Holger Ludwig, Christoph Meinken, Anastasija Matin, and Jörg Stülke*
|
|
- Beryl Osborne
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Sept. 2002, p Vol. 184, No /02/$ DOI: /JB Copyright 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Insufficient Expression of the ilv-leu Operon Encoding Enzymes of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Biosynthesis Limits Growth of a Bacillus subtilis ccpa Mutant Holger Ludwig, Christoph Meinken, Anastasija Matin, and Jörg Stülke* Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Biochemie und Genetik der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D Erlangen, Germany Received 17 April 2002/Accepted 14 June 2002 Bacillus subtilis ccpa mutant strains exhibit two distinct phenotypes: they are defective in catabolite repression, and their growth on minimal media is strongly impaired. This growth defect is largely due to a lack of expression of the gltab operon. However, growth is impaired even in the presence of glutamate. Here, we demonstrate that the ccpa mutant strain needs methionine and the branched-chain amino acids for optimal growth. The control of expression of the ilv-leu operon by CcpA provides a novel regulatory link between carbon and amino acid metabolism. Bacillus subtilis uses glucose and glutamine as preferred sources of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. While the control of both carbon and nitrogen metabolism has attracted much attention during the past years (for reviews, see references 2, 5, and 20), the regulatory interrelation between the two metabolic branches has been the subject of much less analysis. A key reaction in ammonia assimilation, the biosynthesis of glutamate, seems to be subject to double control by glutamate and glucose for B. subtilis. This regulation involves specific and general regulators, GltC and CcpA, respectively (1, 3). CcpA was discovered as a factor mediating carbon catabolite repression of many genes in B. subtilis (2, 9, 20). Moreover, CcpA is required as a positive regulator for the expression of genes encoding enzymes of glycolysis, overflow metabolism, and ammonia assimilation (3, 4, 23). In the presence of glucose or other well-metabolizable carbon sources, CcpA can bind its target sites (catabolite responsive elements [cre]) in the control regions of the regulated genes and repress or activate transcription. To bind DNA, CcpA needs to form a complex with either of two cofactors, the HPr protein of the phosphotransferase system or its regulatory paralogue, Crh (6, 7). In addition to its role as a transcriptional regulator, CcpA is involved in growth control. On minimal media, B. subtilis ccpa mutant strains exhibit a severe growth defect (12, 16, 24). This defect is most obvious on minimal media with glucose and ammonia as single sources of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. This was attributed to the lack of expression of the gltab operon encoding glutamate synthase in the ccpa mutant (3). However, the molecular details of this regulation are not yet understood. In this work, we describe experiments aimed at the identification of CcpA-dependent cellular functions that result in the growth defect of ccpa mutants. Among the amino acids present in caseine hydrolysate, we identified methionine and the * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Biochemie und Genetik der Friedrich- Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D Erlangen, Germany. Phone: (49) Fax: (49) jstuelke@biologie.uni-erlangen.de. branched-chain amino acids as important for growth of ccpa mutant strains in minimal media. The requirement for branchedchain amino acids results from a decreased expression of the biosynthetic ilv-leu operon in the ccpa mutant and can be bypassed by expression of this operon from an inducible promoter. Identification of a chemically defined medium which supports fast growth of a ccpa mutant strain. Severe growth defects of B. subtilis ccpa mutants were observed in minimal media. Even in the presence of glutamate and glucose, the growth rate of the ccpa mutant is lower than that of wild-type strains (12). We attempted therefore to identify the factor(s) that is required to allow a growth rate of the ccpa mutant comparable to that of wild-type strains. The wild-type B. subtilis strain QB7144 (7) and its isogenic ccpa57 derivative, GP300 (13), were grown in C minimal medium containing glucose (C-Glc) (15) in the absence or presence of glutamate (0.8%, wt/vol) and caseine hydrolysate (0.1%, wt/vol), respectively. The wild-type strain grew under all conditions tested (Fig. 1A). However, the addition of amino acids as a nitrogen source (CE-Glc, CE-Glc-CAA) resulted in faster growth than was observed with a medium containing ammonia as a single source of nitrogen (C-Glc). In contrast, the ccpa mutant strain GP300 did not grow in the presence of glucose as a single source of carbon and ammonia as a single source of nitrogen (Fig. 1B). The addition of glutamate (CE-Glc) restored growth of the ccpa mutant strain, but not to the rate seen for the wild-type strain. The addition of caseine hydrolysate to CE-Glc medium resulted in a further increase of the growth rate (Fig. 1B). The generation times in CE-Glc containing CAA were determined to be 37 and 47 min for the wild-type and ccpa mutant strains, respectively. Thus, one or more components that are present in caseine hydrolysate enable the ccpa mutant to grow nearly as fast as the wild-type strain. The main components of caseine hydrolysate are amino acids. As observed with caseine hydrolysate, a synthetic mixture of amino acids (14) allowed the ccpa mutant to grow as fast as the wild-type strain if added to CE-Glc medium (Fig. 1B). This finding had two implications: first, it demonstrated 5174
