Agriculture and Range - Plant Notes

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1 SPOTTER S NETWORK Agriculture and Range - Plant Notes Baby s Breath (Gypsophila paniculata) ID KEY: Distinctive delicate white flowers in clusters Grows to 1 m tall with a deep root system Linear leaves are opposite and hairless, with a prominent mid-vein Seedling plants emerge in early May and develop only one shoot the first year. Habitat: Occurs on a wide variety of habitats but prefers coarse-textured soils; most aggressive in areas with low rainfall. and Asia Distribution: Okanagan and Kootenay-Boundary regions Other: Baby's breath is used as a garden ornamental and extensively in the floral industry for bouquets. Spread: Reproduction with seeds; an average plant producing 13,700 seeds. Blueweed (Echium vulgare) ID KEY: Stems covered in stiff hairs with swollen reddish to black bases where attached to stem that form noticeable flecks. Hairs are painful to the touch. Biennial to short-lived taprooted perennial Basal rosette in first year (spring) Growing to 0.3 to 0.8 meters tall by late June Flowers are initially reddish, later turning deep blue to purple with white centers Flowers are only on the upper sides of short, rough stems Rough hairy leaves which become progressively smaller towards the top of the plant Habitat: Blueweed grows in dry roadsides, disturbed habitats, rocky pastures, and rangelands at low to mid-elevations in British Columbia. Distribution: Blueweed is in the central and south central areas of the province, it is a major concern in the Kootenay, Okanagan, Thompson, and Cariboo regions. Other: Blueweed invades rangelands, pastures, roadsides and idle areas particularly on coarse, sandy to gravely soils. Blueweed is not usually found in cultivated crops, but can invade rangelands and pastures. Seeds can contaminate clover and other crop seeds. Spread: Blueweed spreads via seed; it produces 500 to 2,000 seeds per plant. Most plants grow near a parent plant, seeds stick to clothing and animals. Similar species: Arctic lupine, Silky lupine 1

2 Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense var. horridum) ID KEY: Flower heads are spineless and small compared to other thistles and there are no spines on the stem This perennial thistle has purple (sometimes white) flowers, smaller than most thistle flowers Spiny, dark-green, oblong leaves growing directly from the stem Mature plants can be 0.3 to 2 m in height and have both horizontal and vertical roots This is the only thistle with male and female flowers on separate plants Habitat: Prefers rich loam soil, ample precipitation, and is somewhat shade intolerant, but it has adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions /Asia Distribution: Canada thistle is widespread in all areas of British Columbia, and is considered a major concern in the Omineca and Peace River regions. Other: This thistle infests crops, pastures, rangelands, roadsides, and riverbanks. Thistle thickets can restrict recreational access to infested areas. Spread: Plants average about 1,500 seeds per plant which do not usually remain viable after three years. However, it spreads rapidly through horizontal roots (rhizomes) that give rise to shoots and can form dense patches and virtual monocultures. Common Bugloss (Anchusa officinalis) ID KEY: Lance-shaped fleshy leaves are covered with stiff hairs Deep purple to blue flowers with white centers Deep taprooted perennial with hairy, angular stems growing to 0.6 meters tall Flower stems, initially coiled like a fiddleneck, straighten out as each bud opens Four nut-like seeds produced per flower Forms a rosette of basal leaves in its first year; a blue-purple flowered stalk in its second year and multiple stalks in subsequent years. Similar species: Blueweed (Echium vulgare) but report either! Habitat: Prefers dry, sandy to gravelly soils Origin: Mediterranean Distribution: In BC, the largest infestations known are north-east of Rock Creek and east of Kelowna in the Rutland - Black Mountain areas. Sightings have also been reported on Big White Mountain Road east of the Kettle River, west of Keremeos and in the Osoyoos area. Other: Concern to alfalfa production because the succulent leaves and stalks mould the hay once it is baled. Spread: Average seed production is in excess of 900 seeds per plant 2

3 Common Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) ID KEY: Common tansy is often confused with tansy ragwort, common tansy has no ray flowers whereas tansy ragwort does Aromatic perennial growing to 0.4 to 1.5 m in height Upright stems are often purplish red and dotted with glands Deeply divided dark green leaves; almost fern-like in appearance Yellow "disc" flowers in cluster at top of plant; no ray flowers Habitat: Common tansy grows at low to mid-elevations along roadsides, stream banks, in disturbed habitats, and pastures; it grows best in full sun and in fertile, well-drained soil. /Asia Distribution: Common tansy is found in the following regions: Bulkley-Nechako, Central Kootenay, Columbia-Shuswap, East Kootenay, and North Okanagan Regional Districts, and within Greater Vancouver, Fraser Valley, southeast coast of Vancouver Island, Gulf Islands, Sunshine Coast, and Squamish/Pemberton. It is considered a major concern in the Kootenay, Okanagan, and Omineca regions. Other: Undesirable forage and may be toxic to livestock, it can be toxic to humans if large quantities are consumed Spread: Common Tansy spreads by seed and roots. Seed can be transported on animals, clothing and vehicles. Seeds can remain viable for up to 25 years; therefore, stopping seed spread is a main concern. Dalmatian Toadflax (Linaria genistifolia spp. dalmatica) ID KEY: Flowers are bright yellow and resemble snapdragons. Common (Yellow) toadflax is similar but has more linear, pointed leaves that do not clasp the stem. Borad, waxy leaves that clasp the stem Grows up to 1.2 m tall Habitat: Grows in grasslands, forest-grasslands, and disturbed areas Distribution: Grows throughout BC Other: Introduced as a garden ornamental Spread: Spreads by seeds and vegetatively from roots. A mature plant can produce up to 500,000 seeds annually. Seeds remain viable for up to 10 years. 3

