Pithapur Rajahs Government College

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1 DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AND MICROBI IOLOGY SYLLABUS FOR BOTANY Approved in Board of Studies meeting convened on for the Academic Year Pithapur Rajahs Government College (Autonomous NAAC Re accredited with B CGPA) KAKINADA , E.G.Dt., Andhra Pradesh

2 PITHAPUR RAJAHS GOVERNMENT COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) KAKINADA, E.G.DT. ANDHRA PRADESH Department of Botany and Microbiology The Board of Studies meeting for Botany subject during the academic year is conducted at the Dept. of Botany and Microbiology on at AM with Dr. A. Srinivasa Rao, Lecturer in- Charge in the chair along with the following members Name, designation and address Signature Chair Person : DR. A. Srinivasa Rao, Lecturer in-charge Dept. of Botany and Microbiology P.R.G.C.(A), Kakinada 2. AdiKavi Nannyya University Nominee : Dr. S. V. Ranga Rao, Lecturer in Botany Dept. of Botany, S.M.B.T.A.V & S.N.Degree College, Veeravasaram, West Godavari District 3. Members nominated by Executive council of the College : a. Member from Research Organisation: Smt. P. Swathi, Assistant Director Biological Control Laboratory Dept. of Agriculture, Near RTO office, Kakinada b. Subject Expert : Ms. K.N.V.S.N.Eswari, Lecturer in Botany Dept. of Botany, Govt. Degree College Pithapuram, E.G.Dt. c. Alumni member : Sri A.R.K.Sastry, Former Joint Director Botanical Survey of India Kolkata, West Bengal St. R/o Kakinada, E.G.Dt. 4. Members from the College : a. Faculty member : Ms. B. Raja Rajeswari, Contract Faculty in Botany Dept. of Botany, P.R.G.C. (A), Kakinada b. Student members : i. ii

3 C.B.C.S. pattern effective from Academic Year Botany Model Blue Print for the Question paper and choice for I year (w.e.f Academic Year) S.No. To be given in the Question paper To be answered Type of Questions No. of Questions Marks allotted to each question Total marks No. of Questions Marks allotted to each question Total marks SECTION - A Very Short Answer Questions SECTION - B Short Answer Questions SECTION - C Essay Questions (Eitheror) Total questions & Total marks = Percentage of choice given = x 100 = x 100 = 44.95%

4 I B.Sc., Botany / I Semester End (W.E.F ) Microbial diversity, Algae & Fungi (Course : BO1207) Total Hrs. of Teaching-Learning: 4 h / Week Total Credits : 03 Module -1 Origin and Evolution of Life, Microbial diversity (12hrs) a. Discovery of microorganisms, origin of life, spontaneous, biogenesis, b. Pasteur experiments, germ theory of disease. c. Classification of microorganisms R.H. Whittaker s five kingdom concept. d. Brief account of special groups of bacteria- Archaebacteria, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Actinomycetes. e. Cyanobacteria : Systematic position, structure and reproduction of Nostoc and Oscillatoria. Economic importance as SCP and Biofertilizers. Module -2 Viruses (12hrs) a. Viruses - Discovery, general account, structure and multiplication of T4 Phage (Lytic, Lysogenic) and TMV, Viroids. b. A brief account of plant diseases caused by viruses Symptoms, transmission and control measures. c. Viral diseases : Tobacco Mosaic, Bhendi Vein clearing and Papaya leaf curl. Module -3 Bacteria (12hrs) a. Bacteria - Discovery, General characteristics, cell structure and nutrition b. Reproduction- Asexual and bacterial recombination (Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction). c. Economic importance of Bacteria. Module -3Algae (12hrs) a. Algae : Introduction, general characters (Pigments, reserve food material, flagella type); Fritsch classification up to classes. b. A general account of thallus organization, reproduction and life cycles in Algae. c. Economic importance of algae : Food, fodder and feed; phycocolloids, seawage disposal and Harmful algae. d. Systematic position, structure, reproduction and life history of following genera : i. Chlorophyceae : Oedogonium and Fritschiella ii. Phaeophyceae : Ectocarpus iii. Rhodophyceae : Polysiphonia Module-4 Fungi & Lichens (12hrs) a. Fungi: Introduction, general characters, Ainsworth classification (outlines) and economic importance. b. Systematic position, structure, reproduction and life history of following genera : i. Zygomycota : Rhizopus ii. Ascomycota : Penicillium iii. Basidiomycota : Puccinia c. Major famines of the world due to fungal pathogens Irish, Bengal and Srilanka d. Lichens : Introduction, thallus structure and reproduction; ecological and economic importance.

5 P.R.Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada I year B.Sc., Program Examinations at I Semester End Botany 1A : Microbial diversity, algae & fungi (Course : BO1207 Model paper w.e.f ) Time : 2 ½ Hrs. Max. Marks : 60 Section A 5X1 = 5 M Answer all the following questions, diagrams are not needed 1. Heterocyst 2. Viroid 3. Mesosome 4. Cap cell 5. Metula Section B 5x3 = 15 M Answer any five of the following questions; draw diagrams wherever necessary 6. Actinomycetes 7. Tobacco Mosaic Virus 8. Binary fission in Bacteria 9. Chemoautotrophs 10. Pigments in Algae 11. Fritschiella 12. Coffee rust 13. Economic importance of Lichens Section C 5x8 = 40 M Answer five questions, choosing one question from each set. Draw neat and labeled diagrams wherever necessary. 14. (a) Give an account on Origin of life. (b) Enumerate the evidences of organic evolution. 15. (a) Discuss about Transmission of virus. (b) Write an essay on the multiplication of Virus. 16. (a) Discuss different modes of nutrition in Bacteria. (b) Write an essay on economic importance of bacteria. 17. (a) Discuss about the range of thallus structure in algae. (b) Describe the life cycle of Ectocarpus with diagrams. 18. (a) Describe the life cycle of Puccinia. (b) Give a brief account of thallus structure and reproduction in Lichens.

