Effect of Putrescine and Uniconazole Treatments on Flower Characters and Photosynthetic Pigments of Chrysanthemum indicum L. Plant

Transcription

1 Effect of Putrescine and Uniconazole on Flower Characters and Photosynthetic Pigments of Chrysanthemum indicum L. Plant 1 Kandil, M. Mahros; 2 El-Saady, M. Badawy; *1 Mona, H. Mahgoub; 2 Afaf, M. Habib and 1 Iman, M. El-Sayed 1 Department of Ornamental Plants and Woody Trees, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt 2 Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Faculty of Agric., Cairo University, Giza, Egypt * free2hamona@yahoo.com Abstract: The effect of Putrescine at the concentration of 1,2 and 3 and Uniconazole at 2, 4 and 6 in addition to control (distilled water) on flower characters, total carbohydrates and photosynthetic pigments in flowers of Chrysanthemum plant during 24/25 and 25/26 had been evaluated studied. The obtained data indicated that all flower characters and chemical composition were significantly increased by foliar application of Putrescine at the three concentrations. Uniconazole treatments delayed start of flowering after spraying, decreased pedicle length and length of flower stalk, while it increased yield of flowers, diameter of inflorescence, vase life, total carbohydrates in the flowers and photosynthetic pigments chl. (a),(b) and carotonoids. The highest values were found when plants were treated with 2 Putrescine and 2 Uniconazole. [Kandil, M. Mahros; El-Saady, M. Badawy; Mona, H. Mahgoub; Afaf, M. Habib and Iman, M. El-Sayed. Effect of Putrescine and Uniconazole on Flower Characters and Photosynthetic Pigments of Chrysanthemum indicum L. Plant. Journal of American Science 211;7(3):399-48]. (ISSN: ).. Key words: Cut flowers, Polyamines, Growth retardant, chlorophylls, carbohydrates. 1. Introduction: Chrysanthemum indicum L. plant is one of the leading cut flowers and potted plants in the international market. It is a perennial herb grown in Egypt as one of the most important cut flowers and pot plants, the inflorescence consists of several ray and disc flowers (florets) and such, is called a (flower head),which is in markets because of its beautiful shape and longevity in vases. Chrysanthemum is a short day plant because of its habit of flowering only under short day conditions. A major reason being that the time of flowering can be modified throughout the year. The development of Chrysanthemum industry as a major ornamental cut flower and pot plant enterprises supports the major thrusts of the government to develop the non traditional export products that will boost the industry to earn foreign currency.the immediate benefits from Chrysanthemum production will substitute the imported flowers with locally produced ones. The Polyamines; namely Putrescine (Put), Spermine and Spermidine are well known as affecting different plant developmental processes (Kumar et al., 1997) and(martin-tanguy,21). They modulate several growth and developmental processes Viz., cell division, differentiation, flowering, fruit ripening, embryogenesis, senescence and rhizogenesis. In all these plant growth processes, polyamines have been described showing various roles such as a new class of plant growth regulators, Hormonal Second Messengers (HSM) and one of the reserves of carbon and nitrogen at least in cultured tissues. At cellular ph values, these compounds behave as cations and can interact with anionic macromolecules such as DNA, RNA phospholipids and certain proteins (Hepy and Persson, 199). PAs may act as anti-senescence agents (Galston and Kaur- Sawhey, 1995) and this property is largely based on a decrease in PA content with leaf aging and senescence in excised leaf or leaf segments. The mechanism of senescence inhibition by PAs may also be related to their possible inhibition of ethylene synthesis (Lee et al., 1997).This property may account for PAs acting as effective scavengers of free radical generated in a number of chemical and in vitro enzymes. Uniconazole is one of plant growth regulators having important role in crop production, toward manipulation of plant growth and yield. Triazole plant growth regulators induce a variety of morphological and biochemical responses in plants (Fletcher and Hofstra, 1988). The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of both Putrescine and Uniconazole on flower characters and photosynthetic pigments of Chrysanthemum plant. 2. Materials and Methods: Putrescine is (tetramethylene Diamine C 4 H 2 N 2, molecular weight 88.15), (Wettable powder with 98% activity) obtained from Sigma Chemical Company and Uniconazole Sumitomo Chemical Japanese Company Limited plant growth retardant kindly, supplied by their scientific Bureau in Cairo. 399

