Forest Investment Account Seral Stage and Patch Size Distribution Analysis

Transcription

1 Forest Investment Account Seral Stage and Patch Size Distribution Analysis Submitted to PricewaterhouseCoopers By Mill & Timber Products Ltd. Box 106, Port Hardy, BC, V0N 2P0 Contact Person: Ione Brown, Planning Forester Phone: ext 35 Funded By: Forest Investment Account Investment Schedule: COTSA FIRS Project Number: Project Prepared March 5, 2009

2 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS Mill & Timber wishes to thank the Forest Investment Account for providing all the funding to conduct this landscape level project to the benefit of the Kingcome Timber Supply Area. We also wish to thank Coastal Resource Mapping Ltd for conducting all of the Geographic Information Systems analyses for this project. The only way we would have been able to conduct a proper analysis of the landscape units was to have data from all of the licensees operating with each landscape unit so a thank you to all the licensees that participated in providing their data on harvested and approved cutblocks. And, finally, to John Sundie of the Integrated Land Management Bureau for providing the RESULT s dataset for our use and for the advice and information along with it. ii

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Mill & Timber has completed seral stage, patch size distribution, site series surrogate and old forest landscape level analyses for each of the Allison and the Belize Landscape Units. These analyses were conducted over the entire landscape unit for both the Allison and the Belize. Information from other licensees operating within these areas was combined with data from the Integrated Land Management Bureau, vegetation resources inventory (2003) and RESULTS. The analysis and mapping work was all completed by Coastal Resource Mapping Ltd. (Nanaimo, BC), the report compiled and written by Mill & Timber Products Ltd (Port Hardy, BC). This project has been funded by the Forest Investment Account, , through Mill & Timber Products Ltd. This project was completed over the fiscal year, starting December 15, 2008 and completed during March The Seral Stage Analysis and Patch Size Distribution Analysis have both been completed as one project under the Forest Investment Account, as a Strategic Resource Planning component and Sustainable Forest Management Planning activity. The purpose of this project is the development of legal objectives at the landscape level to provide direction for forest management. Land Use Objectives for Ecosystem-Based Management on the South and Central Coast are now in effect and include objectives for landscape level biodiversity. In order to meet the objectives for biodiversity, landscape level analyses were completed to show whether or not these objectives are currently being met or if licensees must show how forest will be recruited to meet these objectives in the future. The land-based investment rationale for the Kingcome Timber Supply Area Forest Investment Account licensees prioritized Forest Stewardship Planning activities such as old-growth management areas (old forest targets on the mainland Coast). This analysis serves to reduce the uncertainty of the timber supply within these regions and to ensure equitable use of forest resources between licensees operating on the same landscape units. The project has also incorporated information from multiple licensees into the resource inventory. iii

4 Table of Contents Acknowlegements... ii Executive summary...iii Definitions... 1 Introduction... 2 Geographic Information Systems Analysis Procedure... 3 Input Datasets... 3 Dataset Preparation... 3 Patch-Size Analysis... 4 Seral Stage Analysis... 5 Results and Discussion... 6 Patch Size Distribution... 6 Seral Stage Targets... 9 Conclusions Sources of Information Appendix A Site Series Surrogate Analysis Units Appendix B Old Forest Analysis Units and Targets Appendix C - Maps iv

5 DEFINITIONS (te that words or phrases listed here are not meant to be a complete list of forestry terms. Words or phrases are described to give context to the meaning presented in this report.) Old Forest means a stand of trees 180 years or older Landscape unit - an area of land and water used for long-term planning of resource management activities. It is important for designing strategies and patterns for landscape level biodiversity and for managing other forest resources. Mid-Seral means a stand of trees 40 years or older but less than 80 years (applies to areas within the Coastal Western Hemlock Biogeoclimatic Zone) Natural Disturbance Type an area characterized by a natural disturbance regime. Standinitiating disturbances are those processes that largely terminate the existing forest stand and initiate secondary succession in order to produce a new stand. The disturbance agents are mostly wildfires, windstorms and, to a lesser extent, insects and landslides. There are five natural disturbance types identified for managing biodiversity in British Columbia. Range of Natural Variation variation in the seral stages of ecosystem types based on natural disturbance Seral Stage - In ecological terms, a sere is the series of biotic communities formed by the process of ecosystem development called succession. Seral Stage distribution is the distribution of different aged ecosystems through time. Site Series means sites capable of producing the same late seral or climax plant communities within a Biogeoclimatic subzone or variant Site Series Surrogate Currently it is not possible to know the relative abundance of a site series on any particular landscape unit as the inventory information is not yet available. The Integrated Land Management Bureau has provided a dataset that uses site series surrogates in the interim until better ecosystem mapping becomes available. 1

