Appendix A: Supplementary Figures A1-A5 and Tables A1-A3 showing the absolute

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1 1 2 3 Appendix A: Supplementary Figures A1-A5 and Tables A1-A3 showing the absolute biomass of organisms, the effect of latitudinal location, the relative biomass of predator species, habitat complexity, listing all species and statistical results. 4 5 Figures Fig. A1. Total biomass (log-transformed, in mg) of predators, detritivores and resources along the habitat size gradient (log-transformed bromeliad volume in l) for A) sites without and B) sites with odonates in the regional species pool. Predator biomass is depicted by open symbols and dashed lines (significantly different slopes = 0.17 ± 0.09 and 0.78 ± 0.11 for sites without and with odonates, respectively. See Table S1 for statistical analysis.), detritivore biomass by grey filled symbols and medium solid lines (slopes = 0.81 ± 0.05 and 0.26 ± 0.09) and resource biomass by black filled symbols and thick solid lines (slopes = 0.75 ± 0.07 and 0.71 ± 0.06). 14 1

2 Fig. A2. The latitudinal location of the sites and predator-detritivore biomass ratios in bromeliads at these sites. Data points represent individual bromeliads and are jittered along the x-axis for illustrative purposes. 2

3 Fig. A3. Odonate presence in individual bromeliads along the habitat size gradient (logtransformed bromeliad volume in l) for those sites with odonates in the regional pool. Data points are jittered along the y-axis for illustrative purposes. The relationship was fitted using a generalized linear model with binomial errors. 3

5 Fig. A4. Relative biomass for the different predator species, ranked by highest relative abundance per site. Relative biomass refers to the predator level only and was calculated per bromeliad, data were then averaged across bromeliads and years per site. Odonate species are shown in red. The species labels refer to the working IDs in Table S1. The Picinguaba site is not shown because it 5

6 34 35 lacks species-specific biomass data (analyses for this small data set are based on species presence/absence and pooled biomass measurements at each trophic level) Fig. A5. Habitat complexity in the bromeliad decreases with increasing habitat size (log- transformed bromeliad volume in l). Complexity is calculated as log10(number of green leaves/bromeliad volume). 43 6

7 Tables Table A1. List of invertebrate species present in the bromeliads at our sites based on the surveys in this study. Many species were identified to species level but were distinguished using morphological characters and were assigned a unique Working ID (except for species in the small data set from the Picinguaba site). The morphological and molecular identification of those species is ongoing. Species were assigned to one of two trophic levels: P = Predator, D = Detritivore. Site Cardoso, Higher taxonomic group Family/Subfamily Species Working ID Copelatus Trophic level Brazil Coleoptera Dytiscidae bimaculatus Coleoptera.46 P Coleoptera Hydrophilidae/Omicrini NA (adult) Coleoptera.48a D Coleoptera Hydrophilidae/Omicrini NA (larvae) Coleoptera.48b P Coleoptera Scirtidae Scirtes sp. Coleoptera.34 D Coleoptera Scirtidae Scirtes sp. Coleoptera.35 D Ceratopogonidae Atrichopogon sp..349 D Ceratopogonidae Dasyhelea sp..4 D Forcipomyia Ceratopogonidae (Phytohelea) sp..353 D Chironomidae Limnophyes sp..351 D Monopelopia aff. Chironomidae Chironomidae Chironomidae caraguata.175 P Polypedilum marcondesi.206 D Polypedilum kaingang.207 D 7

8 Chironomidae Tanytarsus sp..263 D Chironomidae/Orthocladiinae NA.191 D Corethrella Corethrellidae infuscata.88 P Culicidae Anopheles bellator.10 D Culex (Microculex) Culicidae Culicidae sp..92 D Culex (Microculex) sp..350 D Culicidae Wyeomyia sp..307 D Ephydridae NA.352 D Psychodidae NA.215 D Sciaridae NA.232 D Syrphidae NA.355 D Tabanidae NA.248 P Tabanidae NA.246 P Tipulidae Trentepohlia sp..274 D Tipulidae Trentepohlia sp..293 D Hirudinea NA NA Hirudinea.4 P Leptagrion Odonata Trichoptera Coenagrionidae Calamoceratidae andromache Odonata.5 P Phylloicus bromeliarum Trichoptera.1 D Dominica Coleoptera Hydrophilidae/Sphaeridiinae NA Coleoptera.38 P Coleoptera Ptilodactylidae NA Coleoptera.22 D Coleoptera Scirtidae Scirtes sp. Coleoptera.26 D Ceratopogonidae Bezzia sp..21 P Ceratopogonidae/Forcipomyiinae NA.153 D 8

