Macro, Micro, Neither?
|
|
- Ruby Banks
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Workshop on Macroevolution by Julian Lee (revised by Dana Krempels) Evolutionary Processes In this workshop, we will contrast macroevolutionary patterns and processes with microevolutionary ones. This will help you (1) have a better understanding of the similarities and differences between these two categories of evolutionary mechanisms, (2) help enhance your vocabulary of evolutionary terms and concepts, and (3) help you understand some of the ways in which small genetic changes can translate into large phenotypic differences, thereby contributing to large-scale evolutionary change. Macroevolution encompasses evolutionary processes and patterns at or above the level of species. Examples include Reproductive isolation (speciation) Appearance of major evolutionary novelties (e.g., the evolution of vertebrate jaws from precursor characteristics in jawless ancestors) Patterns of evolutionary diversification (e.g., adaptive radiation) These are in contrast to processes of microevolution, that operate below the level of species. Specifically, microevolution is both 1. change the genetic constitution of populations, and 2. the processes that produce such changes (e.g., mutation, migration, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, natural selection). 3. Given these distinctions, consider each of the following scenarios and determine whether they are more appropriately associated with microevolution, macroevolution, or neither. Scenario 1. changes in allele frequencies within a population from one generation to the next 2. evolutionary diversification of flowering plants in the late Cretaceous 3. changes in genotypic frequencies in a population within a single generation 4. differential survivorship by varied phenotypes within a population 5. evolutionary transition from theropod dinosaurs to birds Macro, Micro, Neither? 6. adaptive radiation of marsupials in Australia 7. decrease in the allele that causes sickle cell anemia in parts of the world where malaria has been eradicated Ideas about the Nature of Evolutionary Change Although Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is by far the most powerful and well-supported idea so far, there have been many new proposals and modifications to his original ideas, some of which are more controversial than others.
2 Phyletic Gradualism Darwin proposed that evolutionary forces (especially natural selection, including sexual selection), operating generation after generation on individual variation within populations would, over the immensity of geological time, bring about ancestor-to-descendent evolutionary change. To use his expression, it would result in "descent with modification." Darwin was thus an advocate of phyletic gradualism, the idea that evolution is a consequence of the culmination over many generations of small differences in reproductive success among individuals within populations. Is phyletic gradualism sufficient to explain macroevolutionary events? Can the evolution of structures as complex as the photoreceptors of arthropods, cephalopod molluscs, and vertebrates, for example, be properly attributed to the cumulative effects of microevolutionary processes operating over the long term? Darwin thought so, but even his staunch supporter and advocate, Thomas Huxley ("Darwin's Bulldog"), chided Darwin for his unwillingness to embrace other evolutionary scenarios that involved more rapid and abrupt evolutionary changes. Can you think of some complex characteristics (in any living organisms) that seem unlikely to have resulted solely from very gradual genetic changes within populations? List them here. Punctuated Equilibrium Only a small portion of the world has been geologically explored. Only organic beings of certain classes can be preserved in a fossil condition, at least in any great number. Widely ranging species vary most, and varieties are often at first local--both causes rendering the discovery of intermediate links less likely. Local varieties will not spread into other and distant regions until they are considerably modified and improved; and when they do spread, if discovered in a geological formation, they will appear as if suddenly created there, and will be simply classed as new species. - Charles Darwin, 1859 in On the Origin of Species In 1972, Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould revisited this idea, noting that while the fossil record did contain records of what appeared to be "smooth transitions" from one ancestral form to new species, there were also--as Darwin had suggested--many examples of apparently rapid changes from one form to another, in which transitional fossil forms were lacking. In their paper, they suggested that long periods of evolutionary stasis--during which a population underwent little or no evolutionary change--were "punctuated" by relatively short spans during which a smaller subset of the population underwent relatively rapid evolutionary change. Such punctuated equilibrium would be more likely to occur in a small, genetically isolated deme of a parent population. What is meant by "rapid" change is relative. Eldredge and Gould were not proposing that species undergo a sudden, one-generation split from a parent species. Both authors have suggested that speciation via punctuated equilibrium could take place over periods of as little as
3 five- to fifty-thousand years, or as long as hundreds of thousands to millions of years. Although this may sound like a long time, such periods are negligible in terms of the geologic time scale. The idea of punctuated equilibrium has generated a great deal of controversy, partly because many people have confused it with the (largely discounted) idea of saltational evolution, whose proponents suggest that a new species may arise in single generation through a macromutation. While there are documented cases of reproductive isolation taking place in one generation in flowering plants via polyploidy, such events are rare in other types of organisms. Unlike saltation, punctuated equilibrium is more an expansion of Darwin's original gradualist model, adding the dimension of differential rates of change to the evolutionary equation. Can you think of some complex characteristics (in any living organisms) that might be good "candidates" for evolution via punctuated equilibrium? List them below. Forces of Evolutionary Change: Heterochrony Humans (Homo sapiens), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Bonobos (Pan paniscus) are each other's closest living relatives, sharing about 98% similarity of their genomes. Notwithstanding the fact that chimps and humans share many phenotypic traits, they differ in many obvious and important respects. For example, chimps are not fully bipedal, have a smaller cranial capacity than humans, have forward-projecting jaws, heavy brow ridges, and a sagittal crest on the skull that serves as a surface for the attachment of powerful jaw muscles. Chimps and humans are placed in different genera, and--until recently--were considered members of different families (Pongidae, and Hominidae, respectively; currently accepted classification places all Great Apes, including humans, in Homindae). Despite this close genetic relationship, chimp-human hybrids are unknown, and members of the two species do not normally attempt to breed with one another. Clearly, in the evolutionary divergence between the lineage that led to chimps and the lineage that led to humans, the accumulation of small genetic differences has had profound phenotypic consequences. Heterochrony--an evolutionary change in the timing of developmental events--provides a plausible explanation for how this might have happened. Even small genetic changes in the developmental program, when expressed early in development, can have profound and farreaching effects on the resultant adult phenotype.
