Ecology 1) Organisms with similar needs may compete with one another for resources, including a. b. c. d.

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Ecology 1) Organisms with similar needs may compete with one another for resources, including a. b. c. d."

Francis Sullivan
5 years ago
Views:

1 International Leadership Charter High School LIVING ENVIRONMENT SUMMER PACKET Name Ecology 1) Organisms with similar needs may compete with one another for resources, including a. b. c. d. 2) In any particular environment, the growth and survival of organisms depend on the physical conditions including a. b. c. d. e. 3) Physical or non-living factors such as these which influence living things are called 4) Living factors which influence living things are called 5) Energy flows through ecosystems in direction, typically from the, through photosynthetic organisms or, to to carnivores and decomposers. 6) At each link in a food web, some energy is stored in newly made structures but much energy is lost into the environment as. Continual input of energy from is required to keep this process going. are often used to show the flow of energy in ecosystems. 7) What is the definition of Carrying Capacity? 8) The carrying capacity of an environment is limited by the available: a.

2 b. c. d. e. 9) Living organisms have the capacity to produce populations of unlimited size, but available resources in their environments are finite. What does this statement mean in your own words. 10) Organisms interactions may be competitive or beneficial. Explain the following relationships: a. Producer/consumer b. Predator/prey c. Parasite/host 11) What is Biodiveristy? 12) Biodiversity increases the. Biodiversity also ensures the availability of diverse that may lead to future discoveries with significant value to humans. As diversity is lost, potential sources of these materials for these discoveries may be lost with it. 13) The environment may be changed greatly through the activities of organisms, including humans, or when. 14) Although sometimes these changes occur quickly, in most cases species gradually replace others, resulting in long term changes in ecosystems. These changes in an ecosystem over time are called. 15) What are some Abiotic Factors? a.

3 b. c. d. e. f. g. 16) What are limiting factors? 17) What are some biotic factors? a. b. c. 18) How is an environments carrying capacity related to abiotic and biotic factors? 19) Give examples and explanations of the following niches : a. Autotrophs or producer organisms b. Herbivores or primary consumers c. Carnivores are secondary consumers d. Omnivores e. Heterotrophic organisms 20) What does a food chain illustrate?

4 21) How are food chains and food webs different? Similar? 22) What is an Energy Pyramid? 23) Each step of an energy pyramid shows that some energy is of the organism which eats the preceding one. The pyramid also shows that much of the energy is when one organism in a food chain eats another 24) What is Biomass? 25) Look at the diagram of the water cycle. Explain how water is cycled and recycled within our environment. Be sure to use all the terms and explain what each term means.

5 26) Look at the diagram of the Carbon-Oxygen cycle. Explain how CO 2 & O 2 is cycled and recycled within our environment. Be sure to use all the terms and explain what each term means as well as giving examples of which organisms consume and produce which gases. 27) A is any organism capable of making its own food, usually sugars by photosynthesis. 28) A is any organism which eats another organism 29) A is a consumer which eats primarily plant material 30) A consumes primarily animal material 31) An eats both plant and animal matter 32) A is a type of carnivore that kills its food. The organism the it feeds upon is called its. 33) feed upon organisms that other organisms have killed 34) Close living associations are called relationships. Examples of these relationships are:

6 a. b. c. 35) organisms use the energy of dead organisms for food and break them down into materials which can be recycled for use by other organisms 36) As a result of evolutionary processes, there is a diversity of organisms and a diversity of roles in ecosystems. refers to the differences in living things in an ecosystem. 37) What are some examples of human influences on biodiversity? 38) What are some uses of biodiversity? What could happen if biodiversity is lost? 39) The gradual long term changes in altered ecosystems are called. Ecosystems tend to change with time until a stable system is formed. 40) are the first organisms to reoccupy an area which has been disturbed by a disruption. Typical pioneers include grasses in a plowed field or on rocks. 41) This final stable community is called a. Evolution 1) What is Evolution? 2) What is Natural Selection the result of? 3) One source of the variation driving the process of evolution is.

7 4) What are variations? 5) The degree of kinship between organisms or species can be estimated from the similarity of their. 6) List and describe the key points in the Theory of Natural Selection: 7) Define Adaptation. 8) Give three modern examples of Natural Selection. 9) What is Extinction and what information can we get from the fossil record? 10) What is a fossil? 11) Explain what a common ancestor is in your own words. 12) What is Biological Classification based on? 13) Explain what a species is. 14) What causes mutations?

15) How can mutations be passed onto future generations? 16) Besides Mutations, what are some other sources of genetic variability? 17) Evolution is the consequence of which factors?

