(anthophiles) (myophile) (Nematocera) (Brachycera) (Syrphidae) (Bombyliidae) (Muscoidae) (myophily flower) (Angiosperm)

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1 anthophiles myophile Nematocera Brachycera Syrphidae Bombyliidae Muscoidae myophily flower Angiosperm 1. Kukalova-Peck, 1991; Labandeura,

2 pollination Brachycera praecursor Deronian Kevan et al. R. praecursor Brewer1994 pollination Rhyniella Anthophile 73

3 1994 Brewer, coevolution Bombus spp. glossa interspecific variation Brewer, Pollenbee vs. Honeybee Knuth competition mutualism

4 2003 np pp mt st. ov ba + Apidae Megachilidae Halictidae + + Andrenidae + + Bombilidae + + Melittidae + Colletidae + Bethylidae + + Formicidae + + +? Meeuse 2004 Vallisneria americana M i c h x. Hydrocharitaceae

5 2004 Apis cerana cerana Fabr. Apis mellifera L. Apis dorsata Fabr. Apis florae Fabr. Trigona sp. Melipona sp. Nomia sp. melanderi Bombus sp ,000 3,000 Xylocopa sp. Xylocopa apendiculata Smith 67 Amegilla sp. Amegilla zonata L. Megachile rotundata F Megachile sp. Megachile rotundata Fabr. Megachile remota Smith Megachile manchuriana Yasumatsu Andrena sp. Andrena carbonaria Fabr. Andrena albotascita Thoms 16 Osmia sp. Os-mia cornifrons Radoszkowaki Osmia excavate Alfken Osmia pedicornis Cockerell Osmia jacoti Cockerell Osmia Taurus Smith 5 Philodendron pinnatifidumjacq. Knuth, Rohdea japonica Roth. Knuth1909 Meeuse1961 2, Grand Grant1965 Phlox Alocorn

6 Kerner1897 Shemetkov R. J. Knght, Jr. Bombacopsis 2004 spp

7 crossfertilization 1. alfalfa butterfly, Colias eurytheme, sucking proboscis daisy 2. Apis mellifera, 3. et al., Sakagame Van Schaik et al.,

8 Ren, Tabanidae Palaepangonius euperus 3 Nemestrinidae Protonemestrius jurassicus period Jurasic Protonemestrius jurassicus Palaepangonius euperus Ren, 1998 LB Ren, Protonemestrius jurassicus Ren, 1998 LB Ren, Protonemestrius jurassicus Ren, 1998 LB Ren, Protapiocera megista Ren, LB Ren,

9 Apioceridae Protapiocera megista 6 Brassicaceae Asteraceae 25 2 Nematocera Brachycera Chen et al., 1994 Ta b a n i d a e Syrphidae Apiaceae Euphorbiaceae Rosaceae Saxifragaceae Muscoidea

10 2004 Polemoniaceae Scrophulariaceae Primulaceae Brassicaceae Lamiaceae Asteraceae 4047m Medicago sativa L Prunus amygdalus Batsch Trifolium hybridum L Malus sylvestris Mill Persea Americana Mill Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Prunus spp Citrus spp Gossypium spp Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait Cucumis sativus L Vitus spp Litchi chinensis Sonn 14. Mangifera indica L Cucumis melo L Alliumcepa L Prunus persica Batsch Pyrus spp Prunus spp Cucurbita spp Brassica spp Fragaria ananassa Duch Helianthus annuus L Vicia spp Citrullus lanatus Mansf Camellia sinensis O. Kuntze * 81

11 Kevan et al., 2001 np pp mt st. ov ba Anisopodidae + + Bibionidae + Blepharoceridae + Cecidomyiidae + + Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae Culicidae Mycetophilidae + + Psychodidae + Ptychopteridae + Scatopsidae + + Simuliidae + Tipulidae + np nectarophagous; pp pollenophagous; mt mate; st shelter; ov ovipositing; ba basking. Kevan et al., 2001 np pp mt st ov ba Acroceridae Apioceridae Asilidae + Athericidae + Dolichopodidae + Empididae Mydidae + Nemestrinidae + + Pelecorhynchidae + Rhagionidae + Stratiomyidae + Tabanidae + + Therevidae + Lonchopteridae + Pipunculidae + Phoridae

12 Bombyliidae Syrphidae Agromyzidae + Carnidae + Chloropidae + + Chyromyidae + Conopidaeu + + Coelopidae + Drosophilidae + + Ephydridae + Heleomyzidae + Milichiidae + + Otitidae + Piophilidae + Sciomyzidae + Sepsidae + Sphaeroceridae + Calliphoridae + + Anthomyiidae Muscidae Tachinidae + Sarcophagidae + + Scatophagidae np nectarophagous; pp pollenophagous; mt mate; st shelter; ov ovipositing; ba basking. Ranunculaceae Caryophyllaceae Rosaceae Myophily flower Rafflesia sp. Rafflesiaceae Calliphoridae Beaman et al.,

13 Alocasia odora Miyake, 2003 chemical mimicry Kevan et al., 2001 Lachance et al., : : Beaman R. S., P. J. Decker, J. H. Beaman Pollination of Rafflesia Rafflesiaceae. Am. J. Bot. 75: Brewer, J. W Insect pollination of plants. pp In H. E. Evans, ed. Insect biology : A textbook of Entomology. Addision-Wesley publishing public, Canada. 436pp. 9.Kevan, P. G., B. M. H. Larson, and D. W. Inouye Flies and flowers taxonomic diversity of anthophiles and pollinators. Can. entomol Labanderira, C. C How old is the flower and the fly? Science Lachance M. A., W. T. Starmer, C. A. Rosa, J. M. Bowles, J. S. F. Barker, D. H. Janzen Biogeography of the yeasts of ephemeral flowers and their insects. FEMS Yeast Reserch 1. In press 12.Miyake T., M. Yafuso Floral scents affect reproductive success in fly-pollinated Alocasia odora Araceae. Am. J. Bot. 903: Ren, D Flowerassociated Brachycera flies as fossil evidence for Jurassic angiosperm origins. Science

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