6 INTRODUCTION Forest tenure holders in British Columbia are required to manage the forest resource at both the stand and the landscape level. There are various tools available to resource managers so that they are able to identify, both at the stand and at the landscape level, the resources necessary to sustainably manage the forest over the long term. Forest managers are tasked with identifying the amount and distribution of patches within each seral stage and to ensure that we are meeting the targets for old-growth and mid-seral that have been set under the objectives of the South Central Coast Land Use Order, as of August Objectives for landscape level biodiversity state that there must be an amount of old forest equal to or greater than that specified for each site series surrogate (Schedule 3 of the South Central Coast Order) measured within each landscape unit. If it is found through analyses that a particular surrogate is in deficit (less old forest than the target) then the forest manager must then set out a strategy to ensure that old forest is recruited to meet the representation requirements within 180 years. This analysis is the first of this particular type for the Allison and the Belize Landscape Units utilizing targets from the South Central Coast Order, Objectives from the Forest Planning and Practices Regulation B.C. Reg 14/2004 plus Results and/or Strategies set out from the Mill & Timber Products Ltd/Gwa Nak Resources Ltd Forest Stewardship Plan (Amendment #1 January 2008). The tables and figures in this report show whether targets, results and objectives are met currently within each seral stage and/or site series surrogate. 2

7 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS ANALYSIS PROCEDURE The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis for this project was completed by Coastal Resource Mapping Ltd, of Nanaimo, British Columbia during the period of December 2008 through to March The datasets used for the project and methods to conduct the analysis are described below. If there are further enquiries regarding the methods used for this analysis, please contact the proponent listed on the cover page of this report. Input Datasets 1) Site Series Surrogate (SSS) from Integrated Land Management Bureau - Projected Age to ) Designated Areas & Parks (DAP) Vegetation Resources Inventory data 3) Mill & Timber Products provided the Vegetation Resources Inventory Data, TRIM data and proposed and harvested openings 4) Harvested Openings from RESULTS (information from the Integrated Land Management Bureau) 5) International Forest Products (IFP) Harvested Blocks 6) British Columbia Timber Sales Harvested Blocks 7) Site Series Surrogate Harvested Blocks Dataset Preparation Step 1: The SSS dataset and the Designated Areas dataset were combined together using the spatial analysis IDENTITY. Step 2: The harvested block layers (5 layers) were all combined into one master "harvested" layer using the spatial analysis UNION. The harvested blocks layer was generalized using the spatial analysis DISSOLVE. Step 3: The results from Step 1 were combined with the Harvest Blocks (Step 2) using the spatial analysis IDENTITY. 3

8 The resultant layer is a SSS dataset where the designated areas and harvested blocks have been added. Step 4: For all of the Harvested Block polygons we calculated the Seral Stage attribute equal to Early, which was designated at 0 20 years. Step 5: For all the SSS polygons where the age was greater than or equal to 20 years we calculated the Seral Stage to Early, thus breaking up the 0 to 40 years into two classes: Early (0 <= 20 years) and Early (20 <= 40 years). Step 6: The Seral Stage was then calculated using the same method as Step 5 into the other 4 Seral Stages, Mid (40-80 years), Mature ( years) and Old (over 180 years). Patch-Size Analysis Using the resultant SSS layer we selected out all of the following groups of polygons. For Each BEC zone/sub zone/variant within each landscape unit we created patches of similarly aged openings (by seral stage) that are adjacent to another. 1: (Age >= 0 AND Age <= 20) = Early Seral Stage layer 2: (Age > 20 AND Age <= 40) = Early Seral Stage layer 3: (Age > 40 AND Age <= 80) = Mid Seral Stage layer 4: (Age > 80 AND Age <= 180) = Mature Seral Stage layer 5: (Age > 180) = Old Seral Stage layer Example Selection: Select all polygons where Landscape Unit = 'Belize' AND BEC = 'CWHvh1' AND SER_STAGE = 'Mid' - These selected polygons were then put into their own GIS layer. - Once the similarly typed SSS polygons were in their own layer they were then buffered by a distance of 100 meters. 4