4 Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) ID KEY: Flower-heads with small, sharp, rigid spines Thought to be hybridizing with spotted knapweed making identification difficult at times, but can be identified from other knapweed spp. by the terminal spine on the floral bract, occasionally has pink flowers Biennial to short-lived perennial, first year in a basal rosette, see top left of slide Heavily branched, taprooted Grows to 0.6 to 1m in height Divided leaves grayish-green in colour, hairy Habitat: Diffuse knapweed occurs on dry and disturbed sites, over grazed areas, and areas with poor soil quality. Distribution: Diffuse knapweed is well established in many regions of southern BC Other: Diffuse Knapweed is highly competitive, it reduces productivity of rangeland and quickly invades disturbed plant communities thus reducing biodiversity, and increasing soil erosion. It emits a toxin called catechin into the soil, which can kill native plants. Diffuse Knapweed is one of 13 "knapweed" species in British Columbia. Spread: By seeds Field Scabious (Knautia arvense) ID KEY: large violet to pink, clover-like flowers at the ends of long leafless stalks Perennial Stems are upright and hairy with coarsely toothed, feather-shaped leaves Well developed, woody taproot Habitat: Found on roadsides, pastures, and fields at mid-elevations. escaped ornamental Distribution: Present the Cariboo and Peace agricultural regions and is most troublesome in the Kootenays, Okanagan, Thompson, and Omineca regions. Other: It competes with forage stands and native pastures and is capable of invading undisturbed plant communities. Once established, field scabious is difficult to eradicate. It is sometimes planted as an ornamental and to attract butterflies. Spread: Each plant can produce up to 2000 seeds that mostly fall near the parent plant but seeds can also be spread by birds and human activities. The seeds remain viable in the soil for many years. 4

5 Hoary Alyssum (Berteroa incana) ID KEY: It is difficult to differentiate hoary alyssum from other similar species. All similar species can be differentiated by seed head size and shape, number of seeds per chamber, flower colour, or location of pods on the stem. Annual to short-lived perennial in the Mustard Family Growing erect to 0.7 m tall Whole plant covered with whitish star-shaped hairs Upper leaves are elliptic and clasp the stem Flowers are white and have deeply notched petals Oval seedpods are 5 to 8 mm long, somewhat flattened and held close to the stem Habitat: Prefers dry or gravelly soils and direct sunlight. It is generally found at low to mid elevations in disturbed plant communities, roadside ditches, embankments, and heavily grazed pastures. Distribution: Currently found in south-central and southeastern BC including the Okanagan, Cariboo, Boundary, Thompson, and Kootenay areas. Other: Can invade dry land, irrigated alfalfa fields, and rangelands and tends to increase in forage crops following periods of drought or winterkill; infestations can reduce hay quality and value. It can displace weak plant communities; however, hoary alyssum s potential to invade healthy, natural plant communities is unknown. It is toxic to horses, even when dried in hay. Spread: Seed is dispersed as a contaminant in hay and spread by vehicles, equipment, footwear, wildlife, and birds. Hound s-tongue (Cynoglossum officinale) ID KEY: Distinct reddish-purple, five-petal flowers. Each flower produces four rounded-triangular nutlets covered in hooked prickles. Biennial, or short-lived perennial In its first year, hound's-tongue forms a rosette with leaves shaped like a dog's tongue. Mature plants grow from 0.3 to 1.2 m tall and have rough, hairy, wide leaves Hound's-tongue has a woody taproot Habitat: In British Columbia, hound's-tongue grows from grasslands to mid-elevation forests. It is found on dry sites on pastures, roadsides, and logged-over forestland, primarily in the southern Interior. Origin: Asia, Africa, Europe Distribution: It is a major concern in the Kootenay, Okanagan, Thompson, and Cariboo areas. 5