2 The substance (Wettable powder with 1%activity) [(E)-1-(P-Chlorophenyl) 4.4-Dimethyl-2-(1,2,-4 Triazole1-1l)1-Penten-3-ol],with molecular formulae C 15 H 18 Cl N 3o, molecular weight , water solubility 8.4 at 25 C, solubility in methanol 2-1 (W/W% at 21 C) were used. The plants were sprayed with bioregulators three times (1 st November, 1 st December and 1 st January 24/25 and 25/26) with freshly prepared solutions of Putrescine (1, 2 and 3 ) and Uniconazole (2, 4 and 6 ), while the control plants were sprayed with distilled water. The experiment was a complete randomized blocks design, with six treatments plus control. Each treatment has three replicates (each replicate contain five plants). The volume of the spraying solution was maintained to cover the whole plant foliage till run off point. The flowers were weighed, dried in an electric oven at 7 C o till a constant weight, ground to fine powder by an electric mill and stored for chemical analysis to estimate total carbohydrates. Additional samples were taken after ten days from each spray to estimate flower characters (flowering start after spraying, flowers yield, inflorescence diameter, pedicle length of inflorescence, length of inflorescence stalk, vase life (days), and fresh and dry weight of inflorescence. Total carbohydrates were determined in the dry powder of chrysanthemum flowers using colorimetric method at wave length 49 nm as described by (Herbert et al., 1971). Chlorophyll (a), (b) as well as carotenoids were determined in the fresh material 1 days after each spray as described by (Wattestein,1957). Statistical analysis: Data obtained were subjected to standard analysis of variance procedure. The values of L.S.D were obtained whenever F values were significant at 5% level, according to (Snedecor and Cochran, 198). 3. Results and Discussion: Flowering start after spraying Data in Table (1) indicated that spraying Chrysanthemum plants with Putrescine at 1, 2 and 3 lead to early blooming than control plants. The longest period, which was obtained in Jan. and Feb. from application of 2 Putrescine, and 3 in Dec. and Jan. then 1 Putrescine in Dec. in both seasons, respectively. On the other hand, spraying the plants with Uniconazole at 2, 4 and 6 delayed flowering in January, February and March for the 1 st and 2 nd season, respectively as compared with control plants, while in December all used concentrations did not produce any flowers. It may be due to the effect of Putrescine on the IAA synthesis, which increases the synthesis of IAA enzyme and increasing the tryptophane levels, which are precursors of IAA hormone. The results are in agreement with those obtained by( Koriesh et al,1989), (Dutta et al.,1993) and (Kang et al.,1995) on Chrysanthemum. They found that growth regulators enhanced earlier flowering than untreated plants. Yield of inflorescence Data presented in Table (2) indicate that foliar spraying of Chrysanthemum plants with Putrescine at the rate of 1,2 and 3 caused a significant increase in flower yield in both seasons than control plants.the highest values were found at 2 Putrescine, giving 147and 161 for the 1 st and 2 nd season, respectively. Application of Uniconazole treatments at 2 gave the highest values 13and 14 of inflorescence plants in the 1 st and 2 nd season, respectively. These results are in agreement with obtained by( Mahgoub et al.,26 b) on Dianthus caryophyllus plants they found that Putrescine at 2 and 4 caused a significant increase in flower yield as compared with untreated plants. With regard to the effect of Uniconazole; our results are in agreement with those obtained by( Bekheta,1992), (Wu et al.,1996), (Bekheta,2) and (El-Kadey,22) they found that using Uniconazole increased yield over than untreated plants. Diameter of inflorescence Data presented in Table (2) indicate that spraying Putrescine at 2 significantly increased diameter of flower head, giving 8. cm and 8.6 cm/ inflorescence compared with control plans that gave 5.6 cm and 5.9 cm/inflorescence in the 1 st and 2 nd season, respectively. Other concentrations increased also the diameter of flowering heads as compared with the untreated plants, in both seasons In case of Uniconazole application, it was found that low concentrations 2o and 4 significantly increased the inflorescence diameter by 21.4 and 23.2% over than that of unsprayed plants in the 1 st season. While spraying the plants with 2 Uniconazole in the 2 nd season gave 7.2 cm showing its significant effect, while the other rates were insignificantly effective. Similar finding was obtained by (Haggag, 1997) on Chrysanthemum. (Dutta et al., 1993) on some Chrysanthemum cultivars, found that Uniconazole increased flower diameter than control plants. Pedicle length of inflorescence Data in Table (2) showed that foliar application of Chrysanthemum plants with Putrescine increased insignificantly pedicle length of flowers as compared with the control plants in the 1 st season. In case of the 4

