CROP COMBINATION REGION: A SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF HARYANA: &

212 CROP COMBINATION REGION: A SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF HARYANA:1990-93&2009-12 Subhash chander 1 Abstract Agriculture being a basic activity plays a vital role in Indian economy. The studies of crop combination regions constitute an important aspect of agricultural geography as it provides a good basis for agricultural region. The aims and objectives is to find out study the principal crops and crop combination regions of Haryana, as there is variation in the temperature and rainfall in different regions. The present study is mainly based on secondary data collection and the data has been collected from Statistical Abstract of Haryana. For the delineation of crop combination region in Study area weaver s technique of crop combination has been adopted. Were applied and crop combination regions of Haryana is brought out through using MapInfo, GIS software modules. The analysis shows that there is no diversification of cropping pattern in most if the districts of Haryana expect the northern and eastern part of the state. The crop like paddy and Wheat constituted as two crop region in northern and eastern Haryana and the cotton and wheat combination in western Haryana Bajra and mustard combination found out in southern Haryana. Introduction Crop combination is a group of major crops grown in an area. Combination of crops, enterprises and livestock s is different in various areas. The study of crop combination is an important aspect in Agricultural Geography. The agricultural regionalization, a process of dividing an area into territorial units or uninterrupted areas having some kinds of homogeneity with specific define outer limit may be done with the help of Crop Combination method. The study of crop combination help in understanding the cropping pattern and crop concentration in a particular area it further help to make plan for inclusive production in agriculture. The crops are generally grown in combination and it is rarely that a particular crop occupy a position of total isolation other crops in a given areal units at a given point of time. The concept of crop combination is a scientific technique to study the existing spatial relationship of crops in association with other crops and to establish the boundaries of agricultural region based on statistical findings and also study the dominances of crops in an orderly basis. In recent year this concept gains much attention and became an important fact among Geographers and Agricultural Planners. 1 Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra

213 Aims and objectives The main objective of the present study are :- 1. To examine the crop combination in Haryana during the periods of 1990-93 and 2009-12. 2. To analyses the spatio-temporal variation and find out the changing pattern of crop combination in Haryana. Study Area Haryana state has been taken as study area which is situated in the north western part of India. It has been carved out from the former Punjab state on 1 st November 1966 on linguistic criterion. The state is lying between 27 39 N to 30 55 N latitude and 74 28 E to 77 36 E longitudes. The total area of the state is 44212 sq.km. It forms 1.3 percent of total area of the country and occupies the seventeenth position in area as compared with other states and union territories. Starting from north it is bordered in a clockwise direction by Himachal Pradesh in the north. Uttar Pradesh and Delhi in the east, Rajasthan in south and southwest and Punjab in the North. The state imperceptibly slopes from north to south with height ranging from 200 to 900 meters above mean sea level. The slopes become reverse in south and south west due to presence of Aravalli Hills in that. The starting originally with seven districts and one division the state as per 1966-97 is dividing into seventeen districts and four divisions. Originally it consists of Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, Ambala, Jind and Mahendragarh districts two new districts of Bhiwani and Sonipat were created on 22-12 -1972 and district Kurukshetra was carved on 23-1 1973 two more new districts of Sirsa and Faridabad emerged on 26-8-1975 and 2-8-1979 respectively. Four new districts of the year 1989 district of Panchkula was carved on 15-8- 1995.and two more districts Mewat (Nuh) and Palwal were carved on 4-4-2005 and 30-3-2008 respectively. At present there are four divisions namely Ambala, Yamunanagar, Kaithal, Panipat and Rewari were created on Haryana day Rohtak, Gurgaon and Hisar and 21 districts. Ambala division comprises the district of Ambala, Panchkula, Yamunanagar, Kurukshetra and Kaithal, Rohtak district consists of Rohtak, Sonipat, Panipat, Karnal and Gurgaon division is made of up Gurgaon, Faridabad, Rewari and Mahendragarh districts. And Hisar district consists of all left districts of Haryana.

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215 Data Base and Methodology In order to attain the objectives of this study the data has been collected from various sources. The present study is mainly based on secondary data collection and the data has been collected from Statistical Abstract of Haryana. For the delineation of crop combination region in Study area weaver s technique of crop combination has been adopted. In Weaver's method the crop combination is measured by calculating the deviation of real percentages of crops (occupying over1percent of the cropped area ) for all possible combinations in the component area units against a theoretical standard. The theoretical curve for the standard measurement was employed as follows. Monoculture = 100 percent of the total harvested crop land in one crop 2- crop combination = 50 percent in each of two crops 3- crop combination = 33.33 percent in each of three crops 4- crop combination = 25 percent in each of four crops 5- crop combination = 20 percent in each of five crops 10- crop combination = 10 percent in each of ten crops. For the determination of the minimum deviation the standard deviation method is used by using the following formula. Where d is the difference between the actual crop percentage in a given areal unit and the appropriate percentage in the theoretical curve and n is the number of crops in a given combination. However, as Weaver pointed out, the relative, not absolute value being significant, square roots were not extracted so, the actual formula used was as follows:

216 So, first of all the percentage of individual crop area to the total cropped areas of each Districts has been calculated and thereafter the values of each crop has arranged in rank wise from higher to lower then the deviation has calculated by applying the above mentioned formula. The lowest value of the deviation of actual percentages from the theoretical curve is denoted as crop combination resulting into the identity and the number of crops in the basic combination. Results and discussion Crop combination regions are delineated here on the basis of methods given by Weaver J.C. (1954). The most important and popular approach is presented by J.C. Weaver for delineating the complex structure of agricultural regions of middle west in the USA in 1954. In this study the percentage of crop area to total cropped area has taken under consideration. The investigation shows the cropping pattern and crop association in the study area. Some environmental as well as some geographical constrains owing to geographical location, soils climate have put the limit the agricultural productivity. The present study has identified 2 crop, 3 crop, 4 crop combinations in study area. Farmers cultivate numerous crops in the field rather than a single crop but from the following discussion it may be noted that the Wheat is the main primary crop throughout the State.

217 Percentage of area under different crops in (ha.) (1990-93) NAME OF RICE JOWAR BAJRA MAIZE WHEAT BARLEY GRAM OTH. MUSTARD COTTON SUGARCANE OTH. TOTAL DISTRICTS PULSES CROPS AMBALA 24.61 0.00 0.54 7.47 38.51 0.22 1.43 1.15 1.84 0.22 4.35 19..66 100.0 YAMUNANAGAR 22.52 0.07 0.76 3.02 31.76 0.27 1.00 0.24 0.84 0.16 22.35 17.01 100.0 KURUKSHETRA 38.97 0.00 0.08 0.59 40.54 0.04 0.18 0.12 0.58 0.05 4.73 14.12 100.0 KAITHAL 31.35 0.27 2.72 0.21 46.32 0.17 0.50 0.81 2.06 2.18 1.77 11.64 100.0 KARNAL 39.66 0.07 0.31 0.54 43.43 0.08 0.22 0.45 0.22 0.15 2.46 12.41 100.0 PANIPAT 31.13 0.37 0.71 0.34 45.48 0.14 0.27 1.27 0.41 0.30 3.76 15.82 100.0 SONIPAT 12.42 5.41 2.48 0.30 48.66 0.36 0.46 5.01 2.99 0.53 5.10 16.28 100.0 ROHTAK 1.08 11.68 9.49 0.05 35.55 1.26 4.78 3.53 17.24 2.18 4.90 8.26 100.0 FARIDABAD 3.20 8.32 9.12 0.61 46.44 2.00 0.36 3.04 7.64 0.03 4.38 14.86 100.0 GURGAON 0.51 6.63 19.72 0.01 31.65 3.47 3.91 0.55 21.85 0.01 1.49 10.22 100.0 REWARI 0.00 1.82 28.06 0.00 21.72 3.13 5.60 0.04 30.58 0.02 0.00 9.03 100.0 MAHENDERGARH 0.00 0.07 37.80 0.00 12.95 0.90 11.54 0.00 28.22 0.07 0.00 8.45 100.0 BHIWANI 0.00 0.53 30.28 0.02 11.10 0.69 26.67 0.68 15.12 4.65 0.17 10.09 100.0 JIND 10.77 1.21 10.16 0.02 34.86 0.60 4.20 1.64 4.62 10.88 2.71 18.33 100.0 HISSAR 3.91 0.10 8.85 0.06 27.50 0.81 12.24 0.17 9.33 25.02 0.48 10.89 100.0 SIRSA 4.45 0.01 1.10 0.02 29.64 1.28 12.77 0.02 8.68 29.86 0.02 12.15 100.0 HARYANA 11.56 2.02 10.38 0.55 32.14 0.92 7.75 1.02 9.63 8.81 2.65 12.57 100.0 THE CROP COMBINATION REGIONS ACCORDING TO WEAVER'S METHOD OF HARYANA: Weaver's method has admirably been applied for the demarcation of crop combination regions band agricultural regionalization as its application results into suitable and accurate grouping of crops. SL NO. Crop Combination Regions of Haryana for Cropping Year (1990-93) NAME OF DISTRICTS CROP COMBINATION TYPES OF CROPS 1 AMBALA 2 WHEAT, RICE 2 YAMUNANAGAR 4 WHEAT,RICE,SUGARCANE,MAIZE 3 KURUKSHETRA 2 WHEAT, RICE 4 KAITHAL 2 WHEAT, RICE 5 KARNAL 2 WHEAT, RICE 6 PANIPAT 2 WHEAT, RICE 7 SONIPAT 2 WHEAT, RICE 8 ROHTAK 3 WHEAT,MUSTARD,JOWAR 9 FARIDABAD 3 WHEAT,BAJRA,JOWAR 10 GURGAON 3 WHEAT,MUSTARD,BAJRA 11 REWARI 3 MUSTARD,BAJRA,WHEAT 12 MAHENDERGARH 2 BAJRA,MUSTARD 13 BHIWANI 3 BAJRA,GRAM,MUSTARD 14 JIND 4 WHEAT,COTTON,RICE,BAJRA 15 HISSAR 3 WHEAT,COTTON,GRAM 16 SIRSA 3 COTTON,WHEAT,GRAM 17 HARYANA 5 WHEAT,RICE,BAJRA,MUSTARD,COTTON

218 Crop Combination Pattern in Haryana (1990-93) NO. OF CROPS NAME OF DISTRICTS