9 - Each resultant buffer polygon is given a unique id and a system calculated area. This area determines the size of our patch. If the buffer area is: 1: (0 <= 40 ha) = Small Patch 2: (40 <= 80 ha) = Medium Patch 3: (80 <= 250 ha) = Large Patch 4: (> 250 ha) = Large Patch - The resultant buffer layer was then joined back to the similarly typed SSS polygons using the spatial analysis INTERSECT. - Once the buffered polygons are overlaid with the SSS polygons we can look at the SSS polygons and see what buffer polygon they fall within and what the size (area) of that buffer polygon was. - If the buffer polygon had an area of 55 ha it would be a Medium patch and the total area of the SSS polygons falling within that buffer would be added to the total area of that patch-size for that selection (i.e. 'Belize','CWHvh1','Mid') - The analysis then applies this same logic across the entire landscape unit study area summarizing the data by BEC Zone/Sub zone/variant and by Seral Stage. Seral Stage Analysis Using the resultant SSS layer the Seral Stage Analysis is a distribution analysis of the seral stages across the landscape units. Old Growth Analysis Units and Targets were provided to aid in the analysis. The landscape was broken down by area according to Seral Stage and as a result we were able to get a percentage of Old Growth by Seral Stage (Old Growth Seral Stage (ha) / Total Area (ha)) * 100. This percentage was then compared to the provided targets for Old Growth Seral Stage. Using the Old Growth Seral Stage Percentage and the Target Percentage we could see if the Seral Stage was actually meeting the target percentage. For the purpose of this analysis we also identified the Seral Stage areas which fell in Protected or Designated Areas within the Allison and Belize Landscape Units. 5

10 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The project is comprised of GIS analyses over two landscape units within the South Central Coast of British Columbia to determine the cumulative impacts due to forest activities over these areas. The purpose of this project is to update the information pertaining to the seral stage, harvest activity, age, size and distribution of patches over these two landscape units. This information will be used by licensees within these two landscape units to evaluate their situation in achieving the mid-seral and old forest targets set out for each landscape unit within these two landscape units. A patch size analysis for each of the Allison and the Belize landscape units shows the actual and the target percentages for patch size distribution over the landscape. Licensees will also be able to evaluate their situation in regards to the objective set by government, under Section 9 of the Forest Planning and Practices Regulation, for wildlife and biodiversity at the landscape level. This objective is, for forest tenure holders, without unduly reducing the supply of timber from British Columbia s forests and to the extent practicable, to design areas on which timber harvesting is to be carried out that resemble, both spatially and temporally, the patterns of natural disturbance that occur within the landscape. Patch Size Distribution The entire forested landbase of each landscape unit has been analyzed using the methods described and classed by seral stage and by size. n-forested areas, lakes, wetlands and those areas above the treeline have been excluded from the analysis. The purpose of a patch size distribution analysis is to show the temporal and spatial distribution of cutblocks and seral stage distribution across the landscape. Both the Allison and the Belize landscape units fall within the Natural Disturbance Type I (NDT I), or those areas that have rare stand-initiating events. There may be some areas within these landscape units that fall under the Natural Disturbance Type III category but for purposes of this study we are only using the targets developed for the NDT I. The pattern and timing of forest harvesting are the dominant factors that determine the size and spatial distribution of similarly aged forest patches in managed landscapes. The objective of natural disturbance type 1 is to maintain a range of small to large (up to 250 ha) similarly aged forest patches on the landscape. The analysis tables below show the forest patch size distribution that applies to both harvest units and the leave areas in the landscape units. 6