2 VOL. 184, 2002 NOTES 5175 FIG. 1. Analysis of the growth deficiency of a B. subtilis ccpa mutant. The growth of the wild-type strain QB7144 (A) and that of the ccpa mutant strain GP300 (B) were monitored by measuring the optical density at 600 nm (OD 600 ). Cultures were grown at 37 C under vigorous agitation in C-Glc (F), CE-Glc (E), CE-Glc-CAA ( ), and CE-Glc supplemented with a synthetic amino acid mixture that mimics the CAA solution (ƒ). that the amino acids really were required for rapid growth of the ccpa mutant strain, and second, this was the first chemically defined medium in which a ccpa mutant did not exhibit any growth defect. Identification of a minimal set of amino acids that is required to support rapid growth of a ccpa mutant strain. To identify individual amino acids that are important for growth of the ccpa mutant, we prepared five different substractive pools of amino acids in which two to five amino acids were omitted according to their biosynthetic pathways. The omission of amino acids of the aspartate family (aspartate, lysine, threonine, methionine, and isoleucine) or of branched-chain amino acids and alanine (valine, leucine, isoleucine, and alanine) resulted in slower growth than was observed with CE-Glc medium containing caseine hydrolysate (data not shown). Thus, one or more of the amino acids omitted in these two pools may be necessary for efficient growth of the ccpa mutant strain. The amino acids that were omitted in the two pools are all derived from aspartate and pyruvate as biosynthetic precursors. Thus, the ccpa mutant could be defective in synthesizing these precursors or in the downstream biosynthetic pathway(s). FIG. 2. Identification of amino acids necessary for efficient growth of a ccpa mutant strain. Cultures of the ccpa mutant strain GP300 were grown at 37 C under vigorous agitation in CE-Glc (E), CE-Glc supplemented with a synthetic amino acid mixture that mimics the CAA solution ( ), CE-Glc supplemented with pyruvate and aspartate (each 0.1%, wt/vol) (ƒ), CE-Glc supplemented with amino acids of the aspartate family, branched chain amino acids, and alanine (F), and CE-Glc supplemented with valine (40 mg liter 1 ), leucine (50 mg liter 1 ), isoleucine (25 mg liter 1 ), and methionine (20 mg liter 1 )( ). Growth was monitored by measuring the optical density at 600 nm (OD 600 ). To distinguish between these possibilities, we tested the effect of adding the precursors (aspartate and pyruvate) or of all the amino acids omitted in the two substractive pools (alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, aspartate, lysine, threonine, and methionine) to CE-Glc medium. While the addition of pyruvate and aspartate had no effect on growth of the ccpa mutant GP300, the amino acid mixture was as effective in supporting growth as the complete synthetic mixture of amino acids (Fig. 2). These data indicate that the amino acid biosynthetic pathways are not fully active in the ccpa mutant strain. To define the amino acids required for growth of the ccpa mutant more precisely, we omitted individual amino acids from the mixture described above. These experiments identified a minimal mix composed of valine, leucine, isoleucine, and methionine as being required and sufficient to allow rapid growth of GP300 (Fig. 2). Thus, the biosyntheses of the branchedchain amino acids and of methionine may be defective in the ccpa mutant GP300. Regulation of the ilv-leu operon by CcpA. Three genetic loci are involved in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids in B. subtilis, the ilv-leu operon, the ilva gene encoding threonine dehydratase, and the ilvd gene encoding dihydroxy acid dehydratase. First, we analyzed transcription of the ilv-leu operon and the presumable involvement of CcpA in the regulation of expression of the operon. RNA was isolated from the B. subtilis wild-type strain 168 and its isogenic ccpa derivative, GP302 (15) grown in CSE minimal medium (3) with or without glucose and subjected to a Northern blot analysis using a riboprobe specific for ilvb, the first gene of the ilv-leu operon. Two transcripts were observed in the wild-type strain, an 8.6-kb transcript corresponding to a heptacistronic mrna encompassing all genes of the ilv-leu operon and a 3.8-kb transcript covering the three promoter-proximal genes, ilvb, ilvn, and ilvc. The amounts of both transcripts were increased in cells
3 5176 NOTES J. BACTERIOL. FIG. 3. Influence of a functional CcpA on expression of the ilv-leu operon. For Northern blot analysis, total RNA was isolated from B. subtilis 168 (wild type) and GP302 (ccpa) grown in CSE minimal medium in the absence ( ) or presence ( ) of glucose (0.5%, wt/vol). RNA was separated by electrophoresis in a 0.8% formaldehyde agarose gel. After blotting, the nylon membrane was hybridized to an ilvb-specific digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe. Five micrograms of RNA was applied per lane. Preparation of total RNA of B. subtilis and Northern blot analysis were carried out as described previously (15). The ilvb digoxigenin RNA probe was obtained by in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase (Roche Diagnostics) using a PCR-generated fragment obtained with the primer pair HL61 (5 AATGTACACAG ACGATGAGC) and HL62 (5 CTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGA GAAAAATGTCTGCTTCCTGAAATG). The reverse primer contained a T7 RNA polymerase recognition sequence (underlined in HL62). The sizes of the transcripts corresponding to the full-length ilv-leu operon mrna (8.6 kb) and ilvbnc (3.8 kb) are indicated. Note that the probe cross-hybridized with the 16S and 23S rrnas. The sizes of 16S rrna and 23S rrna are indicated by arrows. grown in the presence of glucose. In contrast, only basal levels that were not increased in the presence of glucose were detected in the ccpa mutant strain GP302 (Fig. 3). Control of the activity of the promoters of genes and operons involved in branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis by glucose. The data presented above demonstrate that CcpA is necessary for full expression of the ilv-leu operon. Next, we wished to study whether this control is exerted at the level of transcription initiation of the ilv-leu operon. Moreover, we asked if expression of ilva and ilvd would also be under positive control of CcpA. A transcriptional fusion of an 848-bp fragment of the ilv-leu promoter region encompassing all known regulatory elements (8) to a promoterless lacz gene was constructed using the plasmid pac6 (21). The expression of this ilvb-lacz fusion was analyzed in the wild type (GP339) and a ccpa mutant (GP341, constructed by transformation of GP339 with chromosomal DNA of BGW2 [ccpa::tn917 erm [11]) strains after growth in CSE minimal medium in the presence or absence of caseine hydrolysate. While the promoter was fully active in the absence of caseine hydrolysate, a 10-fold repression was observed in the presence of caseine hydrolysate in both strains (data not shown). All further experiments were performed in the absence of caseine hydrolysate. To analyze the role of CcpA as a regulator involved in carbon control of gene expression, we determined the ilvb