6 Other: Hound's-tongue decreases forage on rangeland and pastures. The plant causes liver damage in grazing animals usually through infested hay as standing plants are seldom grazed. The barbed seeds easily cling to the hair, wool, and fur of animals, resulting in reduced sale value, stress on animals, and increased veterinary costs. Although medicinal properties are purported, it is not recommended for human consumption. Spread: Each year a mature plant can produce up to 2,000-4,000 velcro-like seeds that are spread great distances by humans, livestock, and wildlife. Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) ID KEY: Inconspicuous greenish yellow flowers Perennial with creeping root system Grows to 0.7m tall Leaves spirally arranged up the stalk Habitat: Grows in areas of full sunlight and dry soil but can tolerate a variety of habitats, such as roadsides. It occurs in agricultural areas, natural forests, range/grasslands, rural/disturbed, scrub/shrublands, and urban areas. /Asia Distribution: There are isolated infestations of leafy spurge throughout southern and central BC. Other: Ranked as one of the 100 most invasive species in the world World Conservation Union. The stems contain white milky latex, an irritant to skin and grazing animals. An infestation of leafy spurge eliminates forage-worthy grasses while providing no nutritional value. Spread: Leafy spurge develops an extensive root system that can reach 4.5 m below the soil surface and up to 10 m laterally. It out-competes native vegetation by consuming available water and nutrients, sprouting new plants out of the existing root system, and by shading sunlight and excreting toxins that inhibit growth of surrounding plants. By midsummer, Leafy Spurge produces high yields of pollen and seed, up to 3,400 pounds of seed per acre. Marsh Plume Thistle (Cirsium palustre) ID KEY: Slender stems are strongly spiny-winged and are usually unbranched except the upper portion which terminates in clusters of purple flower heads Biennial growing erect to about 1.5 m Bracts at the base of the flowers are sticky and tipped with a long spine Deep segmented, spine-tipped leaves are somewhat hairy on the underside and have prominent woody veins 6

7 Seeds are straw-coloured, mm long, with a 9 10 mm long tawny pappus Fibrous root structure Habitat: Grows in moist woodlands, riparian areas, roadsides and pastures on both disturbed and undisturbed sites. Distribution: Actively contained and monitored at sites in Coastal BC, near Revelstoke, and Vernon. It is a noxious weed in the Bulkley-Nechako and Fraser-Ft. George Regional Districts and has been increasing recently in east-central B.C. The majority of sites are located in the central interior. Other: Marsh plume thistle plants replace native vegetation in open, undisturbed, natural areas including wet meadows, fields, and riparian areas; thereby reducing native species and threatening natural diversity. Additionally, they form dense clumps in cut blocks, competing for moisture and nutrients with tree seedlings planted for reforestation. Tall stems can lead to snow press, permanently damaging tree seedlings. Spread: Reproduction by seed dispersed by wind and water as well as ingestion and deposit by birds. Meadow Knapweed (Centaurea debeauxii) ID KEY: Can be distinguished from other knapweeds by the tan to brown fringe on the seedhead bracts. Also, flower heads are larger and rounder than those of spotted knapweed. Solitary purple flowerheads at the ends of the upper branches. Stem leaves are lance-shaped, shallowly-lobed and stalkless Habitat: Prefers moister, cooler conditions than other knapweeds. Distribution: Found in the West Kootenay, Coast and Vanderhoof regions Other: Meadow Knapweed is a fertile hybrid between black (C. nigra) and brown (C. jacea) knapweeds. Knapweed invasions cause losses averaging up to 63 percent of available grazing forage. Spread: Spreads by seeds Orange Hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum) ID KEY: Flowering stalks are covered in stiff black hairs Fibrous rooted perennial with above ground runners Vibrant orange flowers (it is the only hawkweed species with orange flowers) Grows 30 to 60 cm tall Leaves mostly basal Flower stalks are leafless 7

8 Habitat: grows at low- to mid-elevations, usually in open areas such as pastures, meadows, clearings, roadsides, and disturbed sites. Distribution: Scattered and locally abundant in Central and Southern BC and has isolated infestations on Vancouver Island. It is regarded as a major concern in the Kootenay, Okanagan, Thompson, Cariboo, Omineca, and Peace agricultural regions. Other: Forms dense mats of rosettes that reduce natural forage and threaten natural diversity. Seeds will mature after plant is cut or pulled so dispose of plants in the garbage. There are 14 species of this plant in BC (both native and introduced). Spread: Seeds are primarily spread by recreationalists. Oxeye Daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) Description: ID KEY: Oxeye daisy is often confused with the ornamental Shasta daisy, which has larger yellow disk (2-3 cm) and white ray flowers (2-3 cm). Short-lived perennial Daisy-like flowers at the end of course, slender stems, with lower spoon-shaped leaves Central yellow disks grow 1-2 cm wide and white ray flowers 1-2 cm long Can grow up to 1 m in height at maturity Habitat: Occurs at low- to mid-elevations in grasslands and dry to moist forests. Due to its unpleasant taste, most grazers avoid this plant, leaving it to spread easily within grazed grasslands, pastures, and rangelands. Distribution: Oxeye daisy is present throughout BC except for the NE of the province. Other: Infestations decrease forage for wildlife, decrease local plant biodiversity, and may compromise vegetative ground cover due to its growth form that results in exposed soil. Spread: Reproduces by seed and underground stems. A single plant produces 26,000 seeds and dispersal from parent plants lead to nearby infestations. Similar species: Scentless chamomile Plumeless Thistle (Carduus acanthoides) ID KEY: Stems with spiny wings extending right to the flowerheads Stem leaves are alternate, stalkless, hairy underneath and clasping the stem Biennial taprooted thistle growing to 1.2 m tall Purple flowers; flowerheads small, less than 2.5 cm broad Can hybridize with nodding thistle (Carduus nutans). Can be distinguished from nodding thistle because rosettes of plumeless thistle have deeply saw-toothed leaves almost to the midrib. 8