9 Chironomidae Larsia/Monopelopia sp..161 P Chironomidae Metriocnemus sp..172 D Chironomidae NA.70 D Chironomidae Polypedilum sp..205 D Tanytarsus Chironomidae Corethrellidae bromelicola.262 D Corethrella caribbeana.84 P Culicidae Culex bisulcatus.95 D Culicidae Wyeomyia greyii.304 D NA NA.182 D NA NA.183 D Sphaeroceridae NA.235 D Stratiomyidae NA.239 D Tipulidae Dolichopeza sp..126 D Tipulidae Limonia sp..165 D Trentepohlia Tipulidae dominicana.292 D Tipulidae/Hexatominae NA.160 D Oligochaeta Enchytridae NA Oligochaeta.8 D Platyhelminthes Planariidae Planaria sp. Platyhelminthes.1 P Platyhelminthes Planariidae Planaria sp. Platyhelminthes.2 P Platyhelminthes Planariidae Planaria sp. Platyhelminthes.3 P Platyhelminthes Planariidae Planaria sp. Platyhelminthes.4 P Honduras Coleoptera Scirtidae Ora sp. Coleoptera.45 D Aulacigastridae Aulacigaster.346 D Ceratopogonidae NA.323 D 9

10 Ceratopogonidae NA.324 D Ceratopogonidae NA.325 D Chironomidae NA.318 D Chironomidae NA.319 D Chironomidae NA.320 P Chironomidae NA.321 D Chironomidae NA.322 D Culicidae Aedes sp..328 D Culicidae Aedes sp..329 D Culicidae Culex sp..327 D Culicidae Toxorhychites sp..330 P Culicidae Wyeomia sp..331 P Dolichopodidae NA.343 P NA NA.341 D NA NA.342 P NA NA.344 D Psychodidae NA.340 D Psychodidae Telmatoscopus sp..339 D Sciaridae NA.345 D Syrphidae Copestylum sp..335 D Syrphidae Copestylum sp..336 D Syrphidae Copestylum sp..337 D Syrphidae Copestylum sp..338 D Syrphidae Copestylum sp..333 D Syrphidae Meromacrus sp..334 D Syrphidae Ocyptamus sp..332 P Tabanidae NA.347 P Tipulidae Trentepohlia sp..326 D 10

11 Oligochaeta Enchytridae NA Oligochaeta.15 D Platyhelminthes NA NA Platyhelminthes.13 P Macae, Brazil Coleoptera Elmidae NA Coleoptera.14 D Coleoptera Hydrophilidae NA Coleoptera.18 P Coleoptera Scirtidae Scirtes sp. Coleoptera.27 D Coleoptera Scirtidae Scirtes sp. Coleoptera.28 D Coleoptera Scirtidae Scirtes sp. Coleoptera.29 D Coleoptera Scirtidae Scirtes sp. Coleoptera.30 D Ceratopogonidae Atrichopogon sp..15 P Ceratopogonidae Bezzia sp..46 P Ceratopogonidae Bezzia sp..47 P Ceratopogonidae Bezzia sp..48 P Ceratopogonidae Bezzia sp..50 P Ceratopogonidae Culicoides sp..45 P Ceratopogonidae Forcypomyia sp..115 P Ceratopogonidae NA.49 P Ceratopogonidae NA.51 P Chironomidae Larsia sp..65 P Chironomidae NA.354 D Chironomidae Polypedilum sp..64 D Chironomidae Polypedilum sp..66 D Chironomidae Polypedilum sp..68 D Chironomidae Tanytarsus sp..67 D Corethrellidae Corethrella sp..86 P Culicidae Culex sp..101 D Culicidae Culex sp..102 D Culicidae Culex sp..103 D 11