promoter activity after growth of the two strains in CSE with or without glucose FIG. 4. Influence of a ccpa mutation on the promoter activity of an ilvb-lacz fusion. B. subtilis strains GP339 (wild type) and GP341 (ccpa) carrying an ilvb-lacz transcriptional fusion were grown in CSE medium with (grey bars) or without (black bars) glucose (0.5%, wt/ vol). The -galactosidase activities were measured in extracts prepared from exponentially growing cells (optical density at 600 nm, 0.6 to 0.8) and are expressed in units per milligram of protein. The values shown were derived from three independent measurements. Standard deviations are indicated. (Fig. 4). As observed in Northern blot experiments, full promoter activity was found only in the presence of glucose in the medium. In contrast, the ccpa mutant strain GP341 exhibited a reduced ilvb promoter activity which was not increased in the presence of glucose. The effects caused by glucose or the ccpa mutation were rather weak; however, they were significant and relevant for the growth of the ccpa mutant strain. Most of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of branchedchain amino acids are encoded in the ilv-leu operon. The ilva and ilvd genes are, however, not subject to any regulation by CcpA (our unpublished results). Xylose-inducible expression of the ilv-leu operon in a ccpa mutant overcomes the requirement of branched-chain amino acids. Our results indicate that the ilv-leu operon might be the only genetic locus involved in branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis which depends on a functional CcpA for full expression. To test this hypothesis more rigorously, we constructed a strain which carries the ilv-leu operon under the control of a xylose-inducible promoter. Briefly, a 526-bp PCR fragment from 28 bp upstream to 498 bp downstream of the translational start codon of the ilvb gene was cloned into the plasmid px2 (17) to yield pgp518. B. subtilis strain 168 was transformed with the plasmid pgp518, and the resulting strain, GP324, was able to grow only in CSE minimal medium in the presence of xylose (1.5%, wt/vol) or caseine hydrolysate (0.1%, wt/vol). Strain GP325 carrying a disrupted ccpa in addition to the xylose-inducible ilv-leu operon was constructed by transformation of GP324 with chromosomal DNA of QB5407 (3). To test the consequences of artificial induction of the ilv-leu operon on the growth behavior of the ccpa mutant strain, we determined the generation times of the ccpa mutant GP325 in which the ilv-leu operon is under control of the xylose-inducible promoter. The isogenic parent strain, QB5407, served as a control. As described above, this ccpa mutant strain grew, albeit slowly, on CE-Glc minimal medium. The addition of caseine hydrolysate resulted in a drastic decrease of the gen-
4 VOL. 184, 2002 NOTES 5177 TABLE 1. Growth rates of B. subtilis ccpa mutant strains expressing the ilv-leu operon from its own or a xylose-inducible promoter a Strain (genotype) Amino acid addition(s) Generation time (min) b QB5407 (ccpa) None CAA 55 1 Xylose Met xylose GP325 (ccpa P xyla ::ilv-leu) Met NG c Met CAA 55 5 Met xylose 47 1 Xylose 68 0 a Cells were grown at 37 C under vigorous agitation in CE-Glc minimal medium supplemented with caseine hydrolysate (CAA) (0.1% wt/vol), methionine (met) (0.002% wt/vol), or xylose (1.5% wt/vol) as indicated. The growth was monitored by measuring the optical density at 600 nm. b The generation times were determined from the growth of at least three independent cultures under each condition. c NG, no growth. eration time (55 versus 155 min; see Table 1 and Fig. 1B). The addition of xylose had no effect on the growth of this strain. The addition of methionine resulted in an intermediate generation time (Table 1). Strain GP325 was unable to grow on CE-Glc medium supplemented with only methionine. A combined addition of methionine and caseine hydrolysate allowed rapid growth comparable to that of strain QB5407 in CE-Glc in the presence of caseine hydrolysate. Interestingly, a similar generation time was observed for growth of GP325 in CE-Glc medium supplemented with methionine and xylose to induce the ilv-leu operon. Finally, the effect of branched-chain amino acids and methionine on the growth of the ccpa mutant is cumulative, as derived from the observation that artificial induction of the ilv-leu operon in the absence of methionine was not sufficient to allow the fastest growth of GP325 (Table 1). Taken together, our data demonstrate that the reduced expression of the ilv-leu operon is a bottleneck for the growth of the ccpa mutant. With the work presented in this study, the main factors that cause the growth defect of the B. subtilis ccpa mutant strains are elucidated. The addition of glutamate, methionine, and branched-chain amino acids to minimal media can completely overcome this defect. These findings demonstrate that CcpA is involved not only in the control of carbon catabolism but also in the regulation of amino acid biosyntheses. The regulation of the B. subtilis ilv-leu operon had been studied in previous works to some details. In the presence of leucine, transcription of the operon is terminated at a terminator upstream of the first structural gene, ilvb. In the absence of leucine, antitermination occurs by a mechanism involving an RNA structure, the T box, and uncharged trna Leu (8, 10). In the course of our studies we observed an about 10-fold repression of expression of the ilv-leu operon in the presence of caseine hydrolysate. This fits well with the previously demonstrated regulation of the operon by termination and antitermination in response to the presence of leucine. However, the results presented here show that amino acid regulation is not the only mechanism by which expression of the ilv-leu operon is controlled. As observed for the gltab operon encoding glutamate synthase (3), maximal expression of the ilv-leu operon occurs only in the presence of glucose. This coupling of expression of amino acid biosynthetic operons to the presence of glucose may help to coordinate carbon and nitrogen metabolism. In the absence of glucose as a source of carbon backbones and energy for biosynthetic pathways, there is no need for the cell to produce large amounts of amino acids. While the regulation of individual metabolic pathways has been intensively studied with different bacteria, not much is known about the coordination of different metabolic pathways. For E. coli, specific