3 2 nd season, the application of 2 and 3 significantly increased the pedicle length of flowers than application of 1 Putrescine 9.8cm as compared with control plants 9.cm in both seasons. On the other hand, using concentrations of 4 and 6 Uniconazole significantly decreased pedicle length of flowers than the control plants 8.9 and 9. cm for the 1 st and 2 nd season. Length of inflorescence stalk Data in Table (2) revealed that foliar spraying of Chrysanthemum plants with Putrescine significantly increased the length of flowering stalk in the two seasons. The highest value 3.6 and 32.3cm had been recorded for plants treated with 2 as compared with control plants 2.7 and 22. cm in the 1 st and 2 nd season, respectively. In case of Uniconazole; data showed that as the concentration was raised the recorded mean value for this character decreased to reach its minimum value 16.6 and 17.3 cm for the 1 st and 2 nd respectively, as compared with control plants 2.7 and 22. cm. These results were in harmony with those obtained by (Mao et al., 1991) on Salvia splendens and (Haggag, 1997) on Chrysanthemum, who stated that PP-333 application reduced flower stalk length. Vase life/days Data in Table (2) indicated that the control treatment recorded 11.3 and 14.3 days for flowers vase life, while using 2 Putrescine gave the longest period of flower vase life 26. and 27. days in 1 st and 2 nd seasons, respectively. In 1 st season treated plants with 1 and 3 Putrescine gave 2.7 and 24.3 days. The same trend was obtained in the 2 nd season. Application of Uniconazole increased significantly the flowers vase life. The longest vase life 19. and 2. days had been recorded for plants treated with 2 in the 1 st and 2 nd seasons, respectively. These results are in agreement with that obtained by(mahgoub et al.,26 b) on Dianthus caryophyllus plants. The increment of vase life of flowers due to growth regulators may be due to increasing protein content in petals and ovaries ( Lukaszewska,1988), or due to cytokinins, which are able to reduce and delay the production of endogenous ethylene. Also polyamines may retard senescence by inhibiting ethylene production (Suttle, 1981). The increment of polyamines was accompanied by inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the anti-senescence effects of polyamines. (Borrell et al., 1997) Fresh weight of inflorescence Data in Table (2) indicated that spraying the plants with Putrescine had significantly effect on the fresh weight of flowers. The highest value had been obtained from spraying the plants with 2. Using Putrescine at the concentration of 1 and 3 increased fresh weight having 6.3and 7. g for the 1 st season and 6.6 and 7.3 g for the 2 nd season, respectively. Application of 2 Uniconazole increased significantly fresh weight of treated plants. The main estimated values were 5.3 and 6.3 g while the control plants, produced 4.5 and 4.6 g in both seasons, respectively. Raising the application rate to 4 and 6 decreased as the concentration was raised. Putrescine was more effective on increasing fresh weight of Chrysanthemum plants, as compared with application of Uniconazole. This may be explained that Putrescine enhanced the accumulation of the photosynthetic products in the plant tissues, i.e. flowers. Dry weight of inflorescence Using Putrescine at 1, 2 and 3 gave the values of 2.4, 3. and 2.7 g as compared with the control 1.58 g in the 1st season. Similar trend was found in the 2 nd season. Application of Uniconazole at 2, 4, and 6 recorded the values 1.94, 1.91 and 1.76 g for the 1 st season. The same trend was found in the 2 nd season. From these results it was noticed that using Putrescine at 2 and Uniconazole at 2 resulted in the highest increase in the dry weight of chrysanthemum flowers. These results are in agreement with those obtained by (Singh and Bist,23) on rose, (Mahgoub et al., 26 b) on Dianthus caryophyllus and (Mahgoub et al.,26 a) on Calendula officinalis, (El Quesni et al.,27) on Bougainvillea glabra plants, they found that paclobutrazole or Putrescine increased dry weight of flowers. These results may be due to the promotive effect of Putrescine, which is essential for plant growth and differentiation and thus involved in various physiological processes (Flores and Galston, 1982 and Friedman et al., 1989). Chemical constituents a- Carbohydrate content Data in Table (3) showed that all concentrations of the two bioregulators increased the total carbohydrates content in flowers of chrysanthemum and the highest values were found when the plants were treated with Putrescine at the 41