6 Course BO1207 : Microbial diversity, Algae and Fungi Model blue print for the Question Paper setter Max. marks = 60 Time : 2½ Hrs. Module No. / Title Very Short Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Essay Questions Marks allotted to the Module Module-1/ Origin and Evolution of Life, Microbial diversity Module- 2 / Viruses Module 3/ Bacteria 1 2 Module- 3 / Algae 1 2 Module 4 / Fungi & Lichens Total marks allotted to all questions including choice = 109 Note : Question paper setters are requested to adhere strictly to the above blue print while preparing the said paper

7 I B.Sc., Botany I Semester Practical Syllabus (Microbial diversity, Algae and Fungi) Botany Practical Paper - I (BO1207P) model (w.e.f ) 1. Knowledge of equipment used in Microbiology: Spirit lamp, Inoculation loop, Hot-air oven, Autoclave/Pressure cooker, laminar air flow chamber and Incubator. 2. Preparation of liquid and solid media for culturing of microbes (Demonstration). 3. Study of viruses and bacteria using electron photo micrographs (TMV, Bacteriophage, HIV, Cocci, Bacillus, Spirillum bacteria) 4. Gram staining technique. 5. Study of Plant disease symptoms caused by Bacteria (Citrus canker, leaf blight of rice, Angular leaf spot of Cotton). 6. Study of Plant disease symptoms caused by viruses (TMV, Bhendi vein clearing and Leaf curl of Papaya), 7. Study of Plant disease symptoms caused by Fungi (Late blight of potato, Red rot of Sugarcane and Paddy blast). 8. Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of the following : a) Cyanobacteria: Nostoc and Scytonema. b) Algae: Oedogonium, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, c) Fungi: Rhizopus, Penicillium and Puccinia Study of plant material infected by Fungi (Rot of tomatoes, blue and green molds of Citrus fruits and wheat rust(section cutting of diseased parts of Wheat and Barberry identification of different spores). 10. Lichens: Morphology and of anatomy of different thalli. 11. Field Visit.

8 I B.Sc., Botany Practical examinations at the end of I Semester (Microbial diversity, Algae and Fungi) Botany Practical Paper - I (BO1207P) model (w.e.f ) Time : 2 hours Max.Marks: Identify any three algal members from the given algal mixture A 3x4= 12 M Scheme for valuation: Identification -1mark+ Diagram-1 marks + Reasons-2 marks 2. Take T.S of given material B (Fungal disease) prepare slide, draw diagram and specify the identification characters. 12 M Scheme for valuation: Section cutting & slide preparation 4 marks + Identification 2mark + Labeled diagram 3 marks + Reasons 3 marks. 3. Scientific observation of the given specimens 4x3= 12 M C: Microphotograph of Virus D: Gram staining technique E: Algae specimen/slide F: Fungi specimen/slide Scheme of valuation : Identification 1 mark + Diagram-1 mark + Reasons - 1 mark 4. Write critical notes on given slides/photographs of interest: 3x2= 06 M G: Cyanobacterium H: Viral disease specimen I: Bacterial disease specimen Scheme of valuation: Identification 1 mark + Notes 1 mark 5. Record + Viva voce 5+3 = 08 M

9 I B.Sc., Botany / II Semester End (W.E.F ) Diversity of Archegoniates and Plant anatomy (Course : BO2207) Total Hrs. of Teaching-Learning: 4 h / Week Total Credits : 03 Module -1 Bryophyta (12h) a. Introduction, general characters, classification up to classes. b. Systematic position, Structure, reproduction and life history of following genera (Developmental stages are not required): i. Hepaticopsida : Marchantia ii. Bryopsida : Polytrichum c. Evolution of gametophyte and sporophyte in Bryophytes. d. Economic and biological importance of Bryophytes Module -2 Pteridophyta (12h) a. Introduction, general characters, classification up to classes. b. Rhynia-Morphology & anatomy c. Systematic position,structure,reproduction and life history of following genera (Developmental stages are not required): i. Lycopsida : Lycopodium ii. Pteropsida : Marsilea d. Stelar evolution in Pteridophytes e. Heterospory and seed habit in Pteridophytes. Module-3 Gymnosperms (12h) a. Introduction, general characters, structure, reproduction and classification. b. A general account of Bennettitales Williamsoniaceae, Wielandiellaceae and Cycadeoidaceae c. Systematic position, structure, reproduction and life history of following genera (Developmental stages are not required): i. Coniferopsida : Pinus ii. Gnetopsida : Gnetum d. Economic importance of Gymnosperms e. Endangered Gymnosperms Module-4 Tissues & Tissue systems (12h) a. Meristems : Introduction, characteristics and classification. b. Histological organization of shoot and root apices in different plant groups. c. Apical cell theory, histogen theory and Tunica-Corpus theory. d. Tissues: Introduction, Simple (parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma), complex (Xylem and Phloem) and special (Laticifers, glandular and digestive glands, hydathodes). e. Tissue Systems : Epidermal, ground and vascular Module-5 Secondary growth in stem and wood structure (12h) a. Anamalous secondary growth in Stem (Boerhaavia, Bignonia and Dracaena) and Root (Beta) b. Botanical name, family, general characters of the wood and identification characters of : Teak (Tectona grandis), Rosewood, (Dalbergia latefolia), Red sanders, (Pterocarpus santalinus), Yegisa (Pterocarpus marsupiun) and Neem (Azadirachta indica).

10 P.R.Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada I year B.Sc., Program Examinations at II Semester End Botany Paper I B : Archegoniates and Palaeobotany (Course : BO2207 Model paper w.e.f ) Time : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 70 Section A 5X1 = 05 M Answer all questions, diagrams are not needed. 1. Gemmae 2. Sorophore 3. Bars of Sanio 4. Meristem 5. Cupule Section B 5x3 = 15 M Answer any Five of the following questions; draw diagrams wherever necessary. 1. Economic importance of Bryophytes 2. Morphology of Funaria 3. Heterospory in Pteridophytes 4. Morphology of Marselia 5. Gnetum ovule 6. General characters of Gymnosperms 7. Epidermal tissue system 8. Economic importance of rose wood Section C 5x08 = 40M Answer Five questions, choosing at least one question from each set. Draw neat and labeled diagrams wherever necessary. 9. (a) Describe the evolution of sporophyte in Bryophytes. (b) Describe the sexual reproduction in Marchantia with labeled diagrams 10. (a) Write an essay on stelar evolution in Pteridophytes (b) Describe the anatomy of rhizome in Marselia (a) Write an essay on the general characters of Gymnosperms. (b) Describe the male and female cones of Pinus with labeled diagrams. 12. (a) Describe different theories on histological organization of shoot apical meristem. (b) Write an essay on structure of Xylem and add a note on its functions. 13. (a) Describe the structure of teak wood. (b) Write an essay on anomalous secondary growth in Boerhaavia.