12 Culicidae Culex sp..104 D Culicidae Culex sp..105 D Culicidae Culex sp..106 D Culicidae Microculex sp..113 D Culicidae Toxorhynchites sp..284 P Culicidae Wyeomyia sp..300 D Empididae NA.133 D Empididae NA.134 D Empididae NA.135 D Ephydridae NA.143 D Ephydridae NA.144 D Psychodidae NA.219 D Syrphidae NA.355 D Tabanidae NA.251 P Tabanidae NA.252 P Tabanidae NA.253 P Tipulidae NA.278 D Odonata Coenagrionidae Leptagrion sp. Odonata.3 P Picinguaba, Brazil Coleoptera Scirtidae Scirtes sp. NA D Ceratopogonidae NA NA D Chironomidae NA NA D Chironomidae NA NA D Chironomidae/Tanypodinae NA NA P Corethrelidae NA NA P Culicidae NA NA D Culicidae NA NA D Culicidae NA NA D 12

13 NA NA NA D NA NA NA D NA NA NA D Psychodidae NA NA D Tabanidae NA NA P Tipulidae NA NA D Tipulidae NA NA D Odonata NA NA NA P Trichoptera NA NA NA D Costa Rica Coleoptera Dytiscidae NA Coleoptera.13 P Coleoptera Scirtidae NA Coleoptera.31 D Ceratopogonidae NA.39 P Ceratopogonidae NA.40 P Ceratopogonidae NA.41 P Chironomidae Chironomus sp..81 D Chironomidae Monopelopia sp..257 P Chironomidae NA.54 D Chironomidae NA.55 D Chironomidae NA.57 D Chironomidae NA.56 D Chironomidae Polypedilum sp..203 D Chironomidae/Orthocladiinae NA.188 D Corethrellidae Corethrella sp..85 P Culicidae Anopheles kompii.11 D Culicidae Anopheles neivai.12 D Culex Culicidae daumastocampa.96 D Culicidae Culex jenningsi.97 D 13

14 Culicidae Orthopodomyia sp..192 D Culicidae Toxorhynchites sp..282 P Culicidae Wyeomyia abebela.296 D Wyeomyia Culicidae Culicidae circumcincta.297 D Wyeomyia melanopus.298 D Dolichopodidae NA.124 D Ephydridae NA.136 D NA NA.120 D NA NA.121 D NA NA.122 D NA NA.118 D NA NA.119 D NA NA.117 D NA NA.311 D Periscelididae NA.196 D Psychodidae Pericoma sp..209 D Syrphidae Copestylum sp..82 D Syrphidae NA.243 D Syrphidae NA.310 D Stibasoma Tabanidae fulvohirtum.237 P Tipulidae NA.270 D Tipulidae NA.271 D Tipulidae NA.314 D Tipulidae NA.315 D Tipulidae Trentepholia sp..269 D 14

15 Hirudinea NA NA Hirudinea.1 P Hirudinea NA NA Hirudinea.2 P Hirudinea NA NA Hirudinea.3 P Mecistogaster Odonata Pseudostigmatidae modesta Odonata.4 P Oligochaeta NA NA Oligochaeta.14 D Oligochaeta Naididae Aulophorus sp. Oligochaeta.13 D Platyhelminthes NA NA Platyhelminthes.11 D Platyhelminthes NA NA Platyhelminthes.10 D Platyhelminthes NA NA Platyhelminthes.12 D Unknown NA NA Unknown.1 D Unknown NA NA Unknown.2 D Unknown NA NA Unknown.3 D Puerto Rico Coleoptera Ptilodactylidae NA Coleoptera.22 D Coleoptera Scirtidae Scirtes sp. Coleoptera.26 D Ceratopogonidae Bezzia sp..21 P Ceratopogonidae/Forcipomyiinae NA.153 D Ceratopogonidae/Forcipomyiinae NA.154 D Ceratopogonidae/Forcipomyiinae NA.155 D Ceratopogonidae/Forcipomyiinae NA.149 D Ceratopogonidae/Forcipomyiinae NA.150 D Ceratopogonidae/Forcipomyiinae NA.151 D Ceratopogonidae/Leptoconopinae NA.384 P Chironomidae Boreochlus.sp..387 D Chironomidae Metriocnemus sp..174 D Chironomidae Metriocnemus sp..385 D Chironomidae Monopelopia sp..177 P Chironomidae Paratanytarsus sp..388 D 15

