Impacts of climate change on urban biodiversity. Sonja Knapp UFZ, Department Community Ecology

Transcription

1 Impacts of climate change on urban biodiversity Sonja Knapp UFZ, Department Community Ecology

2 Air Soils, Water Air polluted, warm and dry, high CO 2 -content Soils nutrient rich, sealed, compacted and dry Groundwater often low, rivers channeled Figure modified after Sukopp 1973 SEITE 2

3 Temperature, late afternoon Urban heat island Rural Industrial Residential Suburbia Suburbia City centre Park Fields Figure modified after Thüringer Landesanstalt für Umwelt und Geologie, / Heat Island Group

4 Changes in the composition of the flora: Increasing temperatures Decreasing soil and air moisture Increasing CO 2 -concentrations Species composition Functional composition Phylogenetic composition Urban areas are models for future non-urban areas in a warmer climate SEITE 4 Hard to disentangle effects of urban climate vs. climate change on biodiversity

5 Flora of the city of Halle (Saale): 1687 to years in total Pictures: wikipedia.de SEITE 5

6 Quellen: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek; bibliothek.uni-halle.de; SEITE

7 1740 Page 7 Quelle: Kolorierter Kupferstich anno 1740, vermutlich J.D. Schleuen (Verlag)) Berlin; Nachdruck mit Genehmigung des Bildarchivs Preußischer Kulturbesitz

8 2002 Page 8

9 Proportion in the total flora [%] Since the end of the 17th century, many non-native species adapted to high temperatures established in Halle Species increasingly adapted to high temperatures End of 17th century Non-native species Knapp, Kühn, Stolle, Klotz (2010) Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 12,

10 Proportion in the total flora [%] Since the end of the 17th century, many non-native species adapted to dry soils established in Halle Species increasingly adapted to wet soils End of 17th century Non-native species Knapp, Kühn, Stolle, Klotz (2010) Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 12,

11 Buddleja davidii Franch. Adapted to high temperatures and relatively dry soils; Established in Halle since the 2nd half of the 20. century Solidago canadensis L. Adapted to relatively high temperatures; Established in Halle since the first half of the 20th century Railway area, Reutlingen; own picture SEITE 11

12 Senecio inaequidens DC. Adapted to high temperatures and dry soils; Established in Halle since the 2nd half of the 20th century Motorway between Halle and Leipzig; picture: Walter Durka, UFZ SEITE 12

13 Proportion in the total flora [%] Native species adpated to low temperatures were preferably extirpated since the end of the 17th century Species increasingly adapted to high temperatures End of 17th century Extirpated native species Knapp, Kühn, Stolle, Klotz (2010) Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 12,

14 Proportion in the total flora [%] Native species adapted to moist soils were preferably extirpated since the end of the 17th century Species increasingly adapted to wet soils End of 17th century Extirpated native species Knapp, Kühn, Stolle, Klotz (2010) Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 12,

15 Orchis palustris Jacq. Adapted to wet soils; Absent from Halle since the early 19th century Drosera rotundifolia L. Adapted to low temperatures and wet soils; Absent from Halle since the end of the 20th century Trollius europaeus L. Adapted to low temperatures and moist soils; Absent from Halle since the end of the 19th century Pictures: SEITE 15

16 How plants adapt to warm & dry conditions in urban areas Safe water by decreasing transpiration: e.g., with scleromorphic leaves Knapp et al. 2008, Preslia; Picture: SEITE 16

17 Avoid the hottest months: Be short lived: complete your life cycle in the cooler season Survive drought as a seed Flower early or late in the year Knapp et al. 2008, Preslia; Pictures: SEITE 17

18 Same same but different? Phylogenetic diversity measures the evolutionary relatedness of species. Page 18

19 Phylogenetic distinctness of the German flora Phylogenetische Diversität Gesamte Flora urban areas agricultural areas forested/semi-natural areas Germany: Lower phylogenetic diversity in urban than nonurban areas. (Knapp et al. 2008, Ecology Letters) Minnesota/ USA: Lower phylogenetic diversity in urban yards than in natural areas (Knapp et al. 2012, Ecology) This might be driven by closely related non-native species. (Cadotte et al. 2010, Diversity & Distributions 16, ) Page 19

20 Phylogenetic Distinctness of the flora of Halle (Saale) Decrease of phylogenetic diversity in urban areas related to temperature??? Page 20 Knapp et al. in prep.

21 Changes in the composition of the flora: Increasing temperatures Decreasing soil and air moisture Increasing CO 2 -concentrations Species composition Functional composition Phylogenetic composition Urban areas are models for future non-urban areas in a warmer climate Hard to disentangle effects of urban climate vs. climate change on biodiversity SEITE 21

22 Nature-based solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban areas Importance of species functional traits, such as leaf size Importance of how species are planted (e.g., in street canyons) Wania (2007) PhD thesis, Uni Strasbourg SEITE 22 Leuzinger et al. (2010), Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

23 Thank you for attention!