components of the phosphotransferase system and the Crp-cAMP complex provide links between carbon and nitrogen metabolism (19, 22). Moreover, sulfur availability was proposed to control camp synthesis and thereby expression of genes involved in carbon catabolism for E. coli (18). The work presented here indicates that there is a tight coupling of carbon and nitrogen metabolism for B. subtilis as well and that CcpA is involved in integrating the different metabolic branches to achieve well-balanced growth. We thank Wolfgang Hillen, who provided a stimulating scientific environment. Ulrike Mäder is acknowledged for helpful discussions and for allowing us to cite results prior to publication. We are grateful to Thomas Wiegert and Wolfgang Schumann for the gift of plasmid px2. This work was supported by the DFG priority program Regulatorische Netzwerke in Bakterien and by grants from the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie to J.S. REFERENCES 1. Bohannon, D. E., and A. L. Sonenshein Positive regulation of glutamate biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 171: Deutscher, J., A. Galinier, and I. Martin-Verstraete Carbohydrate uptake and metabolism, p In A. L. Sonenshein, J. A. Hoch, and R. Losick (ed.), Bacillus subtilis and its closest relatives: from genes to cells. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. 3. Faires, N., S. Tobisch, S. Bachem, I. Martin-Verstraete, M. Hecker, and J. Stülke The catabolite control protein CcpA controls ammonium assimilation in Bacillus subtilis. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1: Fillinger, S., S. Boschi-Muller, S. Azza, E. Dervyn, G. Branlant, and S. Aymerich Two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases with opposite physiological roles in a nonphotosynthetic bacterium. J. Biol. Chem. 275: Fisher, S. H., and M. Débarbouillé Nitrogen source utilization and its regulation, p In A. L. Sonenshein, J. A. Hoch, and R. Losick (ed.), Bacillus subtilis and its closest relatives: from genes to cells. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. 6. Galinier, A., J. Haiech, M.-C. Kilhoffer, M. Jaquinod, J. Stülke, J. Deutscher, and I. Martin-Verstraete The Bacillus subtilis crh gene encodes a HPr-like protein involved in carbon catabolite repression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: Galinier, A., J. Deutscher, and I. Martin-Verstraete Phosphorylation of either Crh or HPr mediates binding of CcpA to the Bacillus subtilis xyn cre and catabolite repression of the xyn operon. J. Mol. Biol. 286: Grandoni, J. A., S. A. Zahler, and J. M. Calvo Transcriptional regulation of the ilv-leu operon of Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 174: Henkin, T. M., F. J. Grundy, W. L. Nicholson, and G. H. Chambliss Catabolite repression of alpha-amylase gene expression in Bacillus subtilis involves a trans-acting gene product homologous to the Escherichia coli laci and galr repressors. Mol. Microbiol. 5: Henkin, T. M trna-directed transcription antitermination. Mol. Microbiol. 13: Krüger, S., J. Stülke, and M. Hecker Catabolite repression of -glucanase synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: Lindner, C., J. Stülke, and M. Hecker Regulation of xylanolytic enzymes in Bacillus subtilis. Microbiology 140: Ludwig, H., and J. Stülke The Bacillus subtilis catabolite control protein CcpA exerts all its regulatory functions by DNA-binding. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 203: Ludwig, H., G. Homuth, M. Schmalisch, F. M. Dyka, M. Hecker, and J. Stülke Transcription of glycolytic genes and operons in Bacillus subtilis: evidence for the presence of multiple levels of control of the gapa operon. Mol. Microbiol. 41: Ludwig, H., N. Rebhan, H.-M. Blencke, M. Merzbacher, and J. Stülke Control of the glycolytic gapa operon by the catabolite control protein A in
5 5178 NOTES J. BACTERIOL. Bacillus subtilis: a novel mechanism of CcpA-mediated regulation. Mol. Microbiol. 45: Miwa, Y., M. Saikawa, and Y. Fujita Possible function and some properties of the CcpA protein of Bacillus subtilis. Microbiology 140: Mogk, A., G. Homuth, C. Scholz, L. Kim, F. X. Schmid, and W. Schumann The GroE chaperonin machine is a major modulator of the CIRCE heat shock regulon of Bacillus subtilis. EMBO J. 16: Quan, J. A., B. L. Schneider, I. T. Paulsen, M. Yamada, N. M. Kredich, and M. H. Saier, Jr Regulation of carbon utilization by sulfur availability in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Microbiology 148: Reizer, J., A. Reizer, M. H. Saier, Jr., and G. R. Jacobson A proposed link between nitrogen and carbon metabolism involving protein phosphorylation in bacteria. Protein Sci. 1: Stülke, J., and W. Hillen Regulation of carbon catabolism in Bacillus species. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 54: Stülke, J., I. Martin-Verstraete, M. Zagorec, M. Rose, A. Klier, and G. Rapoport Induction of the Bacillus subtilis ptsghi operon by glucose is controlled by a novel antiterminator, GlcT. Mol. Microbiol. 25: Tian, Z.-X., Q.-S. Li, M. Buck, A. Kolb, and Y.-P. Wang The CRPcAMP complex and downregulation of the glnap2 promoter provides a novel regulatory linkage between carbon metabolism and nitrogen assimilation in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 41: Tobisch, S., D. Zühlke, J. Bernhardt, J. Stülke, and M. Hecker Role of CcpA in regulation of the central pathways of carbon catabolism in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 181: Wray, L. W., Jr., F. K. Pettengill, and S. H. Fisher Catabolite repression of the Bacillus subtilis hut operon requires a cis-acting site located downstream of the transcription initiation site. J. Bacteriol. 176:
Chapter 16 Lecture. Concepts Of Genetics. Tenth Edition. Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
Chapter 16 Lecture Concepts Of Genetics Tenth Edition Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes Chapter Contents 16.1 Prokaryotes Regulate Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Conditions 16.2
More informationDevelopment Team. Regulation of gene expression in Prokaryotes: Lac Operon. Molecular Cell Biology. Department of Zoology, University of Delhi
Paper Module : 15 : 23 Development Team Principal Investigator : Prof. Neeta Sehgal Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Co-Principal Investigator : Prof. D.K. Singh Department of Zoology, University
More informationMolecular Biology, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Operons ???