11 Botany Paper I B (Course-2207) : Archegoniates and Paleobotany Model blue print for the Question Paper setter Max. marks = 60 Time : 2½ Hrs. Module No. / Title Very Short Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Essay Questions Marks allotted to the Module Module-1/ Bryophyta Module- 2 / Pteridopyta Module 3/ Gymnosperms Module- 4 / Tissues & Tissue systems Module 5 / Secondary growth in stem and wood structure Total marks allotted to all questions including choice = Note : Question paper setters are requested to adhere strictly to the above blue print while preparing the said paper

12 I B.Sc., Botany II Semester Practical Syllabus (Archegoniates and Plant anatomy) Botany Practical Paper - I (BO2207P) model (w.e.f ) 1. Morphology (vegetative and reproductive structures), anatomy of the following :. a. Bryophytes : Marchantia and Funaria, b. Pteridophytes : Lycopodium and Marselia c. Gymnosperms : Pinus and Gnetum 2. Demonstration of double staining technique. 3. Tissue organization in root and shoot apices using permanent slides 4. Anomalous secondary structure of a. Achyranthes b. Boerhavia c. Dracaena. 5. Anatomical study of wood (Teak and Rose wood) in T.S., T.L.S. and R.L.S. 6. Botanical field visits / visit to local timber depots.

13 I B.Sc., Botany Practical examinations at the end of I Semester (Archegoniates and Plant anatomy) Botany Practical Paper - I (BO2207P) model (w.e.f ) Time : 2 hours Max.Marks: Take T.S of given material A (Pteridophyte) prepare slide, draw diagram and specify the identification characters. 08 M Scheme for valuation: Section cutting & slide preparation 3 marks + Identification 1mark + Labeled diagram 2 marks + Reasons 2 marks. 2. Take T.S of given material B (Gymnosperm) prepare slide, draw diagram and specify the identification characters. 08 M Scheme for valuation: Section cutting & slide preparation 3 marks + Identification 1mark + Labeled diagram 2 marks + Reasons 2 marks. 3. Take T.S of given material C ( Anomalous Secondary growth) prepare slide, draw diagram and specify the identification characters. 08 M Scheme for valuation: Section cutting & slide preparation 3 marks + Identification 1mark + Labeled diagram 2 marks + Reasons 2 marks 4. Scientific observation of the given specimens 4x3= 12 M D: Bryophyte specimen/slide E: Bryophyte specimen/slide F: Pteridophyte specimen/slide G: Gymnosperm specimen/slide Scheme of valuation : Identification 1 mark + Diagram-1 mark + Reasons - 1 marks 5. Write critical notes on given slides/photographs of interest: 3x2= 06 M G: Bryophyte specimen/slide H: Bryophyte specimen/slide I: Wood anatomy specimen/slide Scheme of valuation: Identification 1 mark + Notes 1 mark 6. Record + Viva voce 5+3 = 08 M

14 Text Books for Botany course BO1107 (I A) & BO2207 (I B) A text book for BOTANY I : Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad Suggested Readings for Botany course BO1107 (I A) & BO2207 (I B) Pandey, B. P. (2001) College Botany, Vol. I: Algae, Fungi, Lichens, Bacteria, Viruses, Plant Pathology, Industrial Microbiology and Bryophyta. S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. Pandey, B. P. (2006) College Botany, Vol. II: Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany. S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. Gangulee, H.R. & A.K. Kar (2010) College Botany (Vol.II). New Central Book agency (P),Ltd., Kolkata Reference Books for Botany course BO1107 (I A) & BO2207 (I B) Bold, H.C. & M. J. Wynne (1984) Introduction to the Algae, Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey Robert Edward Lee (2008) Phycology. Cambridge University Press, New York Van Den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann & H. M. Jahns (1996) Algae : An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, New York Mehrotra, R.S. & K. R. Aneja (1990) An Introduction to Mycology. New Age International Publishers, New Delhi Kevin Kavanagh (2005) Fungi ; Biology and Applications John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.,West Sussex, England John Webster & R. W. S. Weber (2007) Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press, New York Shaw, A. J. & B. Goffinet (2000) Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge University Press, New York O. P. Sharma (2012) Pteridophyta. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi Kramer, K.U. & P. S. Green (1990) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Volume I Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms (Ed.K.Kubitzki) Springe-Verlag, New York Bhatnagar, S.P. & Alok Moitra (1996) Gymnosperms. New Age International, New Delhi Sporne, K.R. (1971) The Morphology of Gymnosperms. Hutchinsons Co. Ltd., London Coulter, J.M. & C. J. Chamberlain (1910) Morphology of Gymnosperms, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois Govil, C.M. (2007) Gymnosperms : Extinct and Extant. KRISHNA Prakashan Media (P) Ltd.Meerut & Delhi Esau, K. (1971) Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley and Son, USA. Fahn, A. (1990) Plant Anatomy, Pergamon Press, Oxford. Cutler, D.F., T. Botha & D. Wm. Stevenson (2008) Plant Anatomy : An Applied Approach, Wiley, USA.