11 Typically, those forests that are found within the NDT I are associated with less frequent or rare stand-initiating disturbance and have more, older forests than those found in other natural disturbance types. The Allison and the Belize landscape units are both found within the South Central Coast planning area and are comprised naturally of old forest types that are multi-storied, even-aged and have regeneration occurring in gaps created by the deaths of individual trees or small patches of trees. Disturbances are wind, fire or landslides. Table 1: Belize Landscape Unit analysis showing each patch/seral stage as a percentage of total landscape unit area. Belize Landscape Unit Patch Size Distribution Grouped by Seral Stage and Size Patch Size Small (0<=40 ha) Medium (40<=80 ha) Large (80<=250 ha) Large (>250 ha) Total Targets (%) N/A Seral Stage Early (ha) Early (%) 2.7% 0.9% 2.2% 4.1% 9.9% Mid (ha) Mid (%) 2.4% 0.9% 1.7% Mature (ha) Mature (%) 2.5% 0.6% 0.5% % Old (ha) Old (%) 0.3% 0.4% % 81.5% Total (ha) Total (%) % 8.4% 80.8%

12 Table 2: Belize Landscape Unit analysis showing each patch/seral as a percentage of total area by seral stage. Belize Landscape Unit Grouped by Seral Stage Small Medium Large Large Patch Size (ha) (0<=40 ha) (40<=80 ha) (80<=250 ha) (>250 ha) Total Targets (%) N/A Seral Stage Early (ha) Early (%) Mid (ha) Mid (%) Mature (ha) Mature (%) Old (ha) Old (%) Total (ha) Total (%)

13 Seral Stage Targets The analyses conducted in this report were completed using site series surrogate data for both the Allison and the Belize landscape units. There is no terrestrial ecosystem mapping information available for these areas at the time of this report. Ecosystem mapping is generally accepted to be a better source of information for tracking representation of ecosystems at the landscape level but until this information is available, site series surrogate analysis units will be used. The intent of the objectives related to old forest and mid-seral targets for each site series surrogate is to provide for landscape level biodiversity. The forested landbase is grouped into site series surrogates (Appendix A) by leading species and productivity. These groups are then ranked according to rarity across the landscape, very rare, rare, modal, common and very common. The Order identifies within each landscape unit, a proportion (30 or 7) to maintain or recruit from the amount of old forest in each ecosystem type that would normally exist under conditions of natural disturbance. The top three rankings (very rare, rare and modal) have 7 of the range of natural variation reserved in old seral by landscape unit. The bottom two rankings (common and very common) have 3 of the range of natural variation reserved by landscape unit. If an analysis unit already exists in deficit then the forest tenure holder, to the extent practicable, must recruit forest to meet the representation requirements within 180 years. As the site series surrogate information used for this analysis is not expected to be completely accurate, then this information database may be updated in future with either ecosystem mapping data or information collected in the field and known to be more accurate. The mid-seral targets for each landscape unit are to maintain, in each landscape unit, less than 5 of each site series surrogate listed (Appendix B) in mid-seral forest age classes (40 80 years), to the extent practicable. If the units are found to contain 5 or more of any site series surrogate in mid-seral age classes, then the forest tenure holder must work to reduce the midseral forest age classes in that site series surrogate in that landscape unit to less than 5 within 80 years, to the extent practicable. The rationale for reducing the mid-seral age classes if above 5 is that these habitat types are typically marginal and do not represent those attributes which provide for a greater likelihood that all native species and ecological processes will be maintained over the long term. The principles that guide forest managers in planning at a landscape level describe a broad range ecosystems and species that must be maintained within forest lands regardless of administrative boundaries. The more that managed forests resemble the forests that were established from natural processes the greater the probability of maintaining these ecosystems and species. The Land Use Objectives for ecosystem based management are meant to provide environmental benefits by maintaining the diversity and abundance of organisms within the Central Coast. 9