9 Habitat: Grows in pastures, fields, disturbed habitats, logged areas and along roadsides Origin: Eurasia Distribution: Isolated pockets in the Cariboo, Kamloops, Kootenay and Boundary areas. Other: Two biological control agents (weevils), Rhinocyllus conicus and Trichosirocalus horridus appear to be effective in BC. Spread: Seeds are mainly dispersed by wind and can be viable for up to 10 years. A single plant can produce up to 9,000 seeds. Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) ID KEY: It has stiff, four-sided stems ending in spikes of showy purple flowers Leaves are alternate and smooth-edged (entire) Perennial or woody half-shrub growing 1to 3 m tall Woody taproot with fibrous branching root system Short, narrow leaves that are stalkless Plants become taller and bushier over the years with a maturing rootstock Sometimes confused with fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) Habitat: Purple Loosestrife grows in wetlands, stream banks, ditches, irrigation canals, marshes, stream and lake shorelines and shallow ponds at low to mid elevation in BC. escaped ornamental Distribution: Purple Loosestrife occurs in the Fraser Valley and in isolated infestations on Vancouver Island, Okanagan, Cariboo and East and West Kootenay regions. Other: It can form dense stands that reduce plant and animal diversity in wetland ecosystems. Spread: Purple loosestrife reproduces by seed (one plant can produce over 300,000 seeds) which are mainly distributed by water; however, they can also be dispersed by animals and humans. Rush Skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea) ID KEY: Stems are covered with stiff hairs that are downward pointing Stems have a milky juice Taprooted perennial growing to 1.3 m tall Branched wiry stems covered with stiff, reddish-brown downward pointing hairs at the base Very small leaves give plant a "skeleton-like appearance Small yellow flowers Early growth is a rosette of dandelion-like leaves that wither once the plant flowers Habitat: In British Columbia, rush skeletonweed occupies rangelands, roadsides, and disturbed habitats at mid-elevations in the dry grassland zone. 9

10 /Asia/North Africa Distribution: Infestations of Rush Skeletonweed occur in the Vernon area, Crescent Valley, Kimberley, Windermere, and Creston. It is a major concern in the Kootenay and Okanagan regions. Other: Infestations of rush skeletonweed can reduce livestock and wildlife forage and the latex in the stems causes serious problems with harvest machinery. Spread: New plants arise from lateral root buds in upper 0.6 m of soil. A single plant may produce as many as 20,000 parachute-like seeds which are dispersed by wind, water, animals, and humans. Over 5 million acres have been infested in the Pacific Northwest states and it is currently spreading at a rate of 100,000 acres per year. Since its introduction to Australia in 1935, the expansion of rush skeletonweed has resulted in estimated annual losses to wheat production in excess of $30 million. ~Ministry of Agriculture and Lands Scentless Chamomile (Matricaria maritime) Description: ID KEY: Flowers are odourless when crushed, with semi-erect stems that are smooth and branched with fern-like leaves Annual to short-lived perennial Single,white, daisy-like flowers with yellow centers at the ends of each branched stem. Fruits are dark brown, rectangular, with 3 prominent, wing-like ribs on one side and a pale brown broad central area on the other side Mature plants reach m in height Often confused with stinking mayweed (Anthemis cotula), oxeye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) and pineappleweed (Matricaria matricariodes). Stinking mayweed has a very offensive odour when crushed as well as stem hairs below the flower heads. Oxeye daisy has flowers to 5 cm across, rhizomatous roots and entire, notched leaves. Pineappleweed grows to 16 cm high, has no white ray flowers and has a distinct pineapple odour when crushed. Habitat: Scentless chamomile grows in low to mid-elevation sites, along roadsides, drainage ditches, fence lines, dry shorelines, hay fields, pastures, and other disturbed areas. Origin: Northern Europe Distribution: Found in all agricultural regions of BC, scentless chamomile is a major concern in the Kootenay, Okanagan, Peace River, and Thompson areas. Other: This plant can infest perennial forage crops and prefers areas with high soil moisture; therefore it is commonly found near ponds, streams, and other areas prone to seasonal flooding. Scentless chamomile is not grazed by livestock; dense stands of scentless chamomile can reduce crop yields in hay fields, pastures, grain fields, and other cultivated crops. Spread: Reproduces rapidly by seed only, with a single plant producing up to 1 million seeds that are mature as soon as the flower forms. Seeds remain viable for up to 15 10

