir gražiausią pasaulio floros augmeniją, ją tirti ir supažindinti studentus, moksleivius bei visuomenę (Varkulevičienė, Motiejūnaitė, 2013). Bėgant metams keitėsi vaistinių augalų priklausomybė vienam ar kitam padaliniui, kolekcionavimo ir eksponavimo vieta ir plotai, keitėsi augalų įvairovė, tai gausėjo, tai nyko. Todėl aktualu peržiūrėti ir įvertinti esamą asortimentą. Darbo tikslas apibendrinti m. VDU Kauno botanikos sodo oranžerijoje auginamą vaistinėmis savybėmis pasižyminčią augalų kolekciją. 389
2 Metodika Tyrimai atlikti m. VDU Kauno botanikos sodo oranžerijoje. Vaistinių savybių turintys augalai auginami visuose šešiuose oranžerijos skyriuose, tiek keturiuose atogrąžų ir dviejuose paatogrąžių skyriuose. Šiuose skyriuose dalis augalų auga grunte, kita dalis vazonuose ar ant stelažų. Aplinkos sąlygos. Oranžerijoje sausųjų atogrąžų skyriuje augalams augti sukurtos ekologinės mikroklimatinės sąlygos, būdingos ir artimos šių augalų kilmės vietoms (Varkulevičienė ir kt., 2006; Šlapakauskas ir kt., 2006). Vaistinių augalų pavadinimai pateikti pagal tarptautinį nomenklatūros kodeksą (Takhtajan, 1997), o teorinės ir taksonominės analizės metodais pagal Stanienę ir Stanį (2000). Augalų sistematinė charakteristika pateikta pagal floristinius fitocenologinius klasifikavimo principus, augalų vardų sąvadus (Cronquist, 1981; Takhtajan, 1997; Griffiths, 1997; APG, 2003). Vaistinių augalų rūšių įvairovė oranžerijoje apibūdinta pagal VLKK pateiktą sąrašą (Toliau svarstomi vaistinių..., 2015). Rezultatai ir jų aptarimas VDU Kauno botanikos sodo oranžerijoje m. tyrėme vaistinių savybių turinčius augalus. Atlikus augalų taksonominę analizę nustatyta, kad augalai išdėstyti pagal jų morfologiją ir biologiją bei ekologines savybes. Keturiuose atogrąžų ir dviejuose paatogrąžių skyriuose auginama 113 rūšių, priklausančių 53 šeimoms. Tai sudaro 30 % visų auginamų augalų oranžerijoje. Tirta augalų galimybė augti ir būti dekoratyviais auginant oranžerijoje. Nustatyta, kad šie augalai oranžerijoje gerai augo, o didžiausią įtaką augalams augti turėjo temperatūra ir šviesos spinduliuotė, todėl būtina augalams sudaryti šiltą (15 25 ºC) ir labai šviesią aplinką (~5000 lx). Pateikiama vaistinių savybių turinčių augalų taksonominė struktūra ir jų asortimentas (1 lentelė). 1 lentelė. Oranžerijoje auginamų vaistinių augalų sistematinė charakteristika, m. Table 1. Systematical characteristics of medicinal plants of the Greenhouse, POLYPODIOPHYTA Cronquist, Takht. et W. Zimm. POLYPODIOPSIDA Cronquist, Takht. et W. Zimm. Pteridaceae Spreng. ex Jamenson Pteris mu1tifida Poir. PINOPHYTA Cronquist, Takht. et W. Zimm. ex Reveal. CYCADOPSIDA Brogn. Cycadales Cycadaceae Pers. Cycas revoluta Thunb Zamiaceae Rchb. Dioön edule Lindl. GINKGOOPSIDA Engl. Ginkgoales Ginkgoaceae Engl. Ginkgo biloba L. PINOPSIDA Burnett PINIDAE PINALES Pinaceae Lindl. Cedrus himalaica L. GNETOPSIDA Ephedraceae Dumort. Ephedra equisetina Bunge MAGNOLIOPHYTA Cronquist, Takht. et W. Zimm. ex Reveal. MAGNOLIOPSIDA Brongn.; MAGNOLIIDAE Novák ex Takht.; Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Juss. Magnolia grandiflora L. LAURALES Lauraceae Juss. Laurus nobilis L., Persea americana Mill. PIPERALES Piperaceae Agardh. Piper longum L. CARYOPHYLLIDAE Takht. Caryophyllales Basellaceae Moq. Anredera scandens L. Basella alba L., Basella rubra L. Cacctaceae Juss. Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Sd.) Coult., Opuntia robusta Wendl. & Pfeiff., Opuntia streptacantha L., Selenicereus grandiflorus (L.) Butt. & Rose 390
3 1 lentelės tęsinys HAMAMELIDIDAE Takht. CASUARINALES DILLENIIDAE Takht. ex Reveal et That. Theales Theaceae G. Don.; Camelia japonica L. Ebenaceae Gürke; Diospyros kaki L., Diospyros lotus L., Diospyros virginiana L. Passifloraceae Juss. Passiflora caerulea L., Passiflora edulis Sims, Passiflora incarnata L., Passiflora quadrangularis L. Caricaceae Dumort. Carica quercifolia Solms, Carica papaya L. Begoniaceae Agardh. Begonia x argenteo-guttata Lemoine, Begonia bowerae Liesenb, Begonia masoniana Irmsch, Begonia rex Putz. Malvaceae Juss. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet, Abutilon mollissimum (Cav.) Sweet, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., Hibiscus syriacus L. Moraceae Link Ficus carica L., Ficus bengalensis L., Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornen., Ficus pumila L., Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbia mammillaris L., Manihot esculenta Crantz. Rosidae Takht. Crassulaceae DC. Bryophyllum daigremontianum A. Berger, Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. Saxifragaceae Juss. Saxifraga stolonifera Meerb. Rosaceae Juss. Myrtaceae Juss. Combretaceae R. Br. Quisqualis indica L. Punicaceae Horan. Punica granatum L. Mimosaceae R. Br. Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae Lindl. Rutaceae Juss. Anacardiaceae Lindl. Geraniacea Juss. Proteaceae Juss. Araliaceae Juss. Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. Acca sellowiana (O. Berg.) Burrett, Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Myrtus communis L., Psidium guajava L. Acacia catechu Willd., Ceratonia siliqua L., Cassia aculeata Benth., Sophora japonica L., Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm) Swingle, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Citrus limon (L.) Burm., Citrus mitis Blanco Pistacia mustica Fisch. et C. A. Mey. Pelargonium graveolens L Hér., Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) L Hér., Pelargonium tomentosum Jacq., Pelargonium radens H.E. Grevillea robusta A. M. Cunn. ex R. Br. x Fatshedera lizei Guill., Fatsia japonica (Thunb.) Decne. et Planch., Hedera helix L. LAMIIDAE Takht. ex Reveal Rubiaceae Juss. Coffea arabica L., Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr., Apocynaceae Juss. Nerium oleander L. Asclepiadaceae R. Br. Asclepias syriaca L., Hoya carnosa (L.) R. Br. Oleaceae Hoffmanns. et Link Jasminum officinale (L.) Kob., Olea europea L. Solanaceae Juss. Datura suaveolens (Hunb.&Bonpl. ex Willd. Boraginaceae Juss. Cordia myxa L. Verbenaceae J. St. Hil. Vitex agnus castus L. Lamiaceae Lindl. Rosmarinus officinalis L. LILIOPSIDA Batsch; LILIIDAE Takht. Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort. Aloe arborescens Mill., Aloe aristata Haw., Aloe variegata L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm. Asparagaceae Juss. Agave americana L., Agave angustifolia Haw., Agave atrovirens Karw.ex Salm-Dyck., Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck., Cordyline australis Hook, Sansevieria trifasciata Prain, Yucca elephantipes Regel., Yucca filimentosa L., Aspidistra elatior Blume, Urginea maritima L. Dioscoreaceae R. Br. Dioscorea bulbifera L. Orchidaceae Juss. Vanilla planifolia Andrews Bromeliaceae Juss. Ananas bracteatus (Lindl.) Roem. et Schult., Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Musaceae Juss. Musa acuminata Colla, Musa x paradisiaca L. Cyperaceae Juss. Cyperus alternifolius L., Cyperus papirus L. Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. Crinum asiaticum L., Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herb., Zephyranthes grandiflora Lindl. 391
4 1 lentelės tęsinys Zingiberaceae Lindl. Alpinia officinarum Hance, Elettaria cardamonum (L.) Maton, Zingiber officinale Roscoe Commelinacea R. Br. Zebrina pendula Schnizl., Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques Poaceae Barnhart. Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. et Zusc. ARECIDAE Takht Arecaceae Schultz-Bipl. Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc., Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R. Br. ex Mart., Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H.A.Wendl., Phoenix dactylifera L. Araceae Juss. Amorphophallus konjac Durieu., Monstera deliciosa Liebm. Pastaba / Note : Taksonominės analizės augalų taksonų sistema: PHYLLIUM (ORDO) SKYRIUS; CLASSIS KLASĖ; SUBCLASSIS POKLASIS; Familia šeima; Genus gentis, species rūšis. Vaistinių augalų taksonominės analizės duomenys šešiose oranžerijos sekcijose pasiskirsto taip: didžiausias taksonų skaičius (31 rūšys) auginamas atogrąžų skyriuje, mažiausias (8 rūšys) atogrąžų miško skyriuje, vidutinis (11 rūšių) drėgnųjų atogrąžų skyriuje, 22 rūšys šiltųjų paatogrąžių skyriuje, 21 rūšis vėsiųjų paatogrąžių skyriuje ir 20 rūšių dykumų ir pusdykumių skyriuje. Gausiausia šeima Asparagaceae Juss. (10 rūšių), vidutinės 10 šeimų turi po 4 rūšis (Arecaceae, Cactaceae, Geraniaceae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae ir kt.), o mažiausiai turi 15 šeimų po 1 rūšį (Dioscoreaceae, Ginkgoaceae, Orchidaceae ir kt.). Vaistiniai augalai palyginti lengvai prisitaiko prie dirbtinių sąlygų. Vegetacijos metu jų augimą ir vystymąsi lemia šiluma ir ypač šviesa. Todėl augalams tinkamiausia C temperatūra, santykinė oro drėgmė %, apšvietimas lx. Auginant tokiomis sąlygomis vaistiniai augalai gali praturtinti patalpų interjerą, kaip dekoratyvūs ir ypatingos priežiūros