14 Representation is one method of managing for lesser or unknown species on the landscape and also to maintain benchmark sites as a refugia for structural and biodiversity. Representation describes old seral as the target and if in deficit then recruitment of old forest to meet the target in future. The results in the tables on the next two pages for the Allison and the Belize landscape units show that some site series surrogates are currently in deficit. For example, within the Allison landscape unit the CWHvh1 (coastal western hemlock biogeoclimatic zone, very wet hypermaritime) site series 04, 07 and 13 are currently in deficit according to the analysis. Within these analysis units then, according to the Land Use Order, old forest would not be harvested unless certain conditions apply as listed in the Order under Section 14(3), and forest tenure holders within this landscape unit would have to develop a recruitment strategy to meet the representation requirements within 180 years. 10

15 Table 4: Belize Landscape Unit Site Series Surrogate Analysis for Old Forest and Mid-Seral Targets. Mid- Surrogate Outside Inside Total Landscape Biogeoclimatic Seral Analysis Grouping Designated Designated Area Unit Zone Target Unit Areas (ha) Areas (ha) (ha) % Old Forest Target % Retention Required (ha) Range of Natural Variation Variance (ha) Early Mid Mature Old Maximum Accessible Old Deficit Yes/ Percent Mid- Seral Belize ATunp 6 Common % Belize ATunp 8 Modal Belize ATunp 9 Common Belize CWHvh1 4 Common % Belize CWHvh1 5 Common % Belize CWHvh1 6 Common % 3, Belize CWHvh1 7 Common % Belize CWHvh1 8 Common % Belize CWHvh1 9 Modal % Belize CWHvh1 12 Common % Belize CWHvh1 13 Modal Belize CWHvm1 4 Common % Belize CWHvm1 5 Common % Belize CWHvm1 6 Common % 4, Belize CWHvm1 7 Common % Belize CWHvm1 8 Common % Belize CWHvm1 9 Common % Belize CWHvm1 10 Common % Belize CWHvm1 11 Common % Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 17% 5% 99% 27% 91% 28% 49% 13% 15% 24% 18% 3% 11

16 Landscape Unit Biogeoclimatic Zone Surrogate Analysis Unit Grouping Outside Designated Areas (ha) Inside Designated Areas (ha) Total Area (ha) Mid- Seral Target % Old Forest Target % Retention Required (ha) Range of Natural Variation Variance (ha) Early Mid Mature Old Maximum Accessible Old Deficit Yes/ Percent Mid- Seral Belize CWHvm1 12 Common % Belize CWHvm1 13 Common % Belize CWHvm2 4 Modal % Belize CWHvm2 5 Common % Belize CWHvm2 6 Common % 3, Belize CWHvm2 7 Common % Belize CWHvm2 8 Common % Belize CWHvm2 9 Common % Belize CWHvm2 11 Modal % Belize CWHvm2 12 Modal % Belize CWHvm2 13 Modal Yes 25% Yes Belize MHmm1 4 Rare % Belize MHmm1 5 Modal % % Belize MHmm1 6 Common % 1, % Belize MHmm1 7 Modal % Yes Belize MHmm1 8 Common % % Belize MHmm1 9 Common % % Belize MHmm1 12 Rare % Yes Belize MHmm1 13 Rare Total Area: Yes Yes Yes 48% 11% 3% 2% 12

17 Table 4: Allison Landscape Unit Site Series Surrogate Analysis for Old Forest and Mid-Seral Targets. Landscape Unit Biogeoclimatic Zone Surrogate Analysis Unit Grouping Outside Designated Areas (ha) Inside Designated Areas (ha) Total Area (ha) Mid- Seral Target Old Forest Target % Retention Required (ha) Range of Natural Variation Variance (ha) Early Mid Mature Old Maximum Accessible Old Deficit Yes/ Percent Mid- Seral (target <5) Allison CWHvh1 unknown n/a Allison CWHvh1 4 Common 2, , % , Yes 4% Allison CWHvh1 5 Common 3, , % , , Allison CWHvh1 6 Common 34, , , % , , Allison CWHvh1 7 Common , % Yes 5 Allison CWHvh1 8 Common , % % Allison CWHvh1 9 Modal % Allison CWHvh1 12 Common 1, , % , Allison CWHvh1 13 Modal Yes 53% Allison CWHvh Yes 85% Total Area: 45, , ,