4 Imagine an evolutionary change in the timing of developmental events such that, relative to the development of an ancestral species, 1. development of the reproductive system is accelerated with respect to the same process in an ancestral lineage (PAEDOGENESIS) 2. development of non-reproductive (somatic) tissues is retarded with respect to the same process in an ancestral lineage (NEOTENY) The result could be an organism that is a "mosaic" of adult characteristics (e.g., reproductive competence) and juvenile characteristics (body form). An reproductively competent species that retains the juvenile form of an ancestral species is said to be paedomorphic (from the Greek paed meaning "child") and morph meaning "form"). Its relatively juvenile form can be generated via one of the two types of heterochrony described above, or possibly a combination of both. Figure 1. Comparison of developmental change in human and chimpanzee skulls. More specifically, paedomorphosis describes the appearance of juvenile (or larval) features of an ancestor in the adult of a descendant. The phenomenon of paedomorphosis appears to have been important in the evolution of our own species from the ape-like ancestor we shared with chimpanzees. As an example, depicted are fetal, juvenile and adult skulls of human and chimp (Figure 1). Superimposed on the skulls are transformation grids, which allow visualization of the changes in shape that occur during development. Notice that the fetal skulls of the chimp and human are quite similar in shape, much more so than in the adult. The juvenile skull of the chimp, though already showing more of a protruding jaw than the human skull, is almost more similar to that of the human than it is to that of the adult ape. Questions 1. In what ways do the fetal skulls of the two species differ? 2. In what ways do the adult skulls differ? 3. Which developmental sequence (chimp or human) involves the greatest amount of change in shape (i.e., which shows the greatest deformation of the transformation grid?)? 4. Which species, then, is more "child shaped" as an adult? Apparently, in the evolution of our species certain terminal developmental stages--those that would further transform our skulls into those resembling a chimp's--have been suppressed, producing a decidedly juvenile-shaped skull in adult humans. 5. How do we know that human evolution has involved suppression of terminal developmental stages rather than the addition of developmental stages in the chimp lineage?