15 II B.Sc., Botany / III Semester End (W.E.F ) PLANT ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS(Course :BO3207) Total Hrs. of Teaching: 4 h / Week Total Credits : 03 Module -1Tissues & Tissue systems (13h) a. Meristems : Introduction, characters and classification. b. Histological organization of shoot and root apices in different plant groups. c. Apical cell theory, histogen theory and Tunica-Corpus theory. d. Tissues: Introduction, Simple (parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma), complex (Xylem and Phloem) and special (Laticifers, glandular and digestive glands, hydathodes). e. Tissue Systems : Epidermal, ground and vascular Module-2 Organ Anatomy & Wood structure (15h) a. Internal structure of root, stem and leaf in Dicotyledons. b. Internal structure of root, stem and leaf in Monocotyledons. c. Normal Secondary growth in stem of Pongamia. d. Nodal anatomy e. Anamalous secondary growth in Stem (Boerhaavia, Bignonia and Dracaena) and Root (Beta) f. Botanical name, family, general characters of the wood and identification characters of : Teak (Tectona grandis), Rosewood, (Dalbergia latefolia), Red sanders, (Pterocarpus santalinus), Yegisa (Pterocarpus marsupiun) and Neem (Azadirachta indica). Module-3 Microsporogenesis & Megasporogenesis (12h) a. Embryology : Introduction, history and importance. b. Development and structure of anther, Microsporogenesis and development of male gametophyte. c. Ovule (Megasporangium) types and structure d. Megasporogenesis; development of female gametophyte e. Types of embryo sacs : Monosporic (Polygonum, Oenothera), Bisporic (Allium, Endymion) and Tetrasporic (Peperomia, Drusa and Plumbagella types) Module-4 Pollination, fertilization & Embryogeny (12h) a. Types of Pollination, Pollen - pistil interaction. b. Fertilization in Angiosperms. c. Endosperm types : Nuclear, helobial and cellular. d. Embryogeny : Dicot (Crucifer type - Capsella) and Monocot (Sagittaria) e. Polyembryony and Apomixis f. Palynology: Principles and applications; morphological description of pollen in Hibiscus and Catharanthus g. Embryology in relation to taxonomy

16 P.R. Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada II year B.Sc., Program Examinations at III Semester End PLANT ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS Botany Paper II A: PLANT ANATOMY (BO3207 Model Paper w.e.f ) Time : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 70 Section A Answer all questions, diagrams are not needed 1. Aerenchyma 2. Medullary bundles 3. Circinotropous ovule 4. Apomixis 5. Meristem 5X2 = 10 M Section B 5x4 = 20 M Answer any five of the following questions; draw diagrams wherever necessary. 6. Stomata 7. Collenchyma 8. Anomolous growth in root of Beta 9. Annual rings 10. Male gametophyte 11. Bisporic embryosac in Allium 12. Types of pollination 13. Applications of Palynology Section C 4x10 = 40 M Answer four questions, choosing at least one question from each set. Draw neat and labeled diagrams wherever necessary. 14. (a) What is apical meristem? Elucidate various theories regarding the shoot apex. (b) Define complex tissue. Describe the structure and functions of Xylem tissue. 15. (a) Describe the anomalous secondary growth in the stem of Dracaena. (b) Describe the characters of wood in Tectona grandis with suitable diagram and mention its uses. 16. (a) Give an account of the structure of microsporangium and add a note on different types of microspore tetrads (b) Write in brief about different types of tetrasporic embryo sacs you have studied. 17. (a) Give an account of Dicot embryo development. (b) Describe the process of development of endosperm in angiosperms.

17 Paper II A : PLANT ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS Model blue print for the Question Paper setter Max. marks = 75 Module No./ Title Very Short Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Essay Questions Time : 3 Hrs. Marks allotted to the Unit/Chapter 1/ Tissues & Tissue systems 2/ Organ Anatomy & Wood structure Module Module / Microsporogenesis & Megasporogenesis Module Module / Pollination, fertilization & Embryogeny Any of the above Modules (i.e., 1-4) Module Total No. of Questions including choice (19) Total marks allotted to all questions including choice = 122 Note : Question paper setters are requested to adhere strictly to the above blue print while preparing the said paper.

18 II B.Sc., Botany / IV Semester End (W.E.F ) TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND MEDICINAL BOTANY (Course:BO4207) Total Hrs. of Teaching: 4 h / Week Total Credits : 03 Module -1 Basic concepts of Plant Taxonomy a. Plant taxonomy : Introduction, Principles of Plant Systematics, Systematics vs Taxonomy b. Bentham & Hooker system of classification c. Nomenclature and Taxonomic resources: An introduction to ICBN; a brief account of Vienna code d. Current concepts in Angiosperm Taxonomy: Cytotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy and Numerical Taxonomy. e. Herbarium : Introduction, collection of specimens, preparation, preservation and importance of herbarium. Herbaria of National (BSI) and International (KEW) importance. Module-2Systematics of Some Plant Families (16h) (10h) a. An introduction to Angiospermic Phylogenetic Group IV (APG IV-2016) b. Systematic study and economic importance of plants belong to the following families: i. Polypetalous : Annonaceae, Brassicaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Apiaceae. ii. Gamopetalous : Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Acanthaceae and Lamiaceae iii. Monochlamydeous : Amaranthaceae and Euphorbiaceae iv. Monocotyledonous : Orchidaceae and Poaceae Module-3 Pharmacognosy (13h) a. Pharmacognosy: Introduction and scope. b. Scientific name, family, morphology, active principle, useful part, medicinal properties and uses, chemical structure of active principle of following : (i) Aswagandha (Withania somnifera), (ii) Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina), (iii) Amla (Emblica officinalis), (iv) Nela Usiri (Phyllanthus amarus) (v) Jalabrahmi (Bacopa monnieri) c. Adulteration of plant crude drugs and methods of identification - some examples. Indian Pharmacopoeia. d. Plant crude drugs : Types, collection, process and storage. e. Evaluation of crude drugs. Module-4 Medicinal Systems in India (13h) a. Ethnomedicine: Scope, interdisciplinary nature, distinction of Ethnomedicine from Folklore medicine. b. Traditional medicinal systems: Ayurveda and Homeopathy c. Introduction and role of National Institutes : AYUSH, NMPB, CIMAP and CDRI. d. Scientific name, family, useful part, medicinal uses, main herbal chemicals of : (i) Tippateega (Tinospora cordifolia), (ii) Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum ), (iii) Pippallu (Piper longum), (iv) Vepa (Azadhirachta indica), (v) Karaka (Terminalia chebula), (vi) Kalabanda (Aloe vera), (vii) Turmeric (Curcuma longa).