1 Description of Module Subject Name?? Paper Name Module Name/Title XV- 04: 2 OPERONS OBJECTIVES To understand how gene is expressed and regulated in prokaryotic cell To understand the regulation of Lactose
More informationGene regulation II Biochemistry 302. Bob Kelm February 28, 2005
Gene regulation II Biochemistry 302 Bob Kelm February 28, 2005 Catabolic operons: Regulation by multiple signals targeting different TFs Catabolite repression: Activity of lac operon is restricted when
More informationChapter 12. Genes: Expression and Regulation
Chapter 12 Genes: Expression and Regulation 1 DNA Transcription or RNA Synthesis produces three types of RNA trna carries amino acids during protein synthesis rrna component of ribosomes mrna directs protein
More informationCHAPTER 13 PROKARYOTE GENES: E. COLI LAC OPERON
PROKARYOTE GENES: E. COLI LAC OPERON CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER 13 PROKARYOTE GENES: E. COLI LAC OPERON Figure 1. Electron micrograph of growing E. coli. Some show the constriction at the location where daughter
More informationIntroduction. Gene expression is the combined process of :
1 To know and explain: Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression Constitutive ( house keeping) vs. Controllable genes OPERON structure and its role in gene regulation Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression
More informationRegulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Their Viruses
11 Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Their Viruses WORKING WITH THE FIGURES 1. Compare the structure of IPTG shown in Figure 11-7 with the structure of galactose shown in Figure 11-5. Why is
More informationRegulation of Gene Expression at the level of Transcription
Regulation of Gene Expression at the level of Transcription (examples are mostly bacterial) Diarmaid Hughes ICM/Microbiology VT2009 Regulation of Gene Expression at the level of Transcription (examples
More informationTranslation - Prokaryotes
1 Translation - Prokaryotes Shine-Dalgarno (SD) Sequence rrna 3 -GAUACCAUCCUCCUUA-5 mrna...ggagg..(5-7bp)...aug Influences: Secondary structure!! SD and AUG in unstructured region Start AUG 91% GUG 8 UUG
More informationTranscriptional Organization and Posttranscriptional Regulation of the Bacillus subtilis Branched-Chain Amino Acid Biosynthesis Genes
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Apr. 2004, p. 2240 2252 Vol. 186, No. 8 0021-9193/04/$08.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.8.2240 2252.2004 Copyright 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Transcriptional
More informationThe Catabolite Control Protein CcpA Controls Ammonium Assimilation in Bacillus subtilis
J. Molec. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (1999) 1(1): 141-148. JMMB Article Control of Ammonium Assimilation by CcpA 141 The Catabolite Control Protein CcpA Controls Ammonium Assimilation in Bacillus subtilis
More informationGene regulation II Biochemistry 302. February 27, 2006
Gene regulation II Biochemistry 302 February 27, 2006 Molecular basis of inhibition of RNAP by Lac repressor 35 promoter site 10 promoter site CRP/DNA complex 60 Lewis, M. et al. (1996) Science 271:1247
More informationREVIEW SESSION. Wednesday, September 15 5:30 PM SHANTZ 242 E
REVIEW SESSION Wednesday, September 15 5:30 PM SHANTZ 242 E Gene Regulation Gene Regulation Gene expression can be turned on, turned off, turned up or turned down! For example, as test time approaches,
More informationRNA Synthesis and Processing
RNA Synthesis and Processing Introduction Regulation of gene expression allows cells to adapt to environmental changes and is responsible for the distinct activities of the differentiated cell types that
More informationTopic 4 - #14 The Lactose Operon
Topic 4 - #14 The Lactose Operon The Lactose Operon The lactose operon is an operon which is responsible for the transport and metabolism of the sugar lactose in E. coli. - Lactose is one of many organic
More informationRole of CodY in Regulation of the Bacillus subtilis hut Operon
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, July 1996, p. 3779 3784 Vol. 178, No. 13 0021-9193/96/$04.00 0 Copyright 1996, American Society for Microbiology Role of CodY in Regulation of the Bacillus subtilis hut Operon
More informationtrans-acting Factors and cis Elements Involved in Glucose Repression of Arabinan Degradation in Bacillus subtilis
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Nov. 2007, p. 8371 8376 Vol. 189, No. 22 0021-9193/07/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jb.01217-07 Copyright 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. trans-acting Factors
More informationName Period The Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes Notes
Bacterial DNA contains genes that encode for many different proteins (enzymes) so that many processes have the ability to occur -not all processes are carried out at any one time -what allows expression
More informationWelcome to Class 21!
Welcome to Class 21! Introductory Biochemistry! Lecture 21: Outline and Objectives l Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes! l transcriptional regulation! l principles! l lac operon! l trp attenuation!
More informationFabian M. Commichau, Katrin Gunka, Jens J. Landmann, and Jörg Stülke*
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, May 2008, p. 3557 3564 Vol. 190, No. 10 0021-9193/08/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jb.00099-08 Copyright 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Glutamate Metabolism
More informationExpression of the Bacillus subtilis acsa Gene: Position and Sequence Context Affect cre-mediated Carbon Catabolite Repression
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Dec. 1998, p. 6649 6654 Vol. 180, No. 24 0021-9193/98/$04.00 0 Copyright 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Expression of the Bacillus subtilis acsa
More informationInitiation of translation in eukaryotic cells:connecting the head and tail
Initiation of translation in eukaryotic cells:connecting the head and tail GCCRCCAUGG 1: Multiple initiation factors with distinct biochemical roles (linking, tethering, recruiting, and scanning) 2: 5
More informationTranslation. A ribosome, mrna, and trna.
Translation The basic processes of translation are conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotic Translation A ribosome, mrna, and trna. In the initiation of translation in prokaryotes, the Shine-Dalgarno
More informationRegulation of Gene Expression
Chapter 18 Regulation of Gene Expression Edited by Shawn Lester PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley
More informationTHE THIRD GENERAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACIDS IN SALMONELLA T YPHIMURI UM KEIKO MATSUBARA, KUNIHARU OHNISHI, AND KAZUYOSHI KIRITANI
J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 34, 183-189 (1988) THE THIRD GENERAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACIDS IN SALMONELLA T YPHIMURI UM FOR KEIKO MATSUBARA, KUNIHARU OHNISHI, AND KAZUYOSHI KIRITANI Department
More informationComputational Cell Biology Lecture 4
Computational Cell Biology Lecture 4 Case Study: Basic Modeling in Gene Expression Yang Cao Department of Computer Science DNA Structure and Base Pair Gene Expression Gene is just a small part of DNA.
More information3.B.1 Gene Regulation. Gene regulation results in differential gene expression, leading to cell specialization.