5 Allometric and Isometric Growth Allometry is the study of the relationship between the size of an organism and the size of any of its parts. One can consider allometry at different levels, including during the growth and development of a single organism between different members of the same species (ontogenetic allometry) between different species (evolutionary allometry) In graphic an allometric relationship at any of these levels, one would typically use body size as the independent variable (x axis), and some body part s measure as the dependent variable (y axis). The points on the graph could reflect measurements from a single individual measured at different ages different individuals of a single species (scatter may be due to age differences) (ontogenetic allometry) different species within a taxon of higher rank (genus; family, etc.) (evolutionary allometry) Note: phylogenetic allometry is a type of evolutionary allometry in which analysis are constrained to taxa within a monophyletic (i.e., having a single common ancestor) lineage Differential timing of developmental events may occur within a species, as well as across species over evolutionary time. Figure 2. salamander Isometric growth in a Figure 3. Allometric growth in a human. Ontogenetic Allometry As an organism grows larger during ontogeny, or as an evolving lineage of organisms increases in size over evolutionary time, the various parts of the organisms also increase in size. Bigger organisms have bigger parts. But not all of the parts necessarily grow at the same rate. Such differential growth of different parts is termed allometry, and it results in shape changes as the animal grows. When all parts of an organism grow at the same rate, the organism is said to exhibit isometric growth, and this results in a change in size without a change in shape. Although most organisms exhibit allometric growth, some, such as certain salamanders (Figure 2) are essentially isometric in their growth. Note that the various body proportions remain more or less constant as the animal increases in size. Growth in our own species (Figure 3) is decidedly allometric, most obviously with respect to
6 the growth of the head relative to the body. At birth, the head is relatively enormous, and comprises nearly a third of the length of the infant. As we grow larger, our body grows more rapidly than the head such that the body "catches up" eventually to produce the proportions that we recognize as normal in the adult. Maturation in humans thus involves both increase in size and a change in shape. Questions 1. In humans (and in vertebrates in general), the head is large at birth relative to the rest of the body. Why is this so? 2. An increase in cranial capacity to accommodate the expansion of the cerebral hemispheres in our species is considered one of the evolutionary innovations that has contributed to our success as a species. (But note that the average cranial capacity of Neanderthal humans (Homo neanderthalensis) slightly exceeded that of modern humans (Homo sapiens). What do you suppose sets the upper limit on cranial capacity (and thus brain size) in our species? Evolutionary Allometry A lineage of organisms can also exhibit allometric growth over evolutionary time, as exemplified by the brontotheres (pictured at the right), an extinct group of large mammals. The brontothere lineage shows a clear trend of increasing size, as seen in the comparison of these four species. From a small, hornless ancestral species, the trend has been for an increase in overall body size, but an even more rapid increase in horn size. Over evolutionary time, the horns have increased in size more rapidly than the head or body, producing a change in shape as well as a change in size. Questions 1. What might be the adaptive significance of horns in brontotheres? 2. If horns in brontotheres are restricted to males only, what would this suggest concerning the selective agents involved in their evolution? Figure 4. Evolutionary allometry in brontothere species. The Results of Organic Evolution Every person alive today is the descendant of ancestors who successfully mated and left offspring. Those ancestors of ours faced various pressures of natural selection, and we are left with much of that "evolutionary baggage" in our own morphology and even in our behaviors, though we may not recognize them as such. With a little bit of training, however, you can teach yourself to recognize traits in yourself and other humans that have been handed down from a time (and environment) both different and the same as the one in which we now live.
7 Cashing in on Ancestral Hardwiring: The Evolution of Mickey Mouse Stephen Jay Gould noted that during the fifty years since his inception in the animated cartoon Steamboat Willie in 1928 (Figure 5, Stage 1), Mickey Mouse has been gradually transformed by Disney artists, from a small-headed, long-snouted, beady-eyed rodent (Stage 1) to the large-eyed, more loveable version (Stage 3). Figure 5. The evolution of Mickey Mouse from 1926 to the present. For each of the evolutionary stages in Figure 5, calculate the following ratios: 1. EYE SIZE/HEAD HEIGHT X 100 stage 1: stage 2: stage3: 2. HEAD HEIGHT/BODY LENGTH X 100 stage 1: stage 2: stage3: Figure 6. Mouse-o-gram indicating proper measurement points. 3. HEAD HEIGHT/HEAD LENGTH X 100 stage 1: stage 2: stage3:
8 Now quantify this "evolutionary" transition: record the following measurements on the mouse at each stage. characteristic stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 EYE SIZE (maximum height) HEAD HEIGHT (base of snout to top of rear ear) (1 in the diagram) HEAD LENGTH (base of snout to posterior margin of the anterior ear) (2 in the diagram) BODY LENGTH (bottom of foot to margin of top ear) (3 in the diagram) Questions 1. Over the fifty years of mouse "evolution" represented here, what has happened to the relative size of the head? 2. What has happened to the size of the head relative to the overall body size? 3. What has happened with respect to the extent of the cranial bulging, as reflected by the rearward displacement of the rear ear? 4. Assuming that Stage 1 is the ancestral configuration and that stage 2 is transitional to the modern mouse of Stage 3, is the modern adult mouse more similar or less similar to a juvenile mouse? 5. What motive(s) might Disney Studios have had in transforming Mickey this way?
Evolutionary trends. Horse size increased steadily. Phylogeny and the fossil record
Phylogeny and the fossil record The fossil record: trends and rates Chapter 4 Strong correspondence between phylogenetic branching order and order of appearance in the fossil record Evolutionary trends
More informationMechanisms of Evolution. Macroevolution. Speciation. The punctuated equilibrium model has stimulated research on the tempo of speciation
Mechanisms of Evolution Macroevolution Speciation The punctuated equilibrium model has stimulated research on the tempo of speciation Traditional evolutionary trees - diagram the descent of species from
More informationChapter 16: Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 16: Evolutionary Theory Section 1: Developing a Theory Evolution: Artificial Selection: Evolution: I. A Theory to Explain Change Over Time B. Charles Darwin C. Theory: D. Modern evolutionary theory
More informationBio 1B Lecture Outline (please print and bring along) Fall, 2008
Bio 1B Lecture Outline (please print and bring along) Fall, 2008 B.D. Mishler, Dept. of Integrative Biology 2-6810, bmishler@berkeley.edu Evolution lecture #6 -- Tempo and Mode in Macroevolution -- Nov.