4 rate of 2 and Uniconazole at the rate of 2. These increment in total carbohydrates content may be attributed to the increase in photosynthetic process efficiency, which led to increase assimilation of leaf CO 2.These results are in agreement with those obtained by, (Mahgoub et al.26 b) on Dianthus caryophyllus and (El-Quesni et al., 27) on Bougainvillea glabra plants as they obtained increases in the total carbohydrates content in the plants treated with different concentrations of Putrescine. Concerning the effect of Uniconazole on the carbohydrates content in plants, these results are in agreement with those obtained by,(mahgoub et al., 26 a) on Calendula officinalis, (Bekheta et al., 23) on Thymus serpyllum plants and (El-Quesni et al., 27) on Bougainvillea glabra plants. b. Photosynthetic pigments Chlorophyll (a) Data in Fig. (1) Illustrated that spraying Chrysanthemum plants with Putrescine significantly increased the content of Chl. (a) in recent leaves of plants. In the 1 st spray data showed that Treating plants with 2 Putrescine caused the highest values of the content Chl. (a) for the 1 st and 2 nd seasons, respectively, followed by 3 Putrescine, whereas the lowest concentration resulted in the lowest values of Chl. (a) for the control plants in the three sprays compared with the other treatments. The highest values were showed with plants treated with 2 in the st spray, followed by the same concentration and in the 3 rd spray at the two seasons, respectively. Spraying the plants with 2 significantly increased chl.(a) over the control in the 1st and 2nd season,respectively, followed by 4 and 6 Uniconazole, which gave the lowest value of chl.(a) within the treatments but higher than the control in the two seasons (Fig.1). In case of 2 nd spray, in the 1 st season, the data indicated that all the values of chl.(a) content were over control plants, when the plants were treated with 2, 4 and 6 Uniconazole. The highest content was recorded in the plants treated with 2 Uniconazole, which was higher than the untreated plants, whereas there was no different ratio, when the plants were treated with 4 and 6. In general chlorophyll (a) content clearly differed from control in the 1 st spray of the two seasons, this means that the used bioregulators showed only their effect early at the beginning of their application, while after that the application was less effective. Chlorophyll (b) Spraying the plants with 2 Putrescine produced the highest content of Chl. (b) in all sprays than that for control plants, while decreasing the concentration to 1 reduced the content of Chl. (b) in both seasons (Fig. 2). Regarding to Uniconazole treatments the data showed that spraying the plants with Uniconazole at the rates of 2, 4 and 6 significantly increased the Chlorophyll (b) content; giving the highest content at the lowest concentration (2 ), while raising the concentration resulted in reduction of chlorophyll (b) content. The highest values were found in the 1 st spray in 1 st season. The application of three sprays showed that their greatest effect had been obtained at the 1 st spray. Total carotenoids content Data in Fig. (3) Revealed that, spraying Chrysanthemum plants with Putrescine and Uniconazole at the different concentrations affected significantly on increasing total carotenoids content in the two seasons. The highest values of carotenoids were obtained in plants treated with 2. Concerning Uniconazole treatment it was found that spraying the plants with 2 resulted insignificant increase in the 1 st and 2 nd season at the 1 st spray, followed by the 2 nd and finally by the 3 rd spray. These results are in agreement with those obtained by (Talaat et al., 25) on Catharanthus roseus and (Youssef et al., 24) on Matthiola incana. Polyamines stimulated some physiological responses including vegetative growth and photosynthetic activity (Yanghua et al., 1996 and Chattopadayay et al., 22). They found that different concentrations of Putrescine increased chl (a), (b) and total carotenoids, respectively. With regard to the effect of Uniconazole on photosynthetic pigments, the obtained results are in harmony with those obtained by(bekheta et al.,23) on Thymus serpyllum plants and(el-quesni et al., 27) on Bouganivillea glabra plants, they stated that treating the plants with triazole compound at 1 concentrations increased chlorophylls contet. 42

5 Table 1. Flowering start after spraying of Chrysanthemum indicum L. plant as affected by Putrescine and Uniconazole during 24/25 and 25/26 seasons 24/25 25/26 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar Put., Put., Put., Uni., Uni., Uni., Table 2. Effect of Putrescine and Uniconazole on inflorescences characters of Chrysanthemum indicum L. plant during 24/25 and 25/26 seasons Treatment flower Yield /plant (No) Flower diameter (cm) Pedicle length (cm) Length of inflorescenc e stalk (cm) Vase life Fresh weight Dry weight (days) (g) (g) Season 1 st 2 nd 1 st 2 nd 1 st 2 nd 1 st 2 nd 1 st 2 nd 1 st 2 nd 1 st 2 nd Put., Put., Put., Uni., Uni., Uni., L.S.D Table 3. Carbohydrates contents (D.W %) in flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L. plant as affected by Putrescine and Uniconazole treatments during 24/25 and 25/26 seasons. Treatment Put., 1 Put., 2 Put., 3 Uni., 2 Uni., 4 Uni., 6 L.S.D.5 Put= Putrescine Flowers 24/25 25/ Uni= Uniconazole 43