16 Chironomidae Smittia sp..386 D Chironomidae Stempellinella sp..389 D Tanytarsus Chironomidae bromelicola.390 D Corethrellidae Corethrella belkini.83 P Culex Culicidae antillummagnorum.93 D Culicidae Culex sp..391 D Toxorhynchites Culicidae guadeloupensis.280 P Culicidae Wyeomyia sp..301 D Muscidae NA.394 D Phoridae NA.395 D Psychodidae Alepia zavortinkii.9 D Psychodidae NA.210 D Psychodidae NA.220 D Rhagionidae NA.229 P Scatopsidae NA.231 D Sphaeroceridae NA.392 D Sphaeroceridae NA.393 D Sphaeroceridae NA.235 D Stratiomyidae NA.239 D Tipulidae Brachypremna sp..396 D Tipulidae Limonia sp..165 D Tipulidae NA.397 D Trentepohlia Tipulidae dominicana.292 D Tipulidae/Hexatominae NA.160 D 16

17 Oligochaeta Enchytridae NA Oligochaeta.8 D Aulophorus Oligochaeta Naididae superterrenus Oligochaeta.2 D Platyhelminthes NA NA Platyhelminthes.5 P Platyhelminthes NA NA Platyhelminthes.7 P Saba Stratiomyidae NA.240 D Ceratopogonidae Bezzia sp..18 P Ceratopogonidae Culicoides sp..1 P Ceratopogonidae NA.43 P Ceratopogonidae/Forcipomyiinae NA.153 D Ceratopogonidae/Forcipomyiinae NA.154 D Ceratopogonidae/Forcipomyiinae NA.155 D Ceratopogonidae/Leptoconopinae NA.294 D Larsia/Monopelopia Chironomidae sp..256 P Chironomidae Metriocnemus sp..173 D Chironomidae Polypedilum sp..205 D Tanytarsus Chironomidae bromelicola.262 D Culicidae Culex bisulcatus.95 D Toxorhynchites Culicidae guadeloupensis.280 P NA NA.182 D Sphaeroceridae NA.235 D Tipulidae Limonia sp..165 D Trentepohlia Tipulidae dominicana.292 D Tipulidae/Hexatominae NA.160 D 17

18 Oligochaeta Enchytridae NA Oligochaeta.6 D Aulophorus Oligochaeta Naididae superterreneus Oligochaeta.13 D Platyhelminthes NA NA Platyhelminthes.6 P Table A2. Results of the linear mixed effects model analysis testing main effects and two-way interactions on the absolute biomass of resources, detritivores and predators in each bromeliad (all log-transformed) with site as a random effect. Habitat size = log-transformed bromeliad volume [ml], df= degrees of freedom (numerator df, denominator df). P values <0.05 printed in bold. Biomass Biomass resources detritivores Biomass predators df F P df F P df F P Latitude 1, , , Odonate presence 1, , , < <0.00 1,53 <0.00 Habitat size 1, , Latitude x Habitat , size 1, , Odonate presence x ,53 <0.00 Habitat size 1, ,

19 Table A3. Results of the linear mixed effects model analysis testing main effects and two-way interactions on biomass ratios (log-transformed) with site as a random effect. Here, we test the effect of tabanid presence in the regional pool instead of odonate presence. Habitat size = logtransformed bromeliad volume [ml], df= degrees of freedom (numerator df, denominator df). P values <0.05 printed in bold. Detritivore-resource ratio df F P df F P Predator-detritivore ratio Latitude 1,3 Tabanid presence 1,3 1, , , Habitat size < , , Latitude x Habitat size Tabanid presence x 0 1, , Habitat size ,

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD TO MONGOLIAN GUIDE... iv... 1 AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES... 10 Key to Aquatic Invertebrates... 12 Non-Insect Invertebrate Descriptions... 23 Other Commonly Encountered Invertebrates