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1 Genetic population structure of the Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the southwest Indian Ocean: sex-biased differentiation, congruency between markers & its incidence in a way of stock assessment Authors: Muths D. 1,3, Grewe P. 2, Jean C. 1 and Bourjea J. 1 Presented by: J. Bourjea: Jerome.bourjea@ifremer.fr 1 IFREMER Délégation Réunion, Rue Jean Bertho, BP6, Le Port, France 2 CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania 7, Australia 3 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Parc Technologique Universitaire, 2 rue Joseph Wetzell, Sainte-Clotilde, France Abstract Genetic variation was surveyed at eleven microsatellite loci and at 517bp of the mitochondrial control region to investigate the presence of genetic stock structure in swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in four proximal localities of the southwest Indian Ocean. One aim of this study was to serve as a preliminary examination for congruency of structure detected by these two genetic markers, prior to conducting a more comprehensive basin-wide survey of the Indian Ocean and nearby surrounding areas. Analyses of multi-locus microsatellite genotypes and mitochondrial control region sequences both revealed a great homogeneity between samples. Genetic diversity detected at the regional scale was not significantly higher than detected at the local scale. Results suggest that the southwest Indian Ocean globally functions as a unique panmictic population. However, some discrete genetic differences appeared that could possibly indicate influence from a second genetic pool in the northern part of the Indian Ocean. This structure appeared to be sex-dependant with genetic differences higher among female than among male samples. This result may indicate a higher level of spawning area fidelity for females with a subsequent sampling bias tending to homogenize male genotypic distributions.
2 6 th WIOMSA Symposium Genetic population structure of the Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the southwest Indian Ocean: sex-biased differentiation, congruency between markers & its incidence in a way of stock assessment MUTHS Delphine (IFREMER) GREWE Pete (CSIRO) JEAN Claire. (Kélonia) & BOURJEA Jérôme (IFREMER) La Réunion, August 29
3 Worldwide fish found in all tropical to temperate oceans < -6 m during the day In superficial water at night Not in shoals Use to migrate from feeding areas to spawning zones but assumed to be a viscous stock Indian Ocean is considered as a unique stock Greatest commercial value of the billfish resource in the World
4 Evolution of catches in the IO SWO catches all LL SWO catches
5 SWO catches all LL SWO catches
6 SWO catches all LL SWO catches
7 SWO catches all LL SWO catches
8 SWO catches all LL SWO catches
9 SWO catches all LL 2-24 SWO catches
10 SWO catches all LL SWO catches
11 IOTC current Status of Swordfish stock in 28 Location of longliners swordfish catches Current catch of swordfish is around 3, tons Distribution of French LL effort in the SWIO
12 IOTC current Status of Swordfish stock in IOTC Stock Assessment conclusions... - MSY : Most modeling approaches suggest that MSY could reasonably be in the range of ~28-34, tons - Constant decrease of CPUE since the last 1 years - the stock is full exploited, and probably over exploited in some area : SWIO and NWIO - large gaps remains in terms of biology, structure and behavior of the species to improve the stock assessment and Research Priorities : «The WPB still considered determination of stock structure as a research priority as the information available tends to indicate localized depletion in certain areas»
13 Preliminary study on swordfish genetic structure in the SWIO Main issues of the study : - Test the congruence of conclusions based on the two genetic markers for this species - To assess the level of connectivity between swordfish sampled in four different localities of the SWOI - To Evaluate the feasibility of leading a project at the Indian Ocean Scale
14 Preliminary study on swordfish genetic structure in the SWIO 337 samples in 4 sites : - Seychelles, Glorieuses, La Reunion, Southern Madagascar - Tissues, sex and size data 2 markers used : - mtdna control region - 11 microsatellites SEY (n=67) GLO (n=15) RUN (n=65) MADA (n=1)
15 Samples and genetic diversity Sampling Mitochondrial diversity Microsatellites diversity GLO MADA RUN SEY N Mean size (cm) 73.7 ± ± ± ± 18.4 Prop. of females h Hd π Tajima's D Fu's F * -2.4 Mean Nall Mean Rs Private Nall Hnb Hobs.72***.667***.64***.658*** Ne estimate
16 Samples and genetic diversity High genetic variability within the samples mtdna Haplotypic diversity 1 Neighbour joining tree: MICROSATELLITES CFA genotypes frequencies 1,5 1,5 GLO MADA RUN SEY (37.1 %) -1,5-1 -,5,5 1 1,5 -,5-1 -1,5 (29.3 %) AMOVA (99% of genetic variance is intra-pop) Snn Statistics association between geographic and genetic data not significant Structure analysis: 1 Group a unique panmictic population at the level of the SWIO?
17 Samples and genetic diversity We have a High genetic variability within the samples But if we look in details, there is some differences Fst GLO MADA RUN SEY GLO...1 MADA RUN...3* SEY.5***.2.3 (microsatellites) (mtdna) Where do come from these differences in Seychelles? GLO MADA RUN SEY GLO.5***.5.5*.1 MADA RUN SEY.13*** (female) Females are different in Sey and Glo (male) Male and female are different in Glo
18 First conclusions Muths D., Grewe P., Jean C., Bourjea J. (29) Genetic population structure of the Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the southwest Indian Ocean: Sex-biased differentiation, congruency between markers and incidence in a way of stock assessment. Fisheries research 97:
19 First conclusions 1- A unique panmitic population for the 4 localities sampled in the SWIO but the influence of a second one in the northern area? = at least 2 populations in the WIO? What about relationship with East??
20 And what do we learn? 2- the 2 markers detect some differentiation between Seychelles and the other southern sites = congruence of markers that can be useful for genetic structuring 3- The importance of biological data in genetic data interpretation 4- The need of enlarging the sampling area to the whole Indian Ocean and it connection 5- The need in investigate the temporal effect and the stability of the structure THE IOSSS PROJECT
21 IOSSS Project/ ESPADON Team leader : IFREMER Partners: CSRIO (Australia), IRD (France), SFA (Seychelles), AFRDEC (Thailland), CapFish (South Africa), Apollo Marine International (Sri Lanka) Funded by European Union (FEP) France Région Réunion Started in February 29
22 REPRODUCTION ISOTOPES Feeding behaviour OTHOLITHES GENETIC - mtdna - 2 microsatellites - SNPs Data collection on - Size - Sex ratio - Maturation stages PARASITES GENETIC
23 IOSSS sampling scheme 1 samples per area, 2 Seasons 2 years, for genetic, isotopes biometry, otolith collection, stomach content, gonad analysis
24 See you in the next WIOMSA for the results! Thank You!
6 th WIOMSA Symposium
6 th WIOMSA Symposium Genetic population structure of the Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the southwest Indian Ocean: sex-biased differentiation, congruency between markers & its incidence in a way of stock
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