nereikalaujantys augalai. Dažniausia ir puikiai augančios įvairiose patalpose dvi pelargonijų rūšys: Pelargonium graveolens (vadinama Jeronimu) ir Pelargonium zonale. Šie augalai skleidžia stiprų kvapą lakias biologiškai veiklias medžiagas. Jos padeda pašalinti nervinę įtampą, nuovargį, reguliuoja kraujagyslių veiklą, turi antibakterinių ir antivirusinių savybių. Gydimui naudojami pelargonijos lapai, o taip pat raminančiai veikia augalo kvapas. Išvados Oranžerijoje auginama 113 vaistinių augalų rūšių, priklausančių 53 šeimoms. Gausiausia rūšių kiekį (10) turi Asparagaceae šeima, vidutinį kiekį, po 4 rūšis, turi 10 šeimų (Arecaceae, Cactaceae, Geraniacea, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae ir k), o mažiausiai rūšių turi 15 šeimų po 1 rūšį (Dioscoreaceae, Ginkgoaceae, Orchidaceae ir kt.). Augalai, turintys vaistinių savybių, gali praturtinti patalpų interjerą, kaip dekoratyvūs ir ypatingos priežiūros nereikalaujantys augalai. Jei augalams bus sudarytos šios sąlygos: temperatūra C, santykinė oro drėgmė %, apšvietimas lx. Literatūra 1. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141(4). P Cronquist A. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press Griffiths M. Index of Garden Plants. London Ragažinskienė O., Varkulevičienė J., Stankevičienė A. Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Kauno botanikos sodo oranžerijoje auginamų vaistinių augalų rūšių įvairovė. Medicina, T. 40 Nr. 8. Kaunas, P Stanienė G, Stanys V. Vaisiniai prieskoniniai ir vaistiniai oranžerijų augalai. Babtai Šlapakauskas V. A. Augalų ekofiziologija. Kaunas, Lututė Šlapakauskas V., Varkulevičienė J. Oranžerijos sąlygų įtaka Marantaceae Petersen šeimos augalų augimui, mikoflorai ir fluorescencijai. Vagos: Mokslo darbai. Nr. 69.(22), 1. Kaunas, P Takhtajan A. Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants. New York, Columbia University P
5 9. Toliau svarstomi vaistinių augalų pavadinimai (9). Pakomisių naujienos [interaktyvus]. Prieiga per internetą: Varkulevičienė J., Motiejūnaitė O. Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Kauno botanikos sodo oranžerijos kūrimo raida ir joje auginamų dekoratyvinių augalų tyrimai. Lietuvos biologinė įvairovė. Būklė, struktūra, apsauga. Mokslinių straipsnių rinkinys, Nr.3.Vilnius, P Varkulevičienė J., Ragažinskienė O., Stankevičienė A. Tropinių ir subtropinių juostų flora Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Kauno botanikos sodo oranžerijoje. Vagos: Mokslo darbai. Nr. 69(22), 1. Kaunas, P The Diversity of Medicinal Plant Species Grown in the Greenhouse of Kaunas Botanical Garden of Vytautas Magnus University (Received in January, 2016; Accepted in April, 2016; Available Online from 10 th of May, 2016) Summary Since 1923, the collections of ornamental plants have been saved up and increased in Kaunas Botanical Garden of Vytautas Magnus University. The collections are the constituent part of the scientific investigative work and the object of the research. Plants are grown in 6 sections of the Greenhouse by geographic-climatic principle. Plants have medicinal properties. Based on the studies carried out in the period of and on observational data the collection of medicinal plants grown in the conservatory was estimated. 113 species of plants from 53 families are grown in this collection-exposition. The most numerous family is Asparagaceaee 10 species, average 10 families have 4 species (Asphodelaceae, Arecaceae, Cactaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Passifloraceae), and 15 families at least have 1 species (Dioscoreaceae, Ginkgoaceae, Orchidaceae, Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, etc.). Medicinal plants can relatively easy adapt to the artificial conditions during the growing season of their growth and development due to heat and especially light. Therefore, the most suitable temperature of the plants is C, relative humidity 40 50%, illumination lux. Cultivation of medicinal herbs in such conditions can enrich the interior of the premises as decorative plants and they do not require special care. 393
Vidutinių atogrąžų augalų įvairovė VDU Kauno botanikos sodo oranžerijoje ir jų panaudojimas fitodizaine
Vidutinių atogrąžų augalų įvairovė VDU Kauno botanikos sodo oranžerijoje ir jų panaudojimas fitodizaine Judita Varkulevičienė* Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Kauno botanikos sodas Ž. E. Žilibero g. 6, LT-46324
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