8 15) How can mutations be passed onto future generations? 16) Besides Mutations, what are some other sources of genetic variability? 17) Evolution is the consequence of which factors? 18) The great diversity of organisms is the result of: Natural Selection 1) The spotted touch-me-not, a flowering plant, has seed pods that burst open when touched and forcefully eject their seeds. Why is such an adaptation favorable? 2) The diagram below illustrates the change that occurred in the frequency of phenotypes in an insect population over 10 generations. What would a probable explanation for this change be?

3) According to Darwin's theory of evolution, differences between species may be the result of 4) Two nucleotide sequences found in two different species are almost exactly the same.

9 3) According to Darwin's theory of evolution, differences between species may be the result of 4) Two nucleotide sequences found in two different species are almost exactly the same. This suggests that these species 5) The diagram below shows undisturbed sedimentary strata at the bottom of an ocean. The fossils found in layer B resemble the fossils found in layer A. This similarity suggests that 6) The theory that evolutionary change is slow and continuous is known as 7) The concept that species have changed over long periods of time is known as 8) The study of homologous structures in mature organisms provides evidence for the evolutionary relationships among certain groups of organisms. Which field of study includes this evidence of evolution?

10 9) The diagram below represents a section of undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock in New York State and shows the location of fossils of several closely related species. According to currently accepted evolutionary theory, which is the most probable assumption about species A, B, and C? 10) Which group of organisms is believed to be among the earliest to evolve on Earth? 11) Which concept was not included in Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection? 12) According to the heterotroph hypothesis, the first life on Earth was able to 13) Darwin's theory of evolution is based on the concept of 14) The biochemical analysis of different chlorophyll pigments in plants would be most useful in determining 15) The structural similarities between the flippers of whales and the arms of humans are used to show that the

11 Mutation 1) In fruit flies with the curly wing mutation, the wings will be straight if the flies are kept at 16 degrees Celsius. The most probable explanation for this is that 2) The concept that new varieties of organisms are still evolving is best supported by the 3) A child is born with an extra chromosome in each of its cells. This condition is usually the result of 4) Mutations can be considered as one of the raw materials of evolution because they Variation 1) Which process is illustrated by the diagram below? a. 2) Variations within a species are most likely the result of 3) During synapsis, chromatids in homologous pairs of chromosomes often twist around each other, break, exchange segments, and rejoin. This process usually contributes to 4) There is a greater possibility for the evolution of a new species in organisms which reproduce by 5) In which group would there be the greatest similarity between members in terms of structure and function?

12 Homeostasis 1) Almost all life on Earth ultimately depends upon the for its energy. 2) The process of converts the Sun's energy to sugars which living things may use as an energy source. 3) These sugars are converted to a form living things can use by a process called. 4) Thousands of occur in living things. These are aided by compounds called. 5) Enzymes and some other kinds of molecules have specific which allow them to function. 6) in an organism is constantly threatened. Failure to respond effectively can result in or. 7) Disease is a of homeostasis or steady state within an organism. 8) Many organisms, such as,,, and may cause disease. Disease also results from factors which are not living organisms. 9) The is the defensive reaction of the body to foreign substances or organisms. 10) The immune system also protects against some which may arise in the body. 11) or results from the ability of organisms to detect and respond to. 12) Feedback mechanisms are specific ways which have evolved in different living things to respond to internal or external environmental changes and maintain homeostasis. A is a process where the level of one substance or activity of an organ or structure influences another substance or structure in some manner. 13) Plants and many microorganisms use solar energy to combine the molecules carbon dioxide and water into energy-rich compounds such as and release to the environment. 14) What is the Equation for Photosynthesis?

13 15) Define Chloroplasts 16) Define Chlorophyll 17) While chlorophyll is the chief pigment responsible for photosynthesis in green plants, many plants contain other colored pigments as well. These chlorophyll and colored pigments may be separated according to their various chemical charges by a technique known as 18) In this technique, a mixture of plant pigments is separated by placing a drop or two of pigment on a special paper called which is dipped in a chemical allowing the different plant pigments to move based on their. 19) Draw a picture of a completed chromatography and explain what you see.

14 20) In all organisms, organic compounds such as glucose can be used to make other molecules. These molecules include,,, and. 21) The chemical energy stored in can be used as a source of energy for life processes. 22) Stored energy is released when chemical bonds are broken during and new compounds with lower energy bonds are formed. 23) Cells usually transfer this energy temporarily in phosphate bonds of a high-energy compound called. 24) What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration that forms ATP? 25) What is the chemical equation for the reaction that releases energy from ATP? 26) What does ADP stand for? How is it different than ATP? 27) Define Hydrolysis 28) Define Synthesis 29) Biochemical processes, both breakdown (hydrolysis) and synthesis, are made possible by. 30) Enzymes and other molecules, such as and, have specific shapes that influence both how they function and how they interact with other molecules. 31) Define Catalyst 32) Describe what an enzyme is, how it is named, and what it does to chemical reactions. 33) Define substrate 34) Define active site 35) What is the lock and key model?