11 years in the soil and are readily dispersed by wind or water, on equipment and vehicles, or as a contaminant in soil, fill material, crop seed, and animal feed. Seeds can float on water for up to 12 hours and new infestations are often found around watercourses. Similar species: Oxeye daisy Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) ID KEY: Can be confused with Spanish broom, Spanish broom flowers grow at the tips of stems (crowning the plant), whereas Scotch Broom flowers grow along stems Upright, taprooted evergreen shrub in the Legume Family Growing from 1 to 3 m tall Stems are ridged, woody, green to brownish-green and prominently 5-angled Upper leaves are simple and unstalked, lower leaves are stalked and comprised of 3 oval leaflets Pea-like flowers are bright yellow (sometimes with red markings in the middle) Seedpods are flat, brown to black in colour with fine hairs on the margins Habitat: Invades exposed, well-drained mineral soil, and is shade-intolerant. - escaped ornamental Distribution: Currently distributed on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America. It is common west of the Coast-Cascade Mountains in southwest BC and is concentrated at the southern end of Vancouver Island. It has also been reported on the Queen Charlotte Islands and in parts of the Kootenays and North Okanagan Shuswap areas. Other: Due to its affinity for light-dominated, disturbed areas, any disturbance activity, such as road or home construction near infested areas, can enhance spread. Scotch broom invades rangelands, replacing forage plants, and is a serious competitor to conifer seedlings; Douglas fir plantation failures in Oregon and Washington have been credited to infestations of this plant. High density infestations can: 1) Increase wildfire fuel loads, thereby escalating wildfire intensity; and 2) Obstruct site lines on roads, resulting in increased maintenance costs for removal. Dense thickets may be impacting Garry oak woodlands in southwestern BC and limit movement of large animals. Photosynthetic stems enable year-round growth, leading to displacement of native plant species. Spread: Spreads by seed and lateral bud growth, and mature plants can produce up to 3500 pods, each containing 5-12 seeds. As seedpods dry they split and spiral, expelling the contained seeds up to 5 metres. The plant can also spread to new disturbed areas through seed transport by vehicles and machinery. 11

12 Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea biebersteinni) ID KEY: Flower-head bracts have a black-tipped fringe that gives a spotted appearance Biennial or short-lived perennial Grows to a height of 1.5 m and has a stout taproot Hairy, deeply-cut leaves and purple (or occasionally white) flowers on one or more upright stems Habitat: Spotted knapweed is widespread at low to mid-elevation grasslands and dry open forests. It has adapted to well-drained soils and can survive in very dry climates such as those of Ashcroft and Osoyoos, but doesn't like dense shade. Distribution: Spotted knapweed occurs frequently in southern British Columbia east of the Coast-Cascade Mountains and is present on Vancouver Island and the mainland. It is a major concern in the Kootenay, Okanagan, Thompson, Cariboo, Omineca, and Peace River regions. Other: Spotted knapweed is a highly competitive weed that reduces or displaces desirable forage in disturbed areas, and sometimes invades adjacent areas that are relatively undisturbed. It forms near monocultures in some areas of British Columbia. Spotted knapweed is allelopathic; it releases a chemical (catechin) in the soil preventing other plants from growing. Contact with this plant can cause skin irritation. Spread: This species is prolific, with individual plants producing up to 140,000 seeds per square meter. Although seeds are shed in the immediate area around the parent plant, they are often spread much more widely in hay and on vehicle undercarriages. Sulphur Cinquefoil (Potentilla recta) Description: ID KEY: It has distinctive hairy leaves divided into five to seven separate, toothed leaflets growing on one or several stems Perennial member of the Rose family Flowers have five, sulphur-coloured, heart-shaped petals Mature plants grow 0.3 to 0.8 m tall Sulphur cinquefoil is most often confused with graceful cinquefoil, a native species which has wooly white hairs on the underside of leaves, more basal leaves, bright yellow flowers, and is shorter in stature Habitat: Adapted to a wide range of soils and climates, but currently is mostly restricted to the grasslands and dry forest zones in BC. /Asia Distribution: It is common in southern British Columbia, and considered a major concern in the Kootenay, Okanagan, and Thompson agricultural areas. 12

13 Other: Sulphur cinquefoil is unpalatable to grazing animals and very competitive with native plants, resulting in reduced forage for livestock and wildlife on rangelands and pastures. Spread: Seeds are dispersed by birds, animals, and livestock, either through digestion or by being picked up on hooves or in hair. Plants also spread through roots. Tansy Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) Description: ID KEY: Flowers are bright yellow, daisy-like, and grouped in flat-topped clusters Black-tipped flower-head bracts are arranged in a single row Similar to several native species: (i) Dryland ragwort (Seneca eremophilus) has leaf tips that are pointed rather than rounded; (ii) Other native plants in the genus Senecio (e.g.woolly groundsel) are typically smaller in size, do not have a unique dissected leaf structure Biennial or short-lived perennial A bushy plant growing 0.3 to 1.2 m tall Many deeply-cut leaves, give it a ragged appearance Habitat: Disturbed sites in pastures, hay fields, roadsides, and clear cuts /Asia Distribution: Currently found in the central Fraser Valley, central to southern Vancouver Island, the Gulf Islands, and the east side of the Okanagan Valley between Kelowna and Penticton. It is a major concern in the Lower Mainland and southern Vancouver Island. Other: Reduces forage production of pastures by up to 50%. It contains alkaloids that can poison livestock, although the plant is often avoided. Trace amounts of the alkaloids found in milk and honey produced from infested pastures raise concerns for human consumption. Spread: A single plant can produce 150,000 seeds which can remain viable for over 15 years. Seeds are dispersed by wind, water, and animals. 13