19 P.R.Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada II year B.Sc., Program Examinations at IV Semester End Botany Paper II B : TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND MEDICINAL BOTANY (Course: BO4207 Model Paper w.e.f ) Time : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 75 Section A 5X2 = 10 M Answer all questions, each in 2 or 3 sentences, diagrams are not needed 1. Artificial classification 2. Pollinia 3. Jalabrahmi 4. AYUSH 5. Numerical taxonomy Section B 5x4 = 20 M Answer any Five of the following questions; draw diagrams wherever necessary 6. Vienna code Flavanoids 8. Sexual organs of Annonaceae flower 9. Perianth in Orchidaceae flower 10. Adulteration of crude drugs 11. Indian pharmacopoeia 12. Distinction of Ethnomedicine from folklore medicine 13. Curcuma longa Section C 4x10 = 40 M Answer four questions, choosing at least one question from each set. Draw neat and labeled diagrams wherever necessary. 14. (a) Write an essay on Bentham and Hooker s system of classification, enumerate its merits and Demerits. (b) Write an essay on concept, technique and importance of Herbarium in plant taxonomy. 15. (a) Describe the distinguishing characters of the family Cucurbitaceae and mention its economic importance. (b) Describe the chief characters of the family Asteraceae and add a note on its economic importance. 16. (a) Describe the active principle, structure, usage and pharmaceutical action of Withania somnifera. (b) Explain the collection and processing of crude drugs. 17. (a) Describe the basic concepts and disease treatment method in Homeopathy. (b) Give the botanical name, family, chemical constituents and medicinal importance of Pippallu and Vepa.

20 Max. marks = 70 Module No. / Title Paper II B : TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND MEDICINAL BOTANY Model blue print for the Question Paper setter Very Short Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Essay Questions Time : 3 Hrs. Marks allotted to the Unit/Chapter 1/ Basic concepts of Plant Taxonomy Module Module 2 2/ Systematics of Some Plant Families Module 3 3/ Pharmacognosy Module - 4 4/ Medicinal Systems in India Any of the above Modules (i.e., 1-4) Module Total No. of Questions including choice (19) Note : Question paper setters are requested to adhere strictly to the above blue print while preparing the said paper.

21 II B.Sc. Botany / Semesters- III & IV / Paper-II Syllabus (W.E.F ) Practical Course BO4207P: Anatomy, Embryology, Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany (Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 3 h / Week in 30 Sessions) Laboratory Exercises 1. Demonstration of double staining technique (Demonstration) 2. Tissue organization in root and shoot apices using permanent slides 3. Study of Anatomy of the following : Primary structure: Root - Cicer, Canna; Stem Tridax, Sorghum Secondary structure: Root Tridax sp.; Stem Pongamia Anomalous secondary structure: Examples as given in theory syllabus 4. Stomatal types using epidermal peels. 5. Microscopic study of wood in T.S., T.L.S. and R.L.S. 6. Structure of anther and microsporogenesis using permanent slides. 7. Structure of pollen grains using whole mounts (Catharanthus, Hibiscus, Acacia, Grass). 8. Pollen viability test using in- vitro germination (Catharanthus). 9. Study of ovule types and developmental stages of embryosac. 10. Structure of endosperm (nuclear and cellular); Developmental stages of dicot and monocot Embryos using permanent slides. 11. Systematic study of locally available plants belonging to the families prescribed in theory syllabus (Minimum of one plant representative for each family) 12. Demonstration of herbarium techniques. 13. Local field visits to study the vegetation and flora. 14. Detailed morphological and anatomical study of medicinally important part(s) of locally available plants (a minimum 10 plants) used in traditional medicine. 15. Field visits to identify and collect ethno medicinal plants used by local tribes/folklore. 16. Preparation and submission of 25 herbarium specimens for evaluation during the practical examination.

22 II B.Sc., Botany Practical examinations at the end of IV Semester (Plant Anatomy, Embryology &Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Medicinal Botany) Botany Practical Paper II (BO4207P) model (w.e.f ) Time : 3 hours Max.Marks:70 1. Describe the given specimen A in technical terms, draw the labeled diagram of twig, L.S. of flower and floral diagram. 10 M Scheme of valuation : Vegetative characters 2 marks+ Floral characters-3 marks+ Floral formula -1mark + Systematic position -1 mark + Diagrams- 3 marks (Twig -1+ L.S. of flower -1 + Floral diagram -1). 2. Take T.S of the given material B, stain and mount the section, draw labeled diagram, identify with reasons. 10 M Scheme of valuation: Section and slide preparation- 4 marks + Labeled diagram-3 marks + Identification 1 mark + Reasons 2 marks. 3. Dissect the given material C, isolate embryo sac /endosperm and prepare a stained slide, draw diagram. 10 M Scheme of valuation : Dissection & slide preparation -3 marks + identification -1 mark + labeled diagram 2 mark and reasons 2 marks. 4. Identify the given material D & E, write their scientific name, family, medicinally useful part and its medicinal uses. 2 x 4 =8M Scheme of valuation: Scientific name 1 mark + Family 1 mark + Useful part -1 mark + medicinal uses 1 mark. 5. Identify and write notes on 4 x 3 = 12M F: Plant Anatomy G: Embryology of Angiosperms H: Taxonomy of Angiosperms I: Medicinal Botany Scheme of valuation: Identification 1 mark + Reasons 2 marks 6. Record + Herbarium + Field note book + Viva voce = 20M