More informationThe Origin of New Species
The Origin of New Species Introduction If microevolution is small changes in gene frequencies What, then would macroevolution be? And how might that work???? The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive
More informationEVOLUTION UNIT. 3. Unlike his predecessors, Darwin proposed a mechanism by which evolution could occur called.
EVOLUTION UNIT Name Read Chapters 1.3, 20, 21, 22, 24.1 and 35.9 and complete the following. Chapter 1.3 Review from The Science of Biology 1. Discuss the influences, experiences and observations that
More informationEVOLUTION change in populations over time
EVOLUTION change in populations over time HISTORY ideas that shaped the current theory James Hutton (1785) proposes that Earth is shaped by geological forces that took place over extremely long periods
More informationEVOLUTION Unit 1 Part 9 (Chapter 24) Activity #13
AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION Unit 1 Part 9 (Chapter 24) Activity #13 NAME DATE PERIOD SPECIATION SPECIATION Origin of new species SPECIES BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT Population or groups of populations whose members have
More informationMACROEVOLUTIONARY TRENDS AND PATTERNS
MACROEVOLUTIONARY TRENDS AND PATTERNS EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS TOWARD GREATER COMPLEXITY PATTERNS OF VERTEBRATE SPECIES DIVERSITY Biogeography: study of the distribution of species across space and time 1 EVOLUTIONARY
More informationTHE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION Why evolution matters Theory: A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation
More informationEVOLUTION. HISTORY: Ideas that shaped the current evolutionary theory. Evolution change in populations over time.
EVOLUTION HISTORY: Ideas that shaped the current evolutionary theory. Evolution change in populations over time. James Hutton & Charles Lyell proposes that Earth is shaped by geological forces that took
More informationEVOLUTION change in populations over time
EVOLUTION change in populations over time HISTORY ideas that shaped the current theory James Hutton & Charles Lyell proposes that Earth is shaped by geological forces that took place over extremely long
More information5/31/17. Week 10; Monday MEMORIAL DAY NO CLASS. Page 88
Week 10; Monday MEMORIAL DAY NO CLASS Page 88 Week 10; Wednesday Announcements: Family ID final in lab Today Final exam next Tuesday at 8:30 am here Lecture: Species concepts & Speciation. What are species?
More informationPatterns of Evolution
Patterns of Evolution A tree that represents an estimate (hypothesis) of evolutionary relatedness is a phylogeny Classifications can be based on groupings within a phylogeny Groupings can be categorized
More informationSPECIATION. REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS PREZYGOTIC: Barriers that prevent fertilization. Habitat isolation Populations can t get together
SPECIATION Origin of new species=speciation -Process by which one species splits into two or more species, accounts for both the unity and diversity of life SPECIES BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT Population or groups
More informationEVOLUTION. Evolution - changes in allele frequency in populations over generations.
EVOLUTION Evolution - changes in allele frequency in populations over generations. Sources of genetic variation: genetic recombination by sexual reproduction (produces new combinations of genes) mutation
More informationClassifications can be based on groupings g within a phylogeny
Patterns of Evolution A tree that represents an estimate (hypothesis) of evolutionary relatedness is a phylogeny Classifications can be based on groupings g within a phylogeny y Groupings can be categorized
More informationModes of Macroevolution
Modes of Macroevolution Macroevolution is used to refer to any evolutionary change at or above the level of species. Darwin illustrated the combined action of descent with modification, the principle of
More informationUnfortunately, there are many definitions Biological Species: species defined by Morphological Species (Morphospecies): characterizes species by
1 2 3 4 5 6 Lecture 3: Chapter 27 -- Speciation Macroevolution Macroevolution and Speciation Microevolution Changes in the gene pool over successive generations; deals with alleles and genes Macroevolution
More informationPatterns in Evolution - Novelty
Patterns in Evolution - Novelty Uses of Phylogenetic Analysis Allows mapping order of character state changes Documents evolutionary trends in development Reveals that Homoplasy is common Can attempt to
More informationPatterns in Evolution - Novelty. Uses of Phylogenetic Analysis. Allows mapping order of character state changes
Patterns in Evolution - Novelty Uses of Phylogenetic Analysis Allows mapping order of character state changes Documents evolutionary trends in development Reveals that Homoplasy is common Can attempt to
More informationEvolution Problem Drill 10: Human Evolution
Evolution Problem Drill 10: Human Evolution Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. Which of the following statements is true regarding the human phylogenetic relationship with the African great apes? Question
More informationBio 2 Plant and Animal Biology
Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology Evolution Evolution as the explanation for life s unity and diversity Darwinian Revolution Two main Points Descent with Modification Natural Selection Biological Species
More informationPatterns of evolution
To branch or not to branch Patterns of evolution Chapter 3 Cladogenesis lineages branch into two or more lines Anagenesis evolutionary change in a lineage without branching Anagenesis and Cladogenesis
More informationHow related are organisms?