18 CONCLUSIONS It is clear that the data and information available for the South Central Coast area is still in the early development stages. This limits the amount of accurate analyses that can be done to determine whether or not forest tenure holders are able to meet the requirements set out in legislation to manage forests at the landscape level. There has been a move within government and industry to improve the information available quickly and so it is expected that in the next few years data such as terrestrial ecosystem mapping will be available. This will improve our ability to determine old forest representation of ecosystems within geographic areas and to ensure higher protection for those areas that fall within the less common categories. At the time of this study, the Integrated Land Management Bureau, under the Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, has put out an amended version of the South Central Coast Land Use Order for review and comment. This amendment is expected to bring a change in some of the old forest targets and perhaps other information that was used to conduct the analyses in this report. te that this report was completed using the targets developed as of the August 2007 South Central Coast Order only. The analyses will be updated with new information, when available, within the timeframe designated on individual tenure holders own agreements with government and/or First Nations. 14

19 SOURCES OF INFORMATION 1. South Central Coast Order (August 2007) 2. Landscape Unit Planning Guide 3. Biodiversity Guidebook (Forest Practice Code of British Columbia September 1995) 4. Forest Stewardship Plan (Mill & Timber Products Ltd/Gwa Nak Resources Ltd June 2007, amended January 2008) 5. Coast Forest Conservation Initiative Ecosystem Based Management Operational Guidance August Integrated Land Management Bureau South Central Coast and Central and rth Coast Background and Intent Document April Resource Management Planning: A Landscape-Level Strategy for Resource Development (May, 2002). 8. Seral Stage and Patch Size Distribution Analyses for the rth Coast Timber Supply Area (March 2008, Forest Investment Account Project , rthwest Timberlands Ltd.). 15

20 Appendix A Site Series Surrogate Analysis Units Description of Site Series Surrogate Analysis Unit Groupings: Site Series Analysis Unit Leading Species/Site Inventory Type Group and Associated Site Index SAU1 Fir - Good ITG 1-8, SI >27 SAU2 Fir - Medium ITG 1-8, SI SAU3 Fir - Poor ITG 1-8, SI <+20 SAU4 Cedar - Good ITG 9-11, SI >23 SAU5 Cedar - Medium ITG 9-11, SI SAU6 Cedar - Poor ITG 9-11, SI <=15 SAU7 HemBal - Good ITG 12-20, SI >22 SAU8 HemBal - Medium ITG 12-20, SI SAU9 HemBal - Poor ITG 12-20, SI <=12.5 SAU10 Spruce - Good ITG 21-26, SI >22 SAU11 Spruce - Medium ITG 21-26, SI SAU12 Spruce/Pine - Poor SI <= 15, Pine ITG 21-34, All SISI >38 SAU13 Deciduous - all ITG 35-42, SI all The above table shows the Site Series Surrogate analysis units which are grouped by leading species and by productivity. These units are meant to represent the biogeoclimatic zone and variant found within each landscape unit. The thresholds are used to identify the risk level for protection. Those analysis units that show up as rare will have higher protection given to them and as they become more common, the protection level decreases. 16