23 Text Books for Botany Course BO3207 (II A) & BO4207 (II B) A text book for BOTANY II : Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad Suggested Readings for Course BO3207 (II A) & BO4207 (II B) Esau, K. (1971) Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley and Son, USA. Fahn, A. (1990) Plant Anatomy, Pergamon Press, Oxford. Bhojwani, S. S. and S. P. Bhatnagar (2000) The Embryology of Angiosperms (4 th Ed.), Vikas Publishing House, Delhi. Pandey, A. K. (2000) Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi Sambamurty, A.V.S.S. (2005) Taxonomy of Angiosperms I. K.International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi S.K.Mukharjee (2012) College Botany Volume-III (Angiosperms, Families of Angiosperms Phytogeography and Tissue Culture) New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd., London Jain, S. K. and V. Mudgal. (1999) A Handbook of Ethnobotany. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.. Joshi, S. G. (2000) Medicinal Plants. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. Reference Books for Botany course BO3207 (II A) & BO4207 (II B) Cutler, D.F., T. Botha & D. Wm. Stevenson (2008) Plant Anatomy : An Applied Approach, Wiley, USA. Paula Rudall (1987) Anatomy of Flowering Plants : An Introduction to Structure and Development. Cambridge University Press, London Maheswari, P. (1971) An Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill Book Co., London. Johri, B.M. (2011) Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Jeffrey, C. (1982) An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. London. Lawrence, George H.M. (1951) Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. The McMillan Co., New York Heywood, V. H. and D. M. Moore (1984) Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy. Academic Press, London. Lewis, W. H. and M. P. F. Elwin Lewis. (1976) Medical Botany. Plants Affecting Man s Health. A Wiley Inter science Publication. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

24 III B.Sc., Botany / V Semester End (W.E.F ) Advanced Core (Course: BO5213) CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS, ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY Total Hrs. of Teaching- learning: 3h / Week Total Credits : 03 Module -1 Cell Biology (8h) a. Ultra structure of plant cell wall b. Ultra structure of nucleus c. Polymorphic cell organelles (Plastids) d. Morphology of Chromosomes, Euchromatin and Heterochromatin, Karyotype e. Organization of DNA in a chromosome f. Nucleic acids - Structure and replication of DNA; types and functions of RNA. Module 2 Genetics (12h) a. Mendel s laws of inheritance b. Complementary, supplementary, duplicate, epistatic and inhibitory gene interactions c. A brief account of linkage and crossing over d. Construction of genetic maps - 2 point and 3 point test cross data e. Chromosomal aberrations - structural and numerical changes f. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes - Lac Operon g. Mitochondrial DNA, plastid DNA and plasmids Module - 3 Ecology (12h) a. Plants and environment: Edaphic and biotic factors. b. Ecological adaptations of plants c. Population ecology: Natality, mortality, growth curves, ecotypes, ecads. d. Community ecology: Frequency, density, cover, life forms, biological spectrum e. Ecological succession : Hydrosere and Xerosere f. Concepts of productivity: GPP, NPP and Community Respiration Module - 4 Biodiversity (8h) a. Basic concepts of Biodiversity; Convention on Biodiversity - Earth Summit. b. Types of biodiversity. c. Levels, threats and value of Biodiversity. d. Hot spots of India : North Eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats; Endemism e. Role of organizations (IUCN, UNEP, WWF, NBPGR, NBA) in the conservation of Biodiversity. f. Vavilov centers of crop plants; Agro-biodiversity

25 P.R.Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada III year B.Sc., Degree Examinations at V Semester End Botany Paper III : CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS, ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY (Course: BO5213 Model paper w.e.f ) Time : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 70 Section A Answer all questions, diagrams are not needed 1. Plasmodesmata 2. Linkage 3. Ecads 4. Red data book 5. Alleles 5X2 = 10 M Section B 5x4 = 20 M Answer any Five of the following questions; draw diagrams wherever necessary. 6. Differences between DNA and RNA 7. Nucleolus 8. Law of Segregation 9. Mitochondrial DNA 10. J shaped growth curve 11. Morphological adaptations of Hydrophytes 12. Earth Summit 13. NBPGR Section C 4x10 = 40 M Answer four questions, choosing at least one question from each group. Draw neat and labeled diagrams, wherever necessary. 14. (a) Describe the morphology, chemistry and ultra-structure of Cell wall. (b) Explain the process of DNA replication in Prokaryotes. 15. (a) Describe the Complementary and Duplicate gene interactions with suitable examples. (b) Give an account of the lac operon model for gene expression. 16. (a) Describe the effects of biotic factors on vegetation. (b) Discuss the different characteristics shown by plant communities. 17. (a) Enumerate the levels and types of Biodiversity. (b) Write an essay on Vavilov centers of origin of crop plants.

26 Advanced Core : CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS, ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY Model blue print for the Question Paper setter Max. marks = 70 Module No. / Title Very Short Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Module 1 Essay Questions Time : 3 Hrs. Marks allotted to the Unit/Chapter 1/ Cell Biology Module 2 2/ Genetics Module 3 3/ Ecology 1 2 Module / Biodiversity Any of the above Modules (i.e., 1-4) Module Total No. of Questions including choice (19) Total marks allotted to all questions including choice = Note : Question paper setters are requested to adhere strictly to the above blue print while preparing the said paper. 122

27 III B.Sc. Botany / Semester- V /Advanced Core Syllabus (W.E.F ) Practical Paper BO5213P: Cell Biology, Genetics, Ecology and Biodiversity (Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 3 h / Week in 15 Sessions) Suggested Laboratory Exercises: 1. Study of various stages of mitosis using cytological preparation of Onion root tips 2. Study of various stages of meiosis using cytological preparation of Onion flower buds. 3. Solving genetic problems related to monohybrid, dihybrid ratio and interaction of genes (minimum of six problems in each topic). 4. Knowledge of ecological instruments: Working principles and applications of Hygrometer, rain gauze, anemometer, altimeter, light meter, wet and dry bulb thermometer (with the help of Equipment / diagrams/ photographs). 6. Study of morphological and anatomical characteristics of plant communities using locally available plant species: Hydrophytes : Eichhornia, Hidrilla, Pistia, Nymphaea, Vallisneria Xerophytes : Asperagus,Opuntia, Euphorbi antiquorum 7. Detailed study on flora of a local fresh water or aquaculture pond. 8. Community ecological experiments on flora of College campus. 9. Geographical spotting of certain endemic and endangered plant species of AP and india 10. Minimum of two field visits to local areas of ecological / conservation / biodiversity importance (Sacred grove / Reserved forest / Botanical garden / Zoo Park / Lake etc.).

