Preharvest Growth Regulators in Apple

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1 Preharvest Growth Regulators in Apple November 2015 Dana Faubion, AgroFresh

2 Plant hormones What is a hormone chemical messenger The main five plant hormones > Abscisic Acid growth inhibitor (dormancy), moves freely, > Auxin -- cell elongation, meristem, top down, apical dominence > Cytokinins stimulates cell division, inhibits senescence, roots, bottom up, > Ethylene promotes senescence, ripening, gas > Giberellins induces cell division, cell elongation, moves freely, > Others 2

3 Plant hormones What is a hormone chemical messenger The main five plant hormones > Abscisic Acid growth inhibitor (dormancy), moves freely, > Auxin -- cell elongation, meristem, top down, apical dominence > Cytokinins stimulates cell division, inhibits senescence, roots, bottom up, > Ethylene promotes senescence, ripening, gas > Giberellins induces cell division, cell elongation, moves freely, > Others 3

4 Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana. Photo: MPI for Developmental Biology 4

5 Labeled preharvest PGRs for apple in Washington Hormone class Ingredient Registrant Auxin indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) PBT NAA sodium salt Amvac Fine naphthalene-acetamide (NAD ) Amvac naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) Amvac Fine Valent Cytokinnin cytokinnins PBT benzyladenine GS Long Nufarm Valent Ethylene ethephon Arysta Bayer Fine Makhteshim-Agan Nufarm Valent Anti Ethylene aminoethoxyvinylglycine hydrochloride (AVG) Valent 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) AgroFresh Gibberellins gibberellic acid PBT gibberellins (GA A4, A7) Valent Fine Nufarm WSU PICOL 5

6 Auxin fruit abscission Example: NAA, Fruitone L, 3.1% NAA equivalent, Amvac What does it do? > Inhibits abscission > High levels can accelerate senescence 6

7 Gibberellins / Cytokinnins Example: Gibberellins A 4 A 7, and benzyladenine, Promalin, 1.8%, Valent What does it do? > Promotes cell division and expansion > Fruit size > Promotes bud break and lateral branching ia/file:gibberellin_a1.svg Tree Fruit Physiology, WSU

8 Ethylene Respiration Ethylene production Volatile production Chlorophyll degradation Skin and flesh changes Protein and membrane changes Softening Disorders and diseases (scald, ) Acidity Cuticle formation Carbohydrate metabolism Abscission (Drop) Firmness Starch Greasiness Cracking Bitterpit 8

9 SF Yang Cycle SAM ACC Ethylene Ethylene receptor site AVG (ReTain) Inhibits the production of ACC, a rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of ethylene Ethylene (ethephon) Is released after the spray is metabolized inside the plant 1-MCP (Harvista, SmartFresh) Inhibits the perception of ethylene by receptors Physiological effects of ethylene 9

10 Plant Ethylene Ethylene production > Yang cycle MTR-1-P KMB Ethylene gas Ethylene perception MTR Ethylene Met ACC MTA AdoMet Modified from Miyazaki and Yang (1987) 10

11 Chuanli Ju et al. PNAS 2012;109:

12 Ethylene Example: Ethrel, [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid], 21.7%, Bayer What does it do? 12

13 Harvest +1 month +2 months +4 months Harvest +1 month +2 months +4 months Harvest +2 months +3 months +4 months lbs Red Delicious Ethrel Treatments 18.0 Firmness Grower 1 Grower 2 Grower 3 Red Delicious - Initial RA - Control RA - SmartFresh * Applications of SmartFresh TM took place 8-9 days post harvest. 13

14 Anti Ethylene Example: AVG, Retain, 15%, Valent What does it do? 14

15 Retain data slide Tree Fruit Physiology, WSU 1996 Brackmann, A.SCIENTIA AGRICOLA, Volume: 72, Issue: 3 15

16 Anti Ethylene the new one Example: 1-methylcyclopropene, Harvista, 3.8%, AgroFresh What does it do? 16

17 Cumulative Fruit Drop % Harvista Fruit Drop Rescue McIntosh Application Dates 100 Control 7-Sep 18-Sep 21-Sep Sep 9-Sep 12-Sep 15-Sep 18-Sep 21-Sep 24-Sep 27-Sep 30-Sep 3-Oct 6-Oct 9-Oct 12-Oct 15-Oct 18-Oct 21-Oct Chris Watkins Cornell University 17

18 Firmness (Kg) Harvista Impact on Storage Red Delicious 8.0 TM Control Retain Harvista SmartFresh Harvista + SmartFresh H H+7 H+14 H+21 H H+7 H+14 H+21 Regular Atmosphere 93 days + 7 days stress Controlled Atmosphere 188 days + 7 days stress 18

19 Summary 19

20 20

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