15 36) What are the three factors that can affect enzyme activity? a. b. c. 37) Define denatured 38) Living organisms which cause disease are known as. Some viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are examples of living things which cause disease. 39) Other factors may be involved which contribute to or cause the body to develop disease. Some of these factors include, exposure to, poor, failure or malfunction, and poor personal behavior and choices. 40) What are some poor personal behavior and health choices? 41) describes the ability of an organism to resist foreign organisms or invaders which enter its body. 42) The is designed to protect against microscopic organisms (bacteria, viruses) and foreign substances which enter an organism from outside its body. The immune system also protects from many cancer cells which arise within our bodies. 43) An is any foreign substance which invades the body of an organism, while a is a living antigen (such as viruses or bacteria) which invade an organism. 44) Many different kinds of white blood cells exist which are able to help the body fight foreign invaders in various ways. These various ways include: a. b. c. 45) It is important to note that an antibody

16 46) Our immune system has a memory What does this mean? 47) Describe how a vaccination works 48) What is an auto-immune disease? What are some examples? 49) is a viral disease which destroys the ability of the immune system to produce antibodies, so the afflicted individual is unable to cope with infections and cancer cells which arise within the body. 50) is a group of diseases resulting from gene mutations which cause cells to divide uncontrollably. Exposure of cells to certain chemicals and radiation appears to increase the chance of mutations and thus cancer. 51) A change in the environment is called a. A is the manner in which the organism reacts to the stimulus. 52) Give an example of Temperature Regulation 53) Give an example of Blood Sugar Regulation 54) Five an example of maintenance of Homeostasis in Plants 55) What do stomates and guard cells do?

17 Biochemical Processes 1) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic by-product of cellular metabolism in aerobic organisms. The reaction below occurs within the cells to prevent the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. In this reaction, catalase functions as an 2) What does the process of photosynthesis produce? 3) Which process provides most of the oxygen found in Earth's atmosphere? 4) In humans, which substance is produced anaerobically during strenuous activity? 5) A compound that is synthesized by both humans and geranium plants is 6) Most end-products of complete chemical digestion are described as 7) In the oxidation of glucose to water and carbon dioxide, enzymes are needed to catalyze the 8) In animals, which occurs during the synthesis of larger, more complex organic molecules from smaller organic molecules? 9) In the process of photosynthesis, chlorophyll serves as 10) Which color light is least important to a green plant during photosynthetic activities? 11) In living plants, when does respiration occur? 12) Through the use of oxygen-18 (heavy oxygen), scientists have found that the oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from molecules of Disease 1) A drastic change in the metabolic rate of a human would most likely result from the 2) A malfunction of the lymph nodes would most likely interfere with the

3) The removal of the cuticle from a leaf would most likely result in an increase on the leaf's 4) Many bacteria that enter the circulatory system are engulfed and destroyed by Feedback Mechanism 1)

This process is an example of 2) A pulse can be detected most easily in 3) Which row in the chart contains the words that best complete this statement?

18 3) The removal of the cuticle from a leaf would most likely result in an increase on the leaf's 4) Many bacteria that enter the circulatory system are engulfed and destroyed by Feedback Mechanism 1) During a race, the body temperature of a runner increases. The runner responds by perspiring, which lowers body temperature. This process is an example of 2) A pulse can be detected most easily in 3) Which row in the chart contains the words that best complete this statement? The (I) glands produce (II), which are transported by the (III) system 4) In animals, enzymes and hormones are similar in that both substances 5) Bean seeds were planted and put on a sunny windowsill. As the plants grew, their stems bent toward the window. This bending was most likely caused by an 6) A student accidentally places her hand on a tack and quickly pulls her hand away. The tack represents 7) The diagram below represents part of the lower surface of a ben leaf. With which process is area X most closely associated? 8) In humans, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the plasma

19 9) Animal activities such as metamorphosis are most directly controlled by 10) Homeostasis in living things is regulated by the action of 11) Plants bend toward a light source as a result of Reproduction 1) Species are maintained in existence through the life spans process of. 2) produces genetically identical offspring from a single parent cell. 3) The process of is associated with asexual reproduction and the growth and repair of cells in sexually reproducing organisms. 4) produces offspring that have a combination of genes inherited from two parents sex cells or gametes. 5) These gametes are produced by the process of. 6) The single cell formed by the union of egg and sperm is called a. It contains all the information necessary for growth, development, and eventual reproduction of the organism. 7) Both the male and female have specialized chemicals or which aid the process of reproduction. 8) The development of humans and other sexually reproducing organisms is a highly regulated process involving and. 9) Reproduction and development are subject to. 10) The general process of,, and involves a predictable series of events. 11) has medical, agricultural, and ecological applications. This technology has also stirred ethical concerns as well, especially where this technology applies to humans.

binary fission: Some Methods of Asexual Reproduction -- the diagram of the protist at the right is example of this 2.