3.B.1 Gene Regulation Gene regulation results in differential gene expression, leading to cell specialization. We will focus on gene regulation in prokaryotes first. Gene regulation accounts for some of
More informationShigeo Tojo, Kanako Kumamoto, Kazutake Hirooka, and Yasutaro Fujita*
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Mar. 2010, p. 1573 1585 Vol. 192, No. 6 0021-9193/10/$12.00 doi:10.1128/jb.01394-09 Copyright 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Heavy Involvement of
More informationUNIT 6 PART 3 *REGULATION USING OPERONS* Hillis Textbook, CH 11
UNIT 6 PART 3 *REGULATION USING OPERONS* Hillis Textbook, CH 11 REVIEW: Signals that Start and Stop Transcription and Translation BUT, HOW DO CELLS CONTROL WHICH GENES ARE EXPRESSED AND WHEN? First of
More informationCHAPTER : Prokaryotic Genetics
CHAPTER 13.3 13.5: Prokaryotic Genetics 1. Most bacteria are not pathogenic. Identify several important roles they play in the ecosystem and human culture. 2. How do variations arise in bacteria considering
More informationRegulation of Gene Expression
Chapter 18 Regulation of Gene Expression PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from
More informationDynamic optimisation identifies optimal programs for pathway regulation in prokaryotes. - Supplementary Information -
Dynamic optimisation identifies optimal programs for pathway regulation in prokaryotes - Supplementary Information - Martin Bartl a, Martin Kötzing a,b, Stefan Schuster c, Pu Li a, Christoph Kaleta b a
More informationGene regulation I Biochemistry 302. Bob Kelm February 25, 2005
Gene regulation I Biochemistry 302 Bob Kelm February 25, 2005 Principles of gene regulation (cellular versus molecular level) Extracellular signals Chemical (e.g. hormones, growth factors) Environmental
More informationReceived 1 February 1999/Accepted 2 June 1999
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Aug. 1999, p. 4995 5003 Vol. 181, No. 16 0021-9193/99/$04.00 0 Copyright 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Regulation of the lic Operon of Bacillus
More informationREGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. Bacterial Genetics Lac and Trp Operon
REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION Bacterial Genetics Lac and Trp Operon Levels of Metabolic Control The amount of cellular products can be controlled by regulating: Enzyme activity: alters protein function
More informationthe noisy gene Biology of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Jan 2008 Juan F. Poyatos Spanish National Biotechnology Centre (CNB)
Biology of the the noisy gene Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Jan 2008 Juan F. Poyatos Spanish National Biotechnology Centre (CNB) day III: noisy bacteria - Regulation of noise (B. subtilis) - Intrinsic/Extrinsic
More informationProkaryotic Regulation
Prokaryotic Regulation Control of transcription initiation can be: Positive control increases transcription when activators bind DNA Negative control reduces transcription when repressors bind to DNA regulatory
More informationChapter 15 Active Reading Guide Regulation of Gene Expression
Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Chapter 15 Active Reading Guide Regulation of Gene Expression The overview for Chapter 15 introduces the idea that while all cells of an organism have all genes in the genome,
More informationThe Gene The gene; Genes Genes Allele;
Gene, genetic code and regulation of the gene expression, Regulating the Metabolism, The Lac- Operon system,catabolic repression, The Trp Operon system: regulating the biosynthesis of the tryptophan. Mitesh
More information2. What was the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment and why was it significant? 3. What was the Hershey-Chase experiment and why was it significant?
Name Date Period AP Exam Review Part 6: Molecular Genetics I. DNA and RNA Basics A. History of finding out what DNA really is 1. What was Griffith s experiment and why was it significant? 1 2. What was
More informationK. TEDIN* AND F. NOREL Unité de Génétique des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Institut Pasteur, F Paris Cedex 15, France
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Nov. 2001, p. 6184 6196 Vol. 183, No. 21 0021-9193/01/$04.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/JB.183.21.6184 6196.2001 Copyright 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Comparison
More informationQuantitative Molecular Biology
Quantitative Molecular Biology PHYS 176/276 Instructor: Terry Hwa Winter 2018 What is quantitative biology? èquantitative biology biology + numbers/equations biology-inspired physics application of existing
More informationComplete all warm up questions Focus on operon functioning we will be creating operon models on Monday
Complete all warm up questions Focus on operon functioning we will be creating operon models on Monday 1. What is the Central Dogma? 2. How does prokaryotic DNA compare to eukaryotic DNA? 3. How is DNA
More informationUNIVERSITY OF YORK. BA, BSc, and MSc Degree Examinations Department : BIOLOGY. Title of Exam: Molecular microbiology
Examination Candidate Number: Desk Number: UNIVERSITY OF YORK BA, BSc, and MSc Degree Examinations 2017-8 Department : BIOLOGY Title of Exam: Molecular microbiology Time Allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes Marking
More informationHelical Macrofiber Formation in Bacillus subtilis: Inhibition by Penicillin G
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, June 1984, p. 1182-1187 0021-9193/84/061182-06$02.00/0 Copyright C 1984, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 158, No. 3 Helical Macrofiber Formation in Bacillus subtilis: Inhibition
More informationLecture 4: Transcription networks basic concepts
Lecture 4: Transcription networks basic concepts - Activators and repressors - Input functions; Logic input functions; Multidimensional input functions - Dynamics and response time 2.1 Introduction The
More informationPROTEIN SYNTHESIS INTRO
MR. POMERANTZ Page 1 of 6 Protein synthesis Intro. Use the text book to help properly answer the following questions 1. RNA differs from DNA in that RNA a. is single-stranded. c. contains the nitrogen
More informationBoolean models of gene regulatory networks. Matthew Macauley Math 4500: Mathematical Modeling Clemson University Spring 2016
Boolean models of gene regulatory networks Matthew Macauley Math 4500: Mathematical Modeling Clemson University Spring 2016 Gene expression Gene expression is a process that takes gene info and creates
More informationNewly made RNA is called primary transcript and is modified in three ways before leaving the nucleus:
m Eukaryotic mrna processing Newly made RNA is called primary transcript and is modified in three ways before leaving the nucleus: Cap structure a modified guanine base is added to the 5 end. Poly-A tail
More information16 CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION
16 CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION Chapter Outline 16.1 REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTES The operon is the unit of transcription in prokaryotes The lac operon for lactose metabolism is transcribed
More information32 Gene regulation, continued Lecture Outline 11/21/05
32 Gene regulation, continued Lecture Outline 11/21/05 Review the operon concept Repressible operons (e.g. trp) Inducible operons (e.g. lac) Positive regulation of lac () Practice applying the operon concept
More informationProkaryotic Gene Expression (Learning Objectives)
Prokaryotic Gene Expression (Learning Objectives) 1. Learn how bacteria respond to changes of metabolites in their environment: short-term and longer-term. 2. Compare and contrast transcriptional control
More informationGENE REGULATION AND PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT
GENE REGULATION AND PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT By Surinder Kaur DIET Ropar Surinder_1998@ yahoo.in Mob No 9988530775 GENE REGULATION Gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a unit of function (polypeptide,
More informationVital Statistics Derived from Complete Genome Sequencing (for E. coli MG1655)
We still consider the E. coli genome as a fairly typical bacterial genome, and given the extensive information available about this organism and it's lifestyle, the E. coli genome is a useful point of
More informationBME 5742 Biosystems Modeling and Control
BME 5742 Biosystems Modeling and Control Lecture 24 Unregulated Gene Expression Model Dr. Zvi Roth (FAU) 1 The genetic material inside a cell, encoded in its DNA, governs the response of a cell to various
More informationBacterial Genetics & Operons
Bacterial Genetics & Operons The Bacterial Genome Because bacteria have simple genomes, they are used most often in molecular genetics studies Most of what we know about bacterial genetics comes from the
More informationAbhilasha Gulati and Subramony Mahadevan* Introduction. Abstract
Mechanism of catabolite repression in the bgl operon of Escherichia coli: involvement of the anti-terminator BglG, CRP-cAMP and EIIA Glc in mediating glucose effect downstream of transcription initiation
More informationChapter 18: Control of Gene Expression
Chapter 18: Control of Gene Expression 海洋生物研究所 曾令銘 海事大樓 426 室分機 : 5326 Differential Expression of Genes Prokaryotes and eukaryotes precisely regulate gene expression in response to environmental conditions
More informationThe different roles of tryptophan transfer RNA in regulating trp operon expression in E. coli versus B. subtilis
Review RENDS in Genetics Vol.20 No.8 August 2004 he different roles of tryptophan transfer RNA in regulating trp operon expression in E. coli versus B. subtilis Charles Yanofsky Department of Biological
More informationTranslation and Operons
Translation and Operons You Should Be Able To 1. Describe the three stages translation. including the movement of trna molecules through the ribosome. 2. Compare and contrast the roles of three different
More information2. Yeast two-hybrid system
2. Yeast two-hybrid system I. Process workflow a. Mating of haploid two-hybrid strains on YPD plates b. Replica-plating of diploids on selective plates c. Two-hydrid experiment plating on selective plates
More informationBig Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. Tuesday, December 27, 16
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. Enduring understanding 3.B: Expression of genetic information involves cellular and molecular
More information4. Why not make all enzymes all the time (even if not needed)? Enzyme synthesis uses a lot of energy.