14 Provincial HIGH ALERT species ~Please include 2 species in your presentation~ Black Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) ** ID KEY: Has tubular, showy greenish-yellow flowers that are about 5 cm across with deep purple veins and centers Entire plant is covered with greasy hairs Member of the nightshade family Reaches heights of up to 1 m Similar species: Black nightshade (Solanum americanum) is smooth (not covered in hairs). Hairy nightshade (Solanum physalifolium) has much smaller, white flowers. Habitat: Pastures, fence rows, roadsides, and waste areas Origin: Mediterranean Distribution: Mid- and Eastern Canada and Northern US Other: WARNING: All plant parts of black henbane are considered highly toxic and can be fatal if eaten. It is poisonous to all livestock and humans, even at low doses. Symptoms of poisoning include: Salivation, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rapid pulse, convulsions, and coma. It can cause skin irritation if it is touched with bare skin. In the Middle Ages, black henbane was widely used in Germany to augment the inebriating qualities of beer. The names of many German towns originate from the word Bilsen henbane. Later on, the word was transformed to Pilsen to name the famous Pilsen beer. It took many years to prohibit the use of henbane in brewing after numerous cases of poisonings. Spread: Fruit has a thickened lid that pops off at maturity, spilling the black seeds (10, ,000 per plant) Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)** ID Key: Bright dandelion-like flowers with sharp spines surrounding the base Vigorous taproot Grows up to 1 m tall Stems and leaves are covered with a loose cottony wool that gives them a whitish appearance Habitat: Best adapted to open grasslands with an annual precipitation range of 25 to 150cm per year Origin: Eurasia Distribution: Found throughout US and southern Canada; not currently known in BC. 14

15 Other: From a survey of ranchers in California the estimated cost of Yellow Starthistle to forage losses was $7.65 million with out-of-pocket expenditures to ranchers of was $9.45 million a year. These losses make up 6-7% of the total annual harvested value (Eagle et al. 2007). In 1994 yellow star thistle was estimated to be spreading at a rate of 6,070 to 20,234 ha per year (Sheley and Larson 1994) Spread: Spreads by seeds which can lie dormant for as long as 10 years Buffalobur (Solanum rostratum)** ID KEY: Low growing yellow, spined, hairy annual plant The stems mostly branching in the upper part are erect and bushy, up to 60 cm long The entire plant, except the petals, is covered by straight yellow spines, 1/8 to 1/2 inch long Extremely prickly, alternate leaves and prickly, bushy stem 5-lobed wheel-shaped yellow flowers Habitat: Buffalobur is found in fields, overgrazed pastures, yards, roadsides, waste areas, barn yards, will grow in sandy soils, as well as dry hard soils to rich moist soils of cultivated fields. Origin: Midwestern US Distribution: Found throughout North America; not known in BC. Other: Considered a nuisance because burs get caught on animal fur and sheep wool Spread: By seed Control: Mechanical - Prevention of seed production is possible with repeated, close mowing or hoeing out plants before flower blossoms appear Chemical 2,4 D plus Banvel is effective Common Crupina (Crupina vulgaris)** ID KEY: Can be distinguished by the fleshy seed leaves that have a bright purple mid-vein Grows up to 1.2 m tall and forms 1 to 40 purple flower heads on each plant Begins as a basal rosette and leaves become more divided and lacelike up the stem Seedlings are similar to knapweed Habitat: Invades hayfields, grass fields, grasslands and open forest sites. Origin: Eurasia Distribution: A few locations in BC on Vancouver Island and Cortes Island; known in Washington, Oregon, Idaho and California. Other: Decreases forage productivity and livestock carrying capacity 15

16 Spread: Spreads by seed Control: Mechanical Handpulling or hoeing can be effective for small infestations Fire Prescribed burning has reduced seedling populations but long term effects are not known Herbicides several herbicides including clopyralid, 2, 4-D, dicamba and picloram have been effective Meadow Clary (Salvia pratensis)** ID KEY: Violet-blue flowers irregularly spaced down the stem Leaves are mostly basal and the long stem grows up to 60 cm tall The plant is aromatic, and covered with small hairs Similar species: Clary sage, (S. sclarea) which is also invasive so report that too! Habitat: Quite competitive on dry sunny sites and able to live on deeper, less well drained sites as well Origin: Eastern Europe and Morocco Distribution: Not known in BC but occurs in Washington, Idaho and Montana (as well as other US States). Other: Meadow clary poses a threat to forage production and plant biodiversity by displacing less competitive, more desirable species. Classified as Near Threatened in the United Kingdom Spread: Spreads mainly from seed but can also re-grow from the persistent taproots. Introduced as a garden ornamental Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium)** ID KEY: Dense clusters of white flowers near the ends of the branches Leaves are alternate, lance-shaped, and do not have clasping bases Leaves and stem are waxy Similar to Hoary cress (Cardia draba) but those leaves have clasping bases Habitat: Invades irrigated pastures, cropland and native meadows. Also infests wetlands, riparian areas and other water courses Origin: Eurasia Distribution: In western North America and parts of the east. In BC, known in Vancouver, the Thompson- Nicola and East Kootenay Other: It can tolerate a wide range of soil water potential and survive up to 50 days in submerged soil Spread: Spreads by seed and vegetatively from roots Control: 16