20 12) reproduction is a method of reproduction with all the genetic information coming from one parent. 13) Fill in the definitions of the following methods of Asexual Reproduction 1. binary fission: Some Methods of Asexual Reproduction -- the diagram of the protist at the right is example of this 2. budding: -- the diagram of a yeast at the right is an example of this 3. sporulation: -- the diagram of mold spores being formed at the right is an example of this 14) is the production of identical genetic copies. All forms of asexual reproduction are variations of the cell division process of mitosis.

21 15) is the method used for cell division and reproduction in cells not involved in sexual reproduction. An Overview of the Process of Mitosis 16) How does the process of Mitosis Start? 17) What are the 2 key results of Mitosis? 18) The process of reproduction involves two parents. 19) Both parents normally contribute one or sex cell to the process. This process assures that the genetic information given to the offspring will be obtained equally from each parent. 20) What is the female sex cell called? 21) What is the male sex cell called?

22 22) These cells are formed in specialized reproductive structures called. The is much smaller than the, but is capable of moving on its own power using a whip -like tail called a flagellum. 23) The sperm and egg unite in a process called. This process forms a single celled structure called a which contains the complete genetic information to develop into a complete new organism having characteristics of parent(s). 24) This zygote will then divide by mitosis and form the specialized cells, tissues, and organs of the organism. This development of specialized structures from the zygote is called. 25) The process of produces gametes or sex cells. 26) What are several key differences between Mitosis and Meiosis? 27) Another important way that meiosis differs from mitosis is the exchange of chromosome pieces which occurs in the first division of this process. This exchange of chromosome pieces is called. This assures that the cells produced as a result of meiosis will be different from and exhibit from the parent cell that produced them. This process is chiefly responsible for the variations seen in members of the same species of sexually reproducing organisms. These variations are the driving force for the process of. 28) The fertilization which occurs in the water in this case outside the body of the organism is called. These young organisms then develop outside the mother in the water once this has occurred, which is called. 29) List a disadvantage of the process listed in #28 and give an example of the types of organisms that use this method. 30) engage use the process of internal fertilization to fertilize their eggs. 31) Describe the process of Internal Fertilization. 32) Where do the fertilized eggs then develop?

23 33) Where do the organisms that reproduce by internal fertilization tend to live? 34) Explain what Internal Fertilization and Internal Development mean. Who does this? 35) Male Reproductive System Male Reproductive System Structures 1. testes scrotum vas deferens prostate gland 5. urethra penis

24 36) Female Reproductive System 1. ovary Female Reproductive System Structures 2. oviduct (fallopian tube) uterus 4. vagina or birth canal --

25 37) Human reproduction and development are influenced by factors such as gene expression, hormones, and the environment. The reproductive cycle in both males and females is regulated by several different hormones. Some of these hormones include: testosterone -- estrogen -- progesterone -- produced by yellow tissue called in the empty ovarian (place in ovary producing and releasing the egg) -- this hormone maintains the thickness of the uterus lining in case fertilization occurs and development of a occurs. 38) The, which is a fertilized egg consisting of one cell, will begin to divide rapidly by mitosis forming the early developing human embryo. 39) and the initial stages of this mitotic cell division occur in the. The early embryo is migrates down the fallopian tube and completes most of its development in the wall of the. 40) Mark which of these stages occurs in the oviduct/fallopian tube and which occurs in the uterus after implantation. Fertilization and Initial Development of the Embryo The embryo will eventually develop into a three cell layered structure. This structure is called a gastrula and will eventually to form the specialized cells.

26 Differentiation means that the cells will develop specific jobs and develop into specific tissues in the maturing organism. An example of this is that the outer cell layer of the developing gastrula will develop into the skin and nervous system of a mature human organisms. Most animals undergo a similar pattern of development and differentiation. 41) List what each of these structures in the diagram does. Fetal Development in the Uterus 42) The human embryo is usually referred to as a when human like features become visible in its structure. 43) All organs and body features are developed by the end of the month. 44) During the last months of pregnancy, organs and features develop well enough to function after birth. 45) The embryo (or fetus) may encounter risks from faults in its and from its mother's exposure to environmental factors such as diet, use of,,, other toxins, or. 46) Define Aging:

Record your answers to Part A and Part B 1 on this answer sheet. Part A. Part A Score

Record your answers to Part A and Part B 1 on this answer sheet. Part A. Part A Score Tear Here The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION LIVING ENVIRONMENT Wednesday, June 20, 2007 9:15 a.m. to 12:15 p.m., only ANSWER SHEET Female Student........................................