1 C2005/F2401 '10-- Lecture 15 -- Last Edited: 11/02/10 01:58 PM Copyright 2010 Deborah Mowshowitz and Lawrence Chasin Department of Biological Sciences Columbia University New York, NY. Handouts: 15A
More informationTHE EDIBLE OPERON David O. Freier Lynchburg College [BIOL 220W Cellular Diversity]
THE EDIBLE OPERON David O. Freier Lynchburg College [BIOL 220W Cellular Diversity] You have the following resources available to you: Short bread cookies = DNA / genetic elements Fudge Mint cookies = RNA
More informationEukaryotic Gene Expression
Eukaryotic Gene Expression Lectures 22-23 Several Features Distinguish Eukaryotic Processes From Mechanisms in Bacteria 123 Eukaryotic Gene Expression Several Features Distinguish Eukaryotic Processes
More informationBioinformatics: Network Analysis
Bioinformatics: Network Analysis Flux Balance Analysis and Metabolic Control Analysis COMP 572 (BIOS 572 / BIOE 564) - Fall 2013 Luay Nakhleh, Rice University 1 Flux Balance Analysis (FBA) Flux balance
More informationA REGULATORY TRANSPORT MUTANT FOR BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACIDS IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM KUNIHARU OHNISHI, KEIKO MURATA AND KAZUYOSHI KIRITANI
JAPAN. J. GENETICS Vol. 55, No. 5: 349-359 (1980) A REGULATORY TRANSPORT MUTANT FOR BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACIDS IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM KUNIHARU OHNISHI, KEIKO MURATA AND KAZUYOSHI KIRITANI Department
More informationChapter 17. From Gene to Protein. Biology Kevin Dees
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein DNA The information molecule Sequences of bases is a code DNA organized in to chromosomes Chromosomes are organized into genes What do the genes actually say??? Reflecting
More informationReceived 11 April 1996/Accepted 12 July 1996
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Sept. 1996, p. 5480 5486 Vol. 178, No. 18 0021-9193/96/$04.00 0 Copyright 1996, American Society for Microbiology Catabolite Repression Resistance of gnt Operon Expression in Bacillus
More informationAnalysis of Escherichia coli amino acid transporters
Ph.D thesis Analysis of Escherichia coli amino acid transporters Presented by Attila Szvetnik Supervisor: Dr. Miklós Kálmán Biology Ph.D School University of Szeged Bay Zoltán Foundation for Applied Research
More informationAP Bio Module 16: Bacterial Genetics and Operons, Student Learning Guide
Name: Period: Date: AP Bio Module 6: Bacterial Genetics and Operons, Student Learning Guide Getting started. Work in pairs (share a computer). Make sure that you log in for the first quiz so that you get
More informationProkaryotic Gene Expression (Learning Objectives)
Prokaryotic Gene Expression (Learning Objectives) 1. Learn how bacteria respond to changes of metabolites in their environment: short-term and longer-term. 2. Compare and contrast transcriptional control
More informationGENES AND CHROMOSOMES III. Lecture 5. Biology Department Concordia University. Dr. S. Azam BIOL 266/
GENES AND CHROMOSOMES III Lecture 5 BIOL 266/4 2014-15 Dr. S. Azam Biology Department Concordia University CELL NUCLEUS AND THE CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION OPERONS Introduction All cells in a multi-cellular
More information(Lys), resulting in translation of a polypeptide without the Lys amino acid. resulting in translation of a polypeptide without the Lys amino acid.
1. A change that makes a polypeptide defective has been discovered in its amino acid sequence. The normal and defective amino acid sequences are shown below. Researchers are attempting to reproduce the
More informationAPGRU6L2. Control of Prokaryotic (Bacterial) Genes
APGRU6L2 Control of Prokaryotic (Bacterial) Genes 2007-2008 Bacterial metabolism Bacteria need to respond quickly to changes in their environment STOP u if they have enough of a product, need to stop production
More informationFitness constraints on horizontal gene transfer
Fitness constraints on horizontal gene transfer Dan I Andersson University of Uppsala, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden GMM 3, 30 Aug--2 Sep, Oslo, Norway Acknowledgements:
More informationUnit 3: Control and regulation Higher Biology
Unit 3: Control and regulation Higher Biology To study the roles that genes play in the control of growth and development of organisms To be able to Give some examples of features which are controlled
More informationThree types of RNA polymerase in eukaryotic nuclei
Three types of RNA polymerase in eukaryotic nuclei Type Location RNA synthesized Effect of α-amanitin I Nucleolus Pre-rRNA for 18,.8 and 8S rrnas Insensitive II Nucleoplasm Pre-mRNA, some snrnas Sensitive
More informationBiology. Biology. Slide 1 of 26. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology Biology 1 of 26 Fruit fly chromosome 12-5 Gene Regulation Mouse chromosomes Fruit fly embryo Mouse embryo Adult fruit fly Adult mouse 2 of 26 Gene Regulation: An Example Gene Regulation: An Example
More informationRegulation of Pyrimidine Biosynthetic Gene Expression in Bacteria: Repression without Repressors
MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REVIEWS, June 2008, p. 266 300 Vol. 72, No. 2 1092-2172/08/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/mmbr.00001-08 Copyright 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
More informationMultistability in the lactose utilization network of E. coli. Lauren Nakonechny, Katherine Smith, Michael Volk, Robert Wallace Mentor: J.
