Origin of Life. Kai Finster Department of Bioscience Stellar Astrophysics Center
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1 Origin of Life Kai Finster Department of Bioscience Stellar Astrophysics Center
2 Quotes: The undreamt of breakthrough of molecular biology has made the problem of the origin of life a greater riddle than it was before: we have acquired new and deeper problems K.R. Popper, 1974 Nobody understands the origin of life. If they say they do, they are probably trying to fool you. K. Nealson, 2002 To go from a bacterium to people is less of a step than to go from a mixture of amino acids to a bacterium. L. Margulis
3 The basic enigma
4 Goal Explain the appearance of the minimum unit of life which is the cell
5 Overview Definitions of Life Spontaneous generation Pasteurs swan bottle neck experiments Oparin Haldane concept heterotrophic origin Miller experiment Organics in space seeding from meteorites Information or Metabolism first some examples? RNA world Wächtershäusers pyrite derived Life Russells ironsulfide proto cells Lifes imprints Great oxygenation event and its consequences for evolution
6 Participants definitions: What is Life?
7 What is Life? a living organism is an organized unit, which can carry out metabolic reactions, defend itself against injury, respond to stimuli, and has the capacity to be at least a partner in reproduction. Koshland, Science Life is a self sustained chemical system capable of undergoing Darwinian evolution Joyce, 1994
8 What is Life? The seven pillars of Life (Koshland, 2002): Program: organized plan describing both the ingredients and the kinetics of their interactions (DNA) Improvisation: to response to changing conditions (mutations + selection) Compartimentalization: confined to a limited volume (cells), surrounded by a surface (membrane); maintain the concentration and the arrangement of the interior = protection from the outside.
9 What is Life? The seven pillars of Life (Koshland, 2002): Energy: open and metabolizing system; recycling of chemicals in cells; neg entropy; solar energy. Regeneration: compensation for thermodynamic loss by passive or active transport of matter into and out of the cell; constant synthesis of constituents; reproduction. Adaptability: behavioral response that is part of the program, response to detrimental factors like hunger and heat. Seclusion: isolation of pathway no accidental crossing over allows parallel handling in a tiny volume
10 Spontaneous generation
11 Spontaneous generation
12 Time line of the living
13 Organics on Earth and from Space
14 Miller Urey experiment
15 Miller Urey experiment outcome
16 Murchinson meteorite organics from space
17 Murchinson meteorite organics from space
18 Complex aromatic compounds:
19 Organics from space
20 Prebiotic processes in solution Haldane Oparinconcept of Primordial soup
21 Prebiotic processes Haldane Oparin concept Primordial soup Coacervates: tiny spherical droplet of assorted organic molecules (specifically, lipid molecules) which is held together by hydrophobic forces from a surrounding liquid.
22 Prebiotic processes
23 Prebiotic processes Annual Reviews
24 Prebiotic processes
25 Prebiotic processes
26 The RNA world
27 The RNA world
28 Prebiotic processes in solution
29 Prebiotic processes on surfaces
30 The Role of Clays
31 Wächtershäusers concept of the origin of Life
32 Wächtershäusers concept of the origin of Life
33 Russells concept of the origin of Life
34 Russells concept of the origin of Life Annual Reviews
35 Types of metabolic processes in modern vent system:
36
37 Tree of Life
38 Major invention photosynthesis
39 Imprints of Life The great oxidation event
40 Relationships between geologic time, atmospheric oxygen concentration, and the phylogenetic history of early life forms, animals, and plants. Flück M et al. Integr. Comp. Biol. 2007;47: The Author Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions please journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.
41 Imprints of Life
42 Imprints of Life
43 Summary The transition from organic chemistry is still unresolved The evolution of the genetic code is not understood RNA world may be an answer The evolution of metabolic pathway is not understood Iron sulfur chemistry may play an important role Atmospheric signatures may be a key to life detection on other planets.
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