21 Appendix B Old Forest Analysis Units and Targets 17

22 Schedule 3 - Old Forest Analysis Units and Targets Rare Rare Modal Common common Site Series Surrogate Old Forest Target Site Series Surrogate Old Forest Target Site Series Surrogate Old Forest Target Site Series Surrogate Old Forest Target Site Series Surrogate Old Forest Target CWHds2- AU10 6 CWHds2- AU6 6 CWHds2-AU1 42% CWHdm-AU1 23% CWHdm-AU7 23% CWHds2- AU11 6 CWHmm1- AU5 53% CWHds2-AU7 6 CWHdm-AU2 17% CWHds2- AU12 12% CWHmm1- AU4 53% CWHvh1- AU2 63% CWHmm1- AU3 41% CWHdm-AU8 23% CWHds2-AU2 18% CWHmm1- AU12 29% CWHvm2- AU1 49% CWHmm1- AU6 61% CWHds2-AU5 22% CWHds2-AU3 22% CWHvm2- AU10 59% CWHvm2- AU2 49% CWHmm1- AU9 23% CWHds2-AU9 26% CWHds2-AU8 26% CWHxm- AU1 53% CWHvm2- AU3 49% CWHms2- AU10 61% CWHmm1- AU7 23% CWHms2- AU2 17% CWHxm- AU3 41% CWHxm-AU2 41% CWHms2- AU11 61% CWHmm1- AU8 23% CWHms2- AU3 17% CWHxm- AU4 53% CWHxm-AU7 53% CWHms2- AU4 53% CWHms2- AU1 23% CWHms2- AU5 23% CWHxm- AU5 53% CWHxm-AU8 53% CWHvh1- AU11 25% CWHms2- AU6 26% CWHms2- AU7 23% CWHxm2- AU10 61% CWHxm2- AU5 53% CWHvh1-AU9 29% CWHms2- AU12 12% CWHms2- AU8 23% ESSFmwh- AU12 29% CWHxm2- AU9 53% CWHvh2- AU11 59% CWHvh1- AU12 12% CWHms2- AU9 23% ESSFmwh- AU8 6 ESSFmw- AU3 5 CWHvh2-AU4 63% CWHvh1-AU4 27% CWHvh1-AU5 29% ESSFmwh- AU9 6 IDFww-AU11 6 CWHvm2- AU11 59% CWHvh1-AU7 25% CWHvh1-AU6 29% IDFww-AU6 6 IDFww-AU5 5 CWHvm2- AU12 29% CWHvh1-AU8 29% CWHvh2-AU5 29% IDFww-AU7 6 IDFww-AU9 6 CWHvm2- AU4 59% CWHvh2- AU10 25% CWHvh2-AU6 29% MHmm1- AU11 59% MHmm1-AU3 49% CWHws2- AU11 6 CWHvh2- AU12 12% CWHvh2-AU7 25% MHmm1- AU12 29% MHmm2-AU3 49% CWHws2-AU5 5 CWHvm1- AU1 21% CWHvh2-AU8 29% MHmm1- AU2 49% MHmm2-AU6 65% CWHws2-AU6 6 CWHvm1- AU12 12% CWHvh2-AU9 29% MHmm1- AU4 59% MHmm2-AU7 59% CWHxm2- AU6 61% CWHvm1- AU3 21% CWHvm1- AU10 25% MHmm2- AU2 29% MHmm2e- AU9 59% ESSFmw- AU12 29% CWHws2- AU12 12% CWHvm1- AU11 25% MHmm2- AU5 65% MHwh1-AU5 68% IDFww-AU2 42% CWHws2- AU2 18% CWHvm1- AU2 21% MHmm2e- AU12 29% MHwh1-AU8 68% IDFww-AU8 6 CWHws2- AU3 22% CWHvm1- AU4 25% MHmm2e- AU3 49% MHmm1-AU5 65% CWHws2- AU7 26% CWHvm1- AU5 28% MHmmp- AU8 59% MHmm1-AU7 59% CWHxm2- AU1 23% CWHvm1- AU6 28% MHmmp- AU9 59% MHmm2- AU12 29% CWHxm2- AU2 17% CWHvm1- AU7 25% MHwh1-AU9 68% CWHxm2- AU8 23% CWHvm1- AU8 25% ESSFmw- AU8 26% CWHvm1- AU9 25% ESSFmw- AU9 26% CWHvm2- AU5 28% IDFww-AU12 12% CWHvm2- AU6 28% IDFww-AU3 22% CWHvm2-25%

23 MHwh1-AU6 29% CWHdm AU3 18% AU7 CWHvm2- AU8 25% CWHvm2- AU9 25% CWHvm3- AU9 25% CWHdm-AU5 23% CWHdm-AU6 26% CWHws2-AU8 26% CWHdm- AU12 13% CWHws2-AU9 26% CWHxm2- AU7 23% CWHdm-AU4 23% CWHdm AU9 23% MHmm1-AU6 28% CWHmm1- AU1 23% MHmm1-AU8 25% CWHmm1- AU2 18% MHmm1-AU9 25% CWHxm2- AU12 26% MHmm2-AU8 25% CWHxm2- AU4 23% MHmm2-AU9 25% CWHxm2- AU3 17%

24 Appendix C - Maps 20