Multistability in the lactose utilization network of E. coli Lauren Nakonechny, Katherine Smith, Michael Volk, Robert Wallace Mentor: J. Ruby Abrams Motivation Understanding biological switches in the
More informationReading Assignments. A. Genes and the Synthesis of Polypeptides. Lecture Series 7 From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype
Lecture Series 7 From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype Reading Assignments Read Chapter 7 From DNA to Protein A. Genes and the Synthesis of Polypeptides Genes are made up of DNA and are expressed
More informationQuiz answers. Allele. BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 17: The Quiz (and back to Eukaryotic DNA)
BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 17: The Quiz (and back to Eukaryotic DNA) http://compbio.uchsc.edu/hunter/bio5099 Larry.Hunter@uchsc.edu Quiz answers Kinase: An enzyme
More information56:198:582 Biological Networks Lecture 8
56:198:582 Biological Networks Lecture 8 Course organization Two complementary approaches to modeling and understanding biological networks Constraint-based modeling (Palsson) System-wide Metabolism Steady-state
More informationWarm-Up. Explain how a secondary messenger is activated, and how this affects gene expression. (LO 3.22)
Warm-Up Explain how a secondary messenger is activated, and how this affects gene expression. (LO 3.22) Yesterday s Picture The first cell on Earth (approx. 3.5 billion years ago) was simple and prokaryotic,
More informationSupplemental Materials
JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOLOGY EDUCATION, May 2013, p. 107-109 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v14i1.496 Supplemental Materials for Engaging Students in a Bioinformatics Activity to Introduce Gene
More informationMultistability in the lactose utilization network of Escherichia coli
Multistability in the lactose utilization network of Escherichia coli Lauren Nakonechny, Katherine Smith, Michael Volk, Robert Wallace Mentor: J. Ruby Abrams Agenda Motivation Intro to multistability Purpose
More informationChapters 7 & 8. Weaver, 2/e. Mol Biol X107A.
Chapters 7 & 8. Weaver, 2/e. Mol Biol X107A. Ch 7. Operons: Fine control of prokaryotic transcription. Ch 8. Major shifts in prokaryotic transcription. A. Introduction... 1 B. Terms... 2 C. Lac operon:
More informationLecture 18 June 2 nd, Gene Expression Regulation Mutations
Lecture 18 June 2 nd, 2016 Gene Expression Regulation Mutations From Gene to Protein Central Dogma Replication DNA RNA PROTEIN Transcription Translation RNA Viruses: genome is RNA Reverse Transcriptase
More informationgenome analysis, amino acid biosynthesis and transport, T-box, bacteria
236 Part 5 Chapter # EVOLUTIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF T-BOX REGULON IN BACTERIA: IDENTIFICATION OF NEW GENES INVOLVED IN AMINO ACID METABOLISM Vitreschak A.G. *1, Lyubetsky V.A. 1, Gelfand M.S. 1
More informationRegulation of gene expression. Premedical - Biology
Regulation of gene expression Premedical - Biology Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotic cell Operon units system of negative feedback positive and negative regulation in eukaryotic cell - at any
More informationRegulation of gene Expression in Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
Regulation of gene Expression in Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes 1 The trp Operon Contains 5 genes coding for proteins (enzymes) required for the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan. Also contains a promoter
More informationGENE ACTIVITY Gene structure Transcription Transcript processing mrna transport mrna stability Translation Posttranslational modifications
1 GENE ACTIVITY Gene structure Transcription Transcript processing mrna transport mrna stability Translation Posttranslational modifications 2 DNA Promoter Gene A Gene B Termination Signal Transcription
More informationInteractions between Mutations Mecting Ribosome Synthesis in Escherichia coli
Journal of General Microbiology (1 989, 131, 945-949. Printed in Great Britain 945 Interactions between Mutations Mecting Ribosome Synthesis in Escherichia coli By PETER D. BUTLER, EMILIO CATTANEO AND
More informationBacillus anthracis. Last Lecture: 1. Introduction 2. History 3. Koch s Postulates. 1. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote 2. Classifying prokaryotes
Last Lecture: Bacillus anthracis 1. Introduction 2. History 3. Koch s Postulates Today s Lecture: 1. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote 2. Classifying prokaryotes 3. Phylogenetics I. Basic Cell structure: (Fig.
More informationThe trp RNA-Binding Attenuation Protein Regulates TrpG Synthesis by Binding to the trpg Ribosome Binding Site of Bacillus subtilis
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Apr. 1997, p. 2582 2586 Vol. 179, No. 8 0021-9193/97/$04.00 0 Copyright 1997, American Society for Microbiology The trp RNA-Binding Attenuation Protein Regulates TrpG Synthesis
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY DATA - 1 -
- 1 - SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Construction of B. subtilis rnpb complementation plasmids For complementation, the B. subtilis rnpb wild-type gene (rnpbwt) under control of its native rnpb promoter and terminator
More informationGene Switches Teacher Information
STO-143 Gene Switches Teacher Information Summary Kit contains How do bacteria turn on and turn off genes? Students model the action of the lac operon that regulates the expression of genes essential for
More informationCo-ordination occurs in multiple layers Intracellular regulation: self-regulation Intercellular regulation: coordinated cell signalling e.g.
Gene Expression- Overview Differentiating cells Achieved through changes in gene expression All cells contain the same whole genome A typical differentiated cell only expresses ~50% of its total gene Overview
More information