17 Mechanical periodic mowing and spring burning can reduce density. Cutting and pulling before seed set can be effective Chemical several herbicides are effective including Mesulfuron-methyl (US), dicamba, glyphosate, chlorsulfuron, imazapyr, and a combination of glyphosate and 2,4D Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris)** ID KEY: Its most distinguishing feature is the seedpod, which consists of five sections that break into tack-like structures with stiff, sharp spines that easily puncture bicycle tires It is an annual that branches from the base and spreads along the ground to form dense mats The stems, which spread up to 3 m in length, are covered by hairy leaves that are divided into 6 to 8 leaflets Produces tiny, yellow flowers in late summer Habitat: Commonly found in dry sites like road shoulders, vacant lots, beaches and unpaved parking sites Origin: Mediterranean Distribution: South Okanagan and one site near Enderby Other: A problem for recreation and it punctures tires, including mountain bikes Spread: Spreads by sharp seeds that may remain dormant for 4 to 5 years. These tiny burs attach to animals, humans, or the tires of vehicles Control: Mechanical Can be controlled by digging, hand-pulling or tilling infestations before flowering and seed production Chemical Picloram, dicamba and glyphosate have been effective Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata)** ID KEY: Each plant usually produces on flowering stem with small, white 4-petaled flowers clustered at the end of the stem The root usually has a distinct S or L shape just below the stem In early spring, the roots and new leaves smell like garlic Mature leaves are triangular and become smaller towards the top of the plant; basal rosette leaves are kidney-shaped Habitat: Can grow in dense shade or sunny sites, including under forest canopy Distribution: Known at one site in Victoria Other: Produces chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants, fungi and butterflies Spread: Seeds can last in the soil for 10 years. It displaces native plants with its aggressive mat-like growth pattern 17

18 Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)** ID KEY: Prickly stems reach 1.8 m tall and have spiny flower heads that are covered with small, lavender to white flowers Leaves are opposite, lanceolate and up to 25 cm long Habitat: Favors disturbed sites such as roadsides, ditches, waste places, riparian sites, fields and pastures Distribution: Small infestations on Vancouver & Saltspring Islands, Okanagan, and Boundary-West Kootenay regions Other: Introduced as a garden ornamental and used in dried flower arrangements Spread: A single plant can produce 2,000 seeds Please note that slides for the following plants have not yet been developed. Absinth Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) ID KEY: Leaves are gray-green and give off a strong sage-like scent Grows up to 1.5 m tall and has branching stems that grow from a woody base Habitat: Invades open and disturbed sites such as pastures, rangelands, crop land, stream banks, prairies and old fields Distribution: Isolated locations throughout BC Other: Introduced as a garden ornamental Spread: Reproduces primarily through seed production, but can also spread by short roots. A single plant can produce 50,000 seeds Common/Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) ID KEY: Flowers are bright yellow and resemble snapdragons. Can be distinguished from Dalmatian toadflax because Dalmatian toadflax has shorter, wider and broad-based leaves clasping the stem. Grows up to 80 cm tall with soft, lance-shaped leaves Habitat: Found in grasslands, open forests, and on disturbed sites such as roadsides, railroad tracks, cutblocks, cultivated fields and gravel pits Origin: Eurasia Distribution: Found in throughout BC but locally abundant in the Okanagan, Similkameen, Thompson, Boundary, East Kootenay, and Cariboo regions 18

19 Other: Contains a glucoside that is mildly poisonous to cattle. However, the plant is considered unpalatable to cattle and poisonings are rare. Spread: Spreads by seeds and vegetatively by roots. A mature plant can produce up to 30,000 seeds annually and seeds remain dormant for up to 10 years. Hoary Cress (Cardaria draba) ID KEY: Numerous white flowers with 4 petals give the plant a white, flat-topped appearance Leaves are alternate, blue-green and lance shaped and clasp the stem Similar to Hoary Alyssum but Hoary Cress has heart-shaped seed pods. Perennial Pepperweed does not have clasping leaves. Habitat: Typically found on open, unshaded, disturbed ground Origin: Eurasia Distribution: Known in the Okanagan and Thompson, Kootenay and Cariboo Other: When large infestations flower, it looks like it has snowed Spread: Spreads by seed and vegetatively from roots forming dense mats Russian Knapweed (Acroptilon repens) ID KEY: Distinguishing Russian knapweed from the other knapweeds (Centaurea) are the scales on the underside of the flowerhead that have a papery, finely hairy tip Creeping rooted perennial with erect stems to 1 metre tall Young stems covered in soft, gray hairs Rounded flower heads produced singly at the ends of branches Flowers light pink to purple Habitat: Grows in grasslands and forests as well as disturbed areas Origin: Eurasia Distribution: Found in the southern part of BC east of the Cascades Other: Forms dense stands and has a deep root system to use water that other plants don t have access to. Releases chemicals into the soil that prevent the establishment of other plants. Spread: Spreads primarily vegetatively and possibly by seed 19