6 A-First spray.5 C hlorophyll (a).4 Put 1 Put 2 Put 3 Uni 2 Uni 4 Uni 6 B-Second spray Chlorophyll (a) Put 1 Put 2 Put 3 Uni 2 Uni 4 Uni 6 C-Third spray Chlorophyll (a) Put 1 Put 2 Put 3 Uni 2 Uni 4 Uni 6 Put= Putrescine Uni= Uniconazole Fig.1. Chlorophyll (a) content (mg/g F.W) of Chrysanthemum indicum L.plant as affected by Putrescine and Uniconazole treatments during 24/25 and 25/26 seasons. 44

7 A-First spray Chlorophyll (b) Put 1 Put 2 Put 3 Uni 2 Uni 4 Uni 6 B-Second spray Chlorophyll (b) Put 1 Put 2 Put 3 Uni 2 Uni 4 Uni 6 Put= Putrescine Uni= Uniconazole Fig. 2. Chlorophyll (b) content (mg/g F.W) of Chrysanthemum indicum L. plant as affected by Putrescine and Uniconazole treatments 24/25 and 25/26 seasons. 45

8 A-First spray Total carotenoid's Put 1 Put 2 Put 3 Uni 2 Uni 4 Uni 6 B-Second spray Total carotenoid's.5.4 Put 1 Put 2 Put 3 Uni 2 Uni 4 Uni 6 C-Third spray Total carotenoid's Put 1 Put 2 Put 3 Uni 2 Uni 4 Uni 6 Put= Putrescine Uni= Uniconazole Fig. 3. Total carotenoids content (mg/g F.W) of Chrysanthemum indicum L. plant as affected by Putrescine and Uniconazole treatments 24/25 and 25/ 26 seasons. Corresponding author Mona, H. Mahgoub Department of Ornamental Plants and Woody Trees, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt free2hamona@yahoo.com 4. References: 1. Bekheta, M. (1992). Studies on the physiological response of Vicia faba to Uniconazole. M.Sc. Thesis., Fac. of Sci., Cairo University, Egypt. 46

