2. What was the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment and why was it significant? 3. What was the Hershey-Chase experiment and why was it significant?

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1 Name Date Period AP Exam Review Part 6: Molecular Genetics I. DNA and RNA Basics A. History of finding out what DNA really is 1. What was Griffith s experiment and why was it significant? 1 2. What was the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment and why was it significant? 3. What was the Hershey-Chase experiment and why was it significant? 4. What did Watson-Crick-Wilkins-Franklin discover and how? 5. What did Chargaff discover about the ratios of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine? Why was this significant? B. Chromosomes 1. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic a. How is DNA organized in eukaryotes? b. How is DNA organized in prokaryotes? c. How are they different? C. Structure 1. DNA vs. RNA (How many strands? Monomer? Nitrogenous bases?) 2. Purines vs. Pyrimidines

2 2 3. Types of RNA 4. DNA replication a. When does DNA replicate? b. What features of DNA s structure makes it so easy to replicate? c. What end do you add new nucleotides to on DNA? d. How do you figure out what the 5 end is and what the 3 end is? e. What enzyme adds new nucleotides to DNA? D. Central Dogma 1. What is the central dogma? 2. Transcription a. What happens during transcription? b. Describe how transcription happens. c. What is the product of transcription? d. Where does that product go?

3 3 3. Translation a. Where in a cell does translation happen? b. Every three letters of mrna (codon) matches to three letters (anticodon)on a which carries amino acids to a protein. c. What is the product of translation? 4. Phenotypes a. What is a phenotype? b. What do mutations in DNA have to do with phenotypes? E. Genetic Engineering 1. How do bacteria share DNA? 2. Transformation a. Describe the process 3. Human Insulin a. How is insulin made for diabetics?

4 II. 4 Gene Expression (in-class) A. Regulatory sequences involved in gene expression 1. Promoters: 2. Terminators: 3. Enhancers: B. Regulatory genes involved in gene expression code for C. Small regulatory RNAs involved in gene expression- what can they do? D. Bacteria and viruses: positive and negative mechanisms for controlling gene expression 1. Inducer 2. Repressor 3. Operons (Bozeman Operon video, 10 minutes long) a. What types of organisms most typically have operons? b. What is the point of the lac operon? c. What are the four parts of an operon? d. What is special about the location of genes with similar functions in bacteria? e. What is the function of the promoter? f. What is the function of the operator? g. What is the function of the repressor? h. Describe what happens to the lac operon when a lot of lactose is present:

5 5 i. Describe what happens to the lac operon when no lactose is present: j. What is tryptophan? k. What is the point of the trp operon? l. Describe what happens to the trp operon when tryptophan is present: m. Describe what happens to the trp operon when tryptophan is not present: 5. Eukaryotic regulation of gene expression a. Transcription factors III. Compare regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes IV. Changes in p53 lead to cancer

6 V. Viral replication (Bozeman Viruses A. What is a bacteriophage? B. Viruses spread using. If there s no cell, then. C. Structure of viruses 1. Genetic material: 2. Protein coat: 3. Envelope: 6 D. How do viruses reproduce? 1. Lytic cycle 2. Lysogenic cycle The following topics are related but not directly found in the video. Use textbook and other resources. Come to me if you have any questions E. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic viruses F. HIV G. Viruses introduce genetic variation in host organisms. H. Transposons and Retrotransposons

7 VI. VII. VIII. Sometimes RNA is the primary source of heritable information A. Retroviruses Genetic Engineering Techniques (in-class) A. Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA B. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) C. Gel electrophoresis D. Plasmid-based transformation Examples of genetic engineering (in-class) A. Genetically modified foods B. Cloned animals C. Pharmaceuticals 7

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