20 Scotch Thistle (Onopordum acanthium) ID KEY: A greyish prickly plant growing up to 3 m tall Violet to reddish flowers Stems have broad spiny wings and woolly hairs Habitat: Rangelands and disturbed habitats Origin: Eurasia Distribution: Primarily in the Okanagan but also found in other sites, particularly cultivated gardens, around BC Other: Planted as a garden ornamental Spread: Seeds are mainly dispersed by wind, but also by clinging to clothing or animal fur Wild Chervil (Anthriscus sylvestris) ID KEY: White flowers produced in umbrella-like clusters on 2 cm stalks at the end of the stems Basal and stem leaves are similar; fern-like, triangular in outline, and smooth to softly hairy Each leaf is divided into smaller leaflets that in turn are also divided The bases of the leaves clasp the stem Similar species: Salad Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium) is similar but is small and aromatic. Bur Chervil (Anthriscus caucalis) has hairy leaves and seeds covered in short, hooked prickles. Habitat: Highly adaptable and will grow in almost any type of soil but thrives in wet to moist sites where soil is rich. In BC, it grows in fields, pastures, edges of woods, and roadsides. Distribution: Occurs in SE BC and the Lower Mainland Other: Acts as a host for a viral disease that infects other plants in the same family, including carrots, parsnips and celery Spread: Dispersed by birds, waters and human activity. Prolific seed producer. 20

21 Yellow Hawkweeds (Hieracium spp.) ID KEY: Yellow dandelion-like flowers (ray flowers) with several clusters at the top of each stem Stems have short, stiff hairs with the upper portion of the stem often black and gland tipped. Leaves are found in a rosette at the base of the stem No leaves or greatly reduced stem leaves, whereas native yellow hawkweeds have true leaves all the way up their stems Mouse-ear hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella) is of particular concern. It forms dense mats, has stolons and grows 15 to 30 cm tall. Unbranched stalks have single flowerheads. Leaves are entire (smooth-edged) and range from 1 to 12 cm long and the underside is covered in white hair. There are many species of invasive and native hawkweeds in BC. For further information on hawkweed identification can be found at: Habitat: Flourishes in well-drained, coarse-textured soils. Can invade natural open areas and disturbed sites, including roadsides, pastures, and clearings. Distribution: Yellow Hawkweeds are distributed through most of BC, particularly in the south. The regional districts east of the Rocky Mountains, Northern Rockies, and Peace River Regional Districts only have a few known invasive hawkweed sites and efforts to prevent further establishment and spread are actively underway. Other: Yellow Hawkweeds have been spreading rapidly in BC and have the ability to hybridize between species. Hawkweeds for dense mats that outcompete other vegetation. Spread: Perennial species that reproduces through four mechanisms: (i) above-ground runners (called stolons), (ii) rhizomes, (iii) seed, and in some cases (iv) buds on the roots. Established populations expand in size primarily via stolons. Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata)** ID KEY: Leaves are made up of 3 leaflets, each of which can be unlobed or have 2 to 3 lobes Leaves have hairy margins and grow alternately along the stems Flowers are long and purple and highly fragrant Spreading vines scramble over trees, buildings and powerlines A vine can grow over 30 m Habitat: Generally invades open areas and forest edges Origin: Asia 21

22 Distribution: Discovered for the first time in Canada in 2009 at Lake Erie. Found primarily in the SE United States, but also known in Washington, Oregon. Other: Introduced as a garden ornamental, to shade porches, and for erosion control. In the 1940 s, the US government helped spread kudzu by paying farmers $8 an acre to plant kudzu in old fields for erosion control. Sometimes called the vine that ate the south referring to the dense infestations in the southern US Spread: Spreads vegetatively and can grow 30 cm per day. Velvetleaf (Abutilon tehophrasti)** ID KEY: The entire velvetleaf plant is velvety and soft and is completely covered with short, fine hairs, plant can reach 2.4 m in height Leaves remain perpendicular to the sun all day Yellow to yellow-orange 5-petaled flowers Leaves are alternate, heart-shaped, pointed at the end and attached on slender stems Habitat: Well adapted to sunny areas with rich soils Origin: China and India Distribution: Occurs frequently through southwestern BC Other: Velvetleaf is the reason for hundreds of millions of dollars spent on control in the United States in the 1980s because of the economic impact to crop production losses in cultivated lands. It is believed that the entire North American population is derived from a single plant. Spread: Reproduces by seed and each plant produces ,000 seeds. Seeds remain viable for years and even after passing through animal digestive tracks. 22