9 2. Bekheta, M. (2). Physiological studies on the effect of Uniconazole on the growth and productivity of Vicia faba plants grown under different levels of salinity. Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. of Sci., Cairo University, Egypt. 3. Bekheta, M. A; El-Ghorab, A. H. and Mahgoub, M. H. (23). Influence of stigmasterol and Uniconazole on growth, endogenous hormones, chemical composition and radical scavenging activity of thyme (Thymus syrpyllum L.). Egypt. J. Res. NRC, 1: Borrell, A.; Carbonell, L.; Farras, R.; Puig - Parellads, P. and Tiburcio, A. F. (1997). Polyamines inhibit lipid peroxidation in senescing oat leaves. Physiol. Plant., 99: Chattopadayay, M. K.; Tiwari, B. S.; Chattopadhayay, G.; Bose, A.; Sengupta, D. N. and Ghosh, B. (22). Protective role of exogenous polyamines on salinity-stressed rice (Oryza sativa) plants. Physiol. Plant., 116: Dutta, J. P.; Seemanthinin, R. and Khader, M. A. (1993). Regulation of flowering by growth regulators in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum Linn.). Cv.Co.1. South Indian Horticultural, 41 (5) El-Kadey, F. M. A. (22). Some studies on the effect of growth regulator Uniconazole on the growth, some metabolic changes, levels endogenous hormones and productivity of wheat, plants. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. of Sci., Al-Azhar Univ., Egypt. 8. El-Quesni, F. E.; Kandil, M. M. and Mahgoub, M. H. (27). Some studies on the effect of Putrescine and Paclobutrazole on the growth and chemical composition of Bougainvillea glabra L. at Nubaria. American Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 2(5): Fletcher, R. A. and Hofstra, G. (1988). Triazoles as potential plant protestants. In: Berg D and Plempel M (eds) sterol Biosynthesis inhibitors: Pharmacutial. And Agricultural Aspects. Cambridge, England: Ellis Hard Wood Ltd, pp Flores, H. E. and Galston, A. W. (1982). Polyamines and plant stress: Activation of Putrescine biosynthesis by osmotic shock. Sci., 217: Friedman, R.; Altman, A. and Levin, N. (1989). The effect of salt stress on polyamine biosynthesis and content in mung bean plants and halophytes. Physiol. Plant., 76: Galston, A. W. and Kaur-Sawhey, R. (1995). Polyamines as endogenous growth regulators In: Davis P.J. (ed) Plant Hormones: Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.2 nd Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp Haggag, A. A. (1997). Physiological studies on chrysanthemum plant. Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. of Agric., Cairo Univ., Egypt, 161p. 14. Hepy, O. and Persson, L. (199). Molecular genetics of polyamine synthesis in Eukaryotic cells. Trends Biochem. Sci., 15: Herbert, D. P.; Phlipps, P. and Styrangl, R. (1971). Determination of carbohydrates method on microbial. 58: Kang, J. G.; Whang, T. E.; Chung, S. T. (1995). Effect of 6-benzylamino purine on the growth and flowering in sil and hydroponically grown Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandifolia). J. Korean Soc. for Hortic. Sci., 36: 3, Koriesh, E. M.; Abou-Dahab, M. M. and Ali, E. W. M. (1989). Physiological studies on Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram2. Effect of cycocyl, gibberellic acid and nucleic acid on flowering and inflorescence characters. Assiut J. Agric. Sci., 2(1) Kumar, A.; Altabella, T.; Taylor, M. A. and Tiburcio, A. F. (1997). Recent advances in polyamines research, Trend Plant Sci., (2) Lee, M. N.; Lee, S. H. and Park, K. Y. (1997). Effect of spermine on ethylene biosynthesis in cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers during senescence. J. Plant Physiol.,151: Lukaszewska, J. and Gorin, N. (1988). Effect of ethylene treatment on changes in the weight and carbohydrate contents of corollas from cut Sonia roses. Bulletin of Polish Academy of Sci., Biolo. Sci., 36 (4-6) Mahgoub, M. H.; Abd El-Aziz, N. G. and Youssef, A. A. (26 a). Influence of foliar spray with Paclobutrazole or glutathion on growth, flowering and chemical composition of Calendula officinalis L. plant. J. Applied Sci. Res., 2(1) Mahgoub, M. H.; El-Ghorab, A. H. and Bkheta, M. A. (26 b). Effect of some bioregulators on the endogenous phytohormones, chemical composition, essential oil and its antioxidant activity of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). J. 47

10 Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 31 (7): Mao, L.; Gao,Y.;Yao, Y.;Qien, Y. and Tang, Y. (1991). Dwarfing effects of Paclobutrazole, daminozide and chlormequat 18 (2): Martin-Tanguy, J. (21). on potting scarlet sage. Acta Hort. Sinie., Metabolism and function of polyamines in plants. Recent Development (new approaches). Plant Growth Reg., 34: Singh, A. K. and Bist, L. D. (23). Effect of Paclobutrazole on growth and flowering in rose cv. Gruss- an-teplitz. Indian J. Hortic., 6 (2): Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, W. G. (198). One-way Classification Analysis of Variance. In: Statistical Methods (8 ed.). Iowa State University, Press Ames. Iowa, USA., Chapter 12, pp Suttle, J. C. (1981).Effect of Polyamines on ethylene production. Phytochemistry, 2, Talaat, I. M.; Bekhea, M. A. and Mahgoub, M. H. (25). Physiological response of periwinkle plants (Catharanthus roseus L.) to tryptophan and Putrescine. Intern. J.of Agric. and Biology, 2, Wattestein,D.(1957).Chlorophyl letgal und submik roskopische fromivechsel der Platident Exptl. Cell Res., 12: Wu, C.; Jiaxin, G.; Xiaoping, T.; Yiping, W. and Hanwei, M. (1996). The effect of seed treatment of parental lines with Uniconazole on the production of hybrid rice seed. China- Rice. No.3, Yanghua, D.; Jiping, S.; Guangminl and Zhenging, S. (1996). Effect of Spermine and Spermidine on photosynthetic carboxylase activity of detached maize leaves. Plant Physiol. comm., 32 : Youssef, A. A.; Mahgoub, M. H. and Talaat, I. M. (24). Physiological and biochemical aspects of Matthiola incana plants under the effect of Putrescine and Kinetin treatments. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci., 19 (9B) /2/211 48