The Evolution and Classification of Species Darwin argued for adaptive radiation in which demes spread out in a given environment and evolved How related are organisms? Taonomy the science of classifying
More informationThe Origin of Species
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 24 The Origin of Species Lectures
More informationEvolution and Natural Selection
Evolution and Natural Selection What Evolution is NOT Change in a gene pool over time What Evolution IS Evolution unites all fields of biology! Cell biology Genetics/DNA Ecology Biodiversity/Taxonomy Carolus
More informatione.g. population: 500, two alleles: Red (R) and White (r). Total: 1000 genes for flower color in the population
The Evolution of Populations What is Evolution? A change over time in the genetic composition of a population Human evolution The gene pool Is the total aggregate of genes for a particular trait in a population
More informationEQ: How are genetic variations caused and how do they lead to natural selection?
EQ: How are genetic variations caused and how do they lead to natural selection? What is natural selection Individuals that have physical or behavioral traits that better suit their environment are more
More informationLecture 11 Friday, October 21, 2011
Lecture 11 Friday, October 21, 2011 Phylogenetic tree (phylogeny) Darwin and classification: In the Origin, Darwin said that descent from a common ancestral species could explain why the Linnaean system
More informationHUMAN EVOLUTION 17 APRIL 2013
HUMAN EVOLUTION 17 APRIL 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson, we: Consider the following aspects of Human Evolution: - Interpretation of a phylogenetic tree to show the place of the family Hominidae
More informationSaturday, August 24, Speciation
Speciation New Species Can Emerge Darwin called the first appearance of new beings on earth the mystery of mysteries. The origin of species or speciation is central to evolutionary theory because the appearance
More informationReproduction and Evolution Practice Exam
Reproduction and Evolution Practice Exam Topics: Genetic concepts from the lecture notes including; o Mitosis and Meiosis, Homologous Chromosomes, Haploid vs Diploid cells Reproductive Strategies Heaviest
More informationOrigin of an idea about origins
Origin of an idea about origins Biological evolution is the process of change during the course of time because of the alteration of the genotype and the transfer of these altered genes to the next generation.
More informationGeneral Patterns in Evolution
General Patterns in Evolution Uses of Phylogenetic Analysis Allows mapping order of character state changes Documents evolutionary trends in development Reveals that Homoplasy is common Can attempt to
More informationChapter 17: Population Genetics and Speciation
Chapter 17: Population Genetics and Speciation Section 1: Genetic Variation Population Genetics: Normal Distribution: a line graph showing the general trends in a set of data of which most values are near
More informationThe Origin of Species
The Origin of Species A. Macroevolution: Up to this point we have discussed changes in alleles or microevolution, with evolution this is the evolution of new. is the origin of a new species. There are
More informationLearning Guide 12 Macroevolution: The Fossil Record
Learning Guide 12 Macroevolution: The Fossil Record Darwinian Evolution descent with modification mechanism natural selection Macroevolution..element of time Geologic Time Scale Fossil record Extinctions
More informationBiology 11 UNIT 1: EVOLUTION LESSON 3: HOW EVOLUTION (MACRO-EVOLUTION)
Biology 11 UNIT 1: EVOLUTION LESSON 3: HOW EVOLUTION (MACRO-EVOLUTION) Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to: Describe how macro-evolution is different from micro-evolution Describe
More informationNOTES Ch 17: Genes and. Variation
NOTES Ch 17: Genes and Vocabulary Fitness Genetic Drift Punctuated Equilibrium Gene flow Adaptive radiation Divergent evolution Convergent evolution Gradualism Variation 17.1 Genes & Variation Darwin developed
More informationNOTES CH 17 Evolution of. Populations
NOTES CH 17 Evolution of Vocabulary Fitness Genetic Drift Punctuated Equilibrium Gene flow Adaptive radiation Divergent evolution Convergent evolution Gradualism Populations 17.1 Genes & Variation Darwin
More informationSince we re not going to have review this week either
Since we re not going to have review this week either I am posting these slides to help with reviewing the material that we didn t cover during discussion sessions these past two weeks. Of course, take
More informationUnderstanding Natural Selection
Understanding Natural Selection Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Sailed around the world 1831-1836 What did Darwin s Travels reveal The diversity of living species was far greater than anyone had previously
More informationName Date Class. Patterns of Evolution
Concept Mapping Patterns of Evolution Complete the flowchart about patterns of evolution. These terms may be used more than once: adaptive radiation, change in response to each other, convergent evolution,
More informationEvolution Problem Drill 09: The Tree of Life
Evolution Problem Drill 09: The Tree of Life Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. The age of the Earth is estimated to be about 4.0 to 4.5 billion years old. All of the following methods may be used to estimate
More informationPrimate Diversity & Human Evolution (Outline)
Primate Diversity & Human Evolution (Outline) 1. Source of evidence for evolutionary relatedness of organisms 2. Primates features and function 3. Classification of primates and representative species
More informationCharles Darwin ( ) Sailed around the world
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Sailed around the world 1831-1836 How did tortoises and birds differ among the islands of the Galapagos? Each island had its own type of tortoises and birds that were clearly
More information19. When allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
CP Biology: Evolution Name: Per: Directions: Use your textbook to help you answer the practice questions for each chapter. It is important that you READ the chapter sections and not just search for the
More informationBiology Chapter 15 Evolution Notes
Biology Chapter 15 Evolution Notes Section 1: Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Charles Darwin- English naturalist that studied animals over a number of years before developing the theory
More informationThursday, March 21, 13. Evolution
Evolution What is Evolution? Evolution involves inheritable changes in a population of organisms through time Fundamental to biology and paleontology Paleontology is the study of life history as revealed
More information1. T/F: Genetic variation leads to evolution. 2. What is genetic equilibrium? 3. What is speciation? How does it occur?
1. T/F: Genetic variation leads to evolution. 2. What is genetic equilibrium? 3. What is speciation? How does it occur? Warm UP Notes on Environmental Factor Concept Map Brief 6 questions and Concept Map
More informationORIGIN OF EVOLUTIONARY NOVELTIES
ORIGIN OF EVOLUTIONARY NOVELTIES What are the origins of novel phenotypes? Can small quantitative changes lead to large qualitative phenotypic alterations? CHANGES IN RELATIVE GROWTH RATES CAN RESULT IN
More informationThe theory of evolution continues to be refined as scientists learn new information.
Section 3: The theory of evolution continues to be refined as scientists learn new information. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions What are the conditions of the
More informationTheory a well supported testable explanation of phenomenon occurring in the natural world.
Evolution Theory of Evolution Theory a well supported testable explanation of phenomenon occurring in the natural world. Evolution the process by which modern organisms changed over time from ancient common
More informationName Date Class CHAPTER 15. In your textbook, read about developing the theory of natural selection. For each statement below, write true or false.
Name Date Class Study Guide CHAPTER 15 Section 1: Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection In your textbook, read about developing the theory of natural selection. For each statement below, write
More informationFace area (cm 2 ) Brain surface area (cm 2 ) Cranial capacity (cm 3 ) 1, Jaw Angle ( º )
Honors Biology Test : Evolution GOOD LUCK! You ve learned so much! Multiple Choice: Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. (2 pts each) 1. As we move through the
More informationEvolution Unit: What is Evolution?
Evolution Unit: What is Evolution? What is The Theory of Evolution? Evolution is, a change (in the genetic composition) of a population over time. on a larger scale, the entire biological history, from
More informationThe Nature of Species. The Origin of Species. The Nature of Species. The Nature of Species. The Biological Species Concept
The Origin of Species Chapter 22 The Nature of Species The concept of species must account for two phenomena: The distinctiveness of species that occur together at a single locality The connection that
More informationDarwin s Observations & Conclusions The Struggle for Existence
Darwin s Observations & Conclusions The Struggle for Existence 1 Voyage of the Beagle During His Travels, Darwin Made Numerous Observations And Collected Evidence That Led Him To Propose A Revolutionary
More informationReproduction- passing genetic information to the next generation
166 166 Essential Question: How has biological evolution led to the diversity of life? B-5 Natural Selection Traits that make an organism more or less likely to survive in an environment and reproduce
More informationIntroduction to Evolution
Introduction to Evolution What is evolution? A basic definition of evolution evolution can be precisely defined as any change in the frequency of alleles within a gene pool from one generation to the
More informationNOTES CH 24: The Origin of Species
NOTES CH 24: The Origin of Species Species Hummingbirds of Costa Rica SPECIES: a group of individuals that mate with one another and produce fertile offspring; typically members of a species appear similar
More informationNGSS Example Bundles. 1 of 15
Middle School Topics Model Course III Bundle 3 Mechanisms of Diversity This is the third bundle of the Middle School Topics Model Course III. Each bundle has connections to the other bundles in the course,
More informationChapter 22: Descent with Modification 1. BRIEFLY summarize the main points that Darwin made in The Origin of Species.
AP Biology Chapter Packet 7- Evolution Name Chapter 22: Descent with Modification 1. BRIEFLY summarize the main points that Darwin made in The Origin of Species. 2. Define the following terms: a. Natural
More informationEvolution and Natural Selection (16-18)
Evolution and Natural Selection (16-18) 3 Key Observations of Life: 1) Shared Characteristics of Life (Unity) 2) Rich Diversity of Life 3) Organisms are Adapted to their Environment These observations
More informationConcepts of Evolution
Concepts of Evolution Isn t Evolution Just A Theory? How does the scientific meaning of a term like theory differ from the way it is used in everyday life? Can the facts of science change over time? If
More informationHeredity and Evolution
Heredity and Variation Heredity and Evolution Living organisms have certain recognisable heritable features such as height, complexion, colour of hair and eyes, shape of nose and chin etc. These are called
More informationFOSSILS. Evidence of change over time
FOSSILS Evidence of change over time Fossils What is a fossil? Preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism. What do fossils tell us? Fossils tell us what an organism was like (structure) and what
More informationChapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
Chapter 22: Descent with Modification Name Period Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life As you study this chapter, read several paragraphs at a time to catch the flow of ideas
More information11.6. Patterns in Evolution. Evolution through natural selection is not random.
11.6 Patterns in Evolution VOCABULARY convergent evolution divergent evolution coevolution extinction punctuated equilibrium adaptive radiation > Key Concept Evolution occurs in patterns. MAIN IDEAS Evolution
More informationLesson Topic Learning Goals
Unit 2: Evolution Part B Lesson Topic Learning Goals 1 Lab Mechanisms of Evolution Cumulative Selection - Be able to describe evolutionary mechanisms such as genetic variations and key factors that lead
More informationMS-LS3-1 Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits
MS-LS3-1 Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits MS-LS3-1. Develop and use a model to describe why structural changes to genes (mutations) located on chromosomes may affect proteins and may result
More informationREVIEW 6: EVOLUTION. 1. Define evolution: Was not the first to think of evolution, but he did figure out how it works (mostly).
Name: REVIEW 6: EVOLUTION 1. Define evolution: 2. Modern Theory of Evolution: a. Charles Darwin: Was not the first to think of evolution, but he did figure out how it works (mostly). However, Darwin didn
More informationHow Species Form. 4.3 How Species Form. Reproductive Isolation
4.3 How Species Form In this section, you will: Explain ways in which species can become reproductively isolated Describe how new species form Compare two models that explain the rate of evolution How
More informationEvolution. Before You Read. Read to Learn
Evolution 15 section 3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory Biology/Life Sciences 7.e Students know the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population and why these conditions are not likely to appear
More information1. What is the definition of Evolution? a. Descent with modification b. Changes in the heritable traits present in a population over time c.
1. What is the definition of Evolution? a. Descent with modification b. Changes in the heritable traits present in a population over time c. Changes in allele frequencies in a population across generations
More informationSlide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3. Concepts of Evolution. Isn t Evolution Just A Theory? Evolution
Slide 1 Concepts of Evolution Slide 2 Isn t Evolution Just A Theory? How does the scientific meaning of a term like theory differ from the way it is used in everyday life? Can the facts of science change
More informationBio1B Evolution 12 Last lecture: Fossil record
Bio1B Evolution 12 Last lecture: Fossil record Fossil record - significance & interpretation Extinction - Background extinction rates and the big 5 mass extinction The K/T boundary - asteroid hypothesis;
More informationUnit 9: Evolution Guided Reading Questions (80 pts total)
Name: AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 7th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Unit 9: Evolution Guided Reading Questions (80 pts total) Chapter 22 Descent
More informationUnit 7: Evolution Guided Reading Questions (80 pts total)
AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 10th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Name: Unit 7: Evolution Guided Reading Questions (80 pts total) Chapter 22 Descent
More informationMACROEVOLUTION Student Packet SUMMARY EVOLUTION IS A CHANGE IN THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF A POPULATION OVER TIME Macroevolution refers to large-scale
MACROEVOLUTION Student Packet SUMMARY EVOLUTION IS A CHANGE IN THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF A POPULATION OVER TIME Macroevolution refers to large-scale evolutionary changes such as speciation events, origin of
More informationUON, CAS, DBSC, General Biology II (BIOL102) Dr. Mustafa. A. Mansi. The Origin of Species
The Origin of Species Galápagos Islands, landforms newly emerged from the sea, despite their geologic youth, are filled with plants and animals known no-where else in the world, Speciation: The origin
More informationEvidence for Evolution
Evidence for Evolution Evolution Biological evolution is descent with modification. It is important to remember that: Humans did not evolve from chimpanzees. Humans and chimpanzees are evolutionary cousins
More informationTHE HISTORY OF THE THEORY. Darwin presented that happens and offered an of how it happens. Theory a broad that has been and
Evolution Notes THE HISTORY OF THE THEORY Why is the evolutionary theory associated with Charles Darwin? Darwin presented that happens and offered an of how it happens. o Evolution the process by which
More information18.4 Embryonic development involves cell division, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis
18.4 Embryonic development involves cell division, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis An organism arises from a fertilized egg cell as the result of three interrelated processes: cell division, cell
More informationThe Origin of Species
The Origin of Species Chapter 24 Both in space and time, we seem to be brought somewhere near to that great fact the mystery of mysteries-the first appearance of beings on Earth. Darwin from his diary
More information2/17/17. B. Four scientists important in development of evolution theory
UNIT 4: EVOLUTION Chapter 10: Principles of Evolution I. Early Ideas about Evolution (10.1) A. Early scientists proposed ideas about evolution 1. Evolution- process of biological change by which descendants
More informationTheory of Evolution. Chapter 15
Theory of Evolution Chapter 15 The History of Evolutionary Thought Evolution The development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time. Also could be described as a heritable
More informationUnit 10.4: Macroevolution and the Origin of Species
Unit 10.4: Macroevolution and the Origin of Species Lesson Objectives Describe two ways that new species may originate. Define coevolution, and give an example. Distinguish between gradualism and punctuated
More informationChapter 2 Evolution: Constructing a Fundamental Scientific Theory
Chapter 2 Evolution: Constructing a Fundamental Scientific Theory TRUE/FALSE 1. Organisms classified in two different biological orders can still belong to the same genus. 2. Before 1700, most Western
More information1. E, or change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
Name Date Period EVOLUTION STARTS WITH? 1. E, or change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms 2. A scientific T is a well supported, testable explanation
More informationSection 15 3 Darwin Presents His Case
Section 15 3 Darwin Presents His Case (pages 378 386) Key Concepts How is natural variation used in artificial selection? How is natural selection related to a species fitness? What evidence of evolution
More informationAP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.C. Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.
AP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.C Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Enduring Understanding 1.C: Life continues to evolve within a changing environment.
More informationHomework. Guided Reading Recent Hominids (#22-31) Need ear buds/headphones for Monday!!
Homework Guided Reading Recent Hominids (#22-31) Need ear buds/headphones for Monday!! Learning Target I can explore various hominids from the skull lab and describe the evolution of hominids. What are
More informationName 14 The Origin of Species Test Date Study Guide You must know: The difference between microevolution and macroevolution. The biological concept
Name _ 14 The Origin of Species Test Date Study Guide You must know: The difference between microevolution and macroevolution. The biological concept of species Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers that
More informationCH_15_Evolution.notebook. February 28, Cellular Evolution. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck. Endosymbiont Theory. Charles Darwin
Cellular Evolution The first cells were prokaryotic They did not need oxygen (the atmosphere did not contain oxygen until 1.8 billion years ago) Eukaryotic cells were found in the fossil record about 2
More informationMacroevolutionary Patterns. In this lecture we will examine the tempo and mode of evolution, in the words of George Gaylord Simpson ( ).
Macroevolutionary Patterns In this lecture we will examine the tempo and mode of evolution, in the words of George Gaylord Simpson (1902-1984). Simpson devoted himself to understanding whether macroevolutionary
More informationMicroevolutionary changes show us how populations change over time. When do we know that distinctly new species have evolved?
Microevolutionary changes show us how populations change over time. When do we know that distinctly new species have evolved? Critical to determining the limits of a species is understanding if two populations
More informationUNIT 4: EVOLUTION Chapter 10: Principles of Evolution. I. Early Ideas about Evolution (10.1) A. Early scientists proposed ideas about evolution
UNIT IV Chapter 10 Principles of Evolution UNIT 4: EVOLUTION Chapter 10: Principles of Evolution I. Early Ideas about Evolution (10.1) A. Early scientists proposed ideas about evolution 1. Evolution- process
More information31/10/2012. Human Evolution. Cytochrome c DNA tree
Human Evolution Cytochrome c DNA tree 1 Human Evolution! Primate phylogeny! Primates branched off other mammalian lineages ~65 mya (mya = million years ago) Two types of monkeys within lineage 1. New World
More information