28 P.R. Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada III year B.Sc., Degree Examinations at V Semester End Advanced core : CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS, ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY Practical paper (BO5213p) model paper Time : 2 Hrs. Max. Marks : Make a cytological preparation of given material A (mitosis or meiosis in Onion)by squash technique, report any two stages, draw labeled diagrams and write the reasons 08 M Scheme for valuation: Preparation of slide and reporting two stages -4 marks (2 + 2) + Diagrams - 2 marks(1+1) + Reasons -2 marks( 1 + 1). 2. Solve the given Genetic problem (Dihybrid cross/ Interaction of genes/ 2-point test cross) B and write the conclusions 08 M Scheme for valuation: Solution for the problem - 6M Concluding remarks - 2M 3. Take T.S of the given material C (hydrophyte/xerophte), stain and mount the section, draw labeled diagram, identify with reasons. 08 M Scheme for valuation: Section, slide preparation - 3 marks + Identification 1 mark + diagram 2 marks + Reasons 2 marks. 3. Scientific observation and data analysis 2 x 4 = 08 M D. Biodiversity (Specimen/photograph) E. Biodiversity (Specimen/photograph) 5. Record and Viva-voce = 8 M External evaluation CCA TOTAL = 35 M = 15 M = 50 M

29 Text Books for Botany Course BO5213 (Advanced Core) A text book for BOTANY III : Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad Suggested Readings for Botany Course BO5213 (Advanced Core) S. S. Purohit (2010) B.Sc., Unified Botany Volume III, Cell Biology ( Genetics, Ecology and Biodiversity), Saraswati Purohit for Student Edition, Jodhpur S. C. Rastogi (2008) Cell Biology, New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi P. K. Gupta (2002) Cell and Molecular biology, Rastogi Publications, New Delhi B. D. Singh (2008) Genetics, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana A.V.S.S. Sambamurty (2007) Molecular Genetics, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi N. S. Subrahmanyam & A.V.S.S. Sambamurty (2008) Ecology Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi P. D. Sharma (2012) Ecology and Environment, Rastogi Publications, New Delhi A. K. Agrawal & P.P. Deo (2010) Plant Ecology, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur U. Kumar (2007) Biodiversity : Principles & Conservation, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur Reference Books for Botany course BO5213 (Advanced Core) Cooper, G.M. & R.E. Hausman (2009) The Cell A Molecular Approach, A.S.M. Press, Washington Becker, W.M., L.J. Kleinsmith & J. Hardin (2007) The World of Cell, Pearson Education, Inc., New York De Robertis, E.D.P. & E.M.F. De Robertis Jr. (2002) Cell and Molecular Biology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publ., Philadelphia Robert H. Tamarin (2002) Principles of Genetics, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi. Gardner, E.J., M. J. Simmons & D.P. Snustad (2004) Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York Micklos, D.A., G.A. Freyer & D.A. Cotty (2005) DNA Science: A First Course, I.K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi Edward J. Kormondy (1996) Concepts of Ecology, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi Begon, M., J.L. Harper & C.R. Townsend (2003) Ecology, Blackwell Science Ltd., U.S.A. Eugene P. Odum (1996) Fundamentals of Ecology, Natraj Publishers, Dehradun

30 III B.Sc., Botany/ V Semester End (W.E.F ) Advanced Elective-1 (Course: BO/PPPB5214A) PLANT PATHOLOGY AND PLANT BREEDING Total Hours of Teaching: 3 h / Week Total Credits : 02 Module - 1 Basics of Plant Pathology (10h) a. Definitions and terms used in plant pathology Disease triangle and disease pyramid; causes of diseases. b. Classification of plant diseases; Plant pathology in India c. Some historical losses due to plant diseases Late blight of Potato; Wheat rusts; Brown spot of Rice; Coffee rust. d. Dissemination of plant pathogens by air, water, insects, animals and man e. General symptoms of plant diseases. Module - 2 Disease development and control (12 h) a. Symptoms, causal organism, disease cycle and control of following plant diseases - Blast of Rice; Tungro of Rice; Red Rot of Sugarcane; Tobacco Mosaic. b. Weapons in plant disease development : Role of enzymes, growth regulators and toxins in plant diseases. c. General account of plant defense mechanisms : Structural, chemical and lack of essential factors. d. Effect of environment on plant Disease development. e. Plant disease management: A general account of chemical and biological methods. Module - 3 Principles of Plant Breeding (8 h) a. Plant Breeding and its scope. b. Genetic basis for plant breeding. c. Mode of reproduction in relation to plant Breeding; Male sterility. d. Hybridization schemes, and technique; Heterosis Module - 4 Breeding Methods (10 h) a. Plant Introduction and Acclimatization. b. Mass Selection: Definition, procedure; applications and uses; advantages and limitations. c. Pure line selection : Definition, procedure; applications and uses; advantages and limitations. d. Clonal Selection: Definition, procedure; applications and uses; advantages and limitations.

31 P.R.Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada III year B.Sc., Degree Examinations at V Semester End Advanced Elective-1 : PLANT PATHOLOGY AND PLANT BREEDING (Course: BO5214A Model paper w.e.f ) Time : 3 Hrs. Max. Marks : 70 Section A Answer all questions, diagrams are not needed 1. Prof. T. S. Sadasivan 2. Disease triangle 3. Acclimatization 4. Selection 5. Heterosis 5X2 = 10 M Section B 5x4 = 20 M Answer any Five of the following questions; draw diagrams wherever necessary. 6. Disease pyramid 7. Irish famine 8. Plant toxins 9. Phytoalexins 10. Male sterility 11. Polygenic inheritance 12. Plant introduction 13. Advantages and acheivements of Mutation breeding Section C 4x10 = 40 M Answer four questions, choosing at least one question from each group. Draw neat and labeled diagrams, wherever necessary. 14. (a) Write an essay on the classification of plant diseases based on spread and major causal agent. (b) Write essay on classification of plant diseases. 15. (a) Write a general account of structural defense mechanism in plants against pathogens. (b) Describe the life cycle of fungus causing Blast of Rice. 16. (a) Describe the various mechanisms that promote cross pollination. (b) What is Hybridization? Describe different steps involved in production of a hybrid Plant (a) Write an essay on Mass selection, add a note on its advantages and achievements. (b) Define clone? Describe clonal selection procedure, add a note on its advantages and achievements.

32 Advanced Elective -1 : PLANT PATHOLOGY AND PLANT BREEDING Model blue print for the Question Paper setter Max. marks = 70 Module No. / Title Very Short Answer Questions Short Answer Questions Module 1 Essay Questions Time : 3 Hrs. Marks allotted to the Unit/Chapter 1/ Basics of Plant Pathology Module 2 2/ Disease development and control / Principles of Plant Breeding Module Module / Breeding Methods Any of the above Modules (i.e., 1-4) Module Total No. of Questions including choice (19) Total marks allotted to all questions including choice = Note : Question paper setters are requested to adhere strictly to the above blue print while preparing the said paper 122

33 III B.Sc. Botany / Semester- V /Advanced Elec.I Syllabus (W.E.F ) Practical Paper BO5214A-P: Plant Pathology and Plant Breeding (Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 3 h / Week in 15 Sessions) Suggested Laboratory Exercises: 1. Study of disease symptoms of the following : a. Paddy : Brown leaf spot; Blast; Bacterial leaf blight b. Wheat : Red rust c. Ground nut : Tikka disease d. Sugarcane : Red rot; Whip smut e. Tobacco : Mosaic f. Bajra : Green ear g. Maize : Smut h. Bhendi : Yellow vein mosaic i. Papaya : Leaf curl 2. Temporary slide preparation of representative genera of disease causing fungi for Morphological studies 3. Koch postulates; preparation of PDA medium. 4.. Isolation of phytopathogenic bacteria from locally available diseased plant material and study of colony characteristics and Grams staining. 5. Floral biology of Paddy, Sugarcane, Maize and Red gram 6. Emasculation techniques 7. Procedure of mass, pureline and clonal selection. 8. Filed trip to Agriculture research stations.

34 P.R. Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada III year B.Sc., Degree Examinations at V Semester End Advanced Elective - I : Plant Pathology and Plant Breeding Practical paper (BO5214A-P) model paper Time : 2 Hrs. Max. Marks : Take section of given material A, prepare a temporary slide and report the disease 08 M Scheme for valuation: Preparation of slide -4 marks + Reporting disease with Reasons -4 marks + Diagrams -2 marks. 2. Floral Biology/ Demonstation of a Plnat breeding technique 08 M Scheme for valuation: Demonstration 3 marks + Reporting technique with Reasons -4 marks + Diagrams -3 marks. 3. Scientific observation and data analysis 4 x 3 = 12 M C. Viral /Bacterial disease (Specimen/photograph) D. Funagal disease (Specimen/photograph) E. Plant breeding technique F. Selection procedure 5. Record and Viva-voce = 7 M External evaluation CCA TOTAL = 35 M = 15 M = 50 M

35 Text Books for Botany Course BO/PPPB5214A (Advanced Elective-1) B.Sc.-Botany Third year Paper III : Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad Suggested Readings for Botany Course BO/PPPB5214A (Advanced Elective-1) P.D. Sharma (2006) Plant Pathology, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi R.S. Singh (2011) Introduction to Priciples of Plant Pathology, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi R.S. Singh (1998) Plant diseases, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi R.P. Singh (2008) Plant Pathology, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana H.C. Dube (2010) Modern Plant Pathology, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur R. C. Chaudhary (1996) Introduction to Plant Breeding, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi B. D. Singh (1999) Plant Breeding, Kalyani publishers, Ludhiana Reference Books for Botany course BO/PPPB5214A (Advanced Elective-1) G.N. Agrios (2005) Plant Pathology, Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam Mehrotra, R.S. & A. Aggarwal (2007) Plant Pathology, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publ. Co. Ltd., New Delhi M. Dickinson ( 2008) Molecular Plant Pathology, Bios Scientific Publishers, London A.K. Mishra & A. Bohra (2011) Plant Pathology : Diseases and Management, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur B.D.Singh (2001) Plant Breeding : Principles and Methods, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana Mandal, A.K., P.K.Ganguli and S.P. Banerjee (1991) Advances in Plant Breeding, Volumes I & II, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi (India) Bahar A. Siddiqui & S. Khan (1997) Plant Breeding & In Vitro culture, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi (India) S.K. Gupta (2010) Plant Breeding : Theory and Techniques, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur Hayes, H.K., F.R. Immer & D.C. Smith (2009) Methods of Plant Breeding, Biotech Books, Delhi

36 III B.Sc. Botany / V Semester End (W.E.F ) Advanced Elective-2 (Course: BO/PBGE5214B) PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING Total Hours of Teaching: 3 h / Week Total Credits : 02 Module 1 Concepts of Plant Tissue culture (10h) a. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology - Definition, history, scope and significance b. Organization and equipment of a plant tissue culture laboratory. c. Basic concepts of tissue culture : Explant, totipotency, differentiation, dedifferentiation, and redifferentiation. d. Sterilization techniques in tissue culture laboratory. e. Murashige and Skoog culture medium composition, preparation and sterilization techniques. Module 2 Methods in Tissue culture (10h) a. Organ culture : Meristem, ovule, pollen and embryo cultures b. Callus, Cell and Cell suspension techniques and their significance. c. Protoplast culture, Somatic hybridization and cybridization techniques and their significance. d. Somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seeds. e. Applications of plant tissue culture. Module 3 Tools & techniques of r-dna technology (10h) a. Classification, properties and applications of restriction endonucleases. b. Reverse transcriptase; Alkaline phosphatase; DNA ligase. c. Cloning vectors : Plasmids, Lamda-phage, cosmids, M-13, phagemids. d. Structure of pbr 322; Artificial chromosome vectors - BAC, YAC, Shuttle vectors. e. Different steps in gene cloning ; r-dna duplication; Genomic libraries; c-dna libraries. Module 4 Production of Transgenic plants (10h) a. Direct methods of gene transfer - Biolistics, Lipofection, Electroporation, microinjection - Advantages and disadvantages b. Vector mediated gene transfer-agrobacterium mediated gene transfer - T DNA, Ti plasmid and Ri plasmid derived vector systems. c. Applications : Herbicide resistance (Glyphosate), Insect resistance (Cry proteins), Nutritional quality (Golden rice), Shelf-life (Slow fruit softening tomatoes).