4. In light of evolution do individuals evolve or do populations evolve? Explain your answer.

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1 Chapter Homework Questions Chapter 22 - Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life 1. Why was Darwin s theory so controversial? Also, what is the value of a theory in science? 2. List and describe 5 to 6 major pieces of evidence that support the theory of evolution (or in Darwin s early words descent with modification). 3. Describe Reznick and Endler s experiment in Figure and discuss how it demonstrates Darwin s theory of natural selection. 4. In light of evolution do individuals evolve or do populations evolve? Explain your answer. Ch 23 - The Evolution of Populations 1. This chapter discusses microevolution. a. define microevolution b. give an example of microevolution c. look ahead to ch 24 p.472 and define macroevolution d. give an example of macroevolution 2. Figure 23.4 shows the preservation of genetic frequencies from one generation to another. However, genes and allelic frequencies can change over time, resulting in evolutionary change. The Hardy Weinberg theorem can mathematically measure such changes. a. in your own words explain the usefulness of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem as it is demonstrated in fig b. write out the formula here: c. what do the following symbols within the formula represent: p, p 2, q, q 2, 2pq, 1

2 3. List and describe the 5 conditions for a population that is not evolving. (This is the same as a population that is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium lab 8 may be helpful also.) 4. Define: a. natural selection b. genetic drift 1. bottle neck 2. founder effect c. gene flow 5. (Using p ) What different types of variation can exist within populations? 6. Describe the 3 modes of selection in fig Define heterozygote advantage. 8. What is sexual selection? and give two examples of sexual selection. 9. What are the 4 limitations of natural selection? Ch 24: The Origin of Species 1. a. How do the terms speciation and macroevolution differ? b. How are the terms similar? 2. a. What is the definition of a species? b. What is allopatric speciation?

3 c. What is sympatric speciation? 3. Using p list the 8 reproductive barriers and briefly describe each or give an example of each. 4. a. Describe figure b. How do scientists know that speciation of these fish has occurred relatively recently? 5. Compare and contrast punctuated equilibrium and gradualism. 6. How can the Darwinian concept of descent with modification explain the evolution of such complex structures as the vertebrate eye or heart? 7. Explain what is meant by the phrase: Evolution is not goal oriented. Ch 25: Phylogeny and Systematics 1. a. Define systematics. b. Define molecular systematics. 2. a. Give an example of homologous structures that are not given in the book, explain your answer. b. Give an example of analogous structures that are not given in the book, explain your answer.

4 3. What is convergent evolution and why is that term usually used to describe analogous structures and not homologous structures? 4. Our binomial (scientific name) is Homo sapiens. What are our kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species names? (you may need to use the internet) 5. Using fig 25.9 answer true or false to the following questions: a. The European otter is more closely related to the wolf than it is to the leopard. b. The striped skunk is a member of the order carnivora. c. The wolf and domestic dog are in a different family than the other animals. d. The leopard is not related to the skunk. 6. Define monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic. 7. Carefully read fig and in your own words write at least one paragraph describing the technique and results. 8. a. What is a molecular clock? b. What assumption underlies the use of a molecular clock? 9. Explain how numerous base changes could occur in DNA, yet have no effect on an organism s fitness? Chapter 26 The Tree of Life An Intro to Biological Diversity Read Sections 26.1 & Describe the following theories of life s origins. a. Oparin & Haldane

5 b. Miller & Urey c. Extraterrestrial & Hydrothermal Vents 2. Describe the minimum structural, metabolic, and genetic equipment for a protobiont to be considered a true cell. 3. It has been proposed that RNA was the first genetic material of life. What evidence supports this hypothesis and how would natural selection have been able to play a role in the evolution and diversity of life? Why and how would RNA have been replaced by DNA? 4. Many classification schemes have been utilized as scientists observe and understand life on earth. Compare and contrast the 5 kingdom to 3 domain classification schematics. Discuss positives and negatives to both systems, similarities/differences in organization and which do you think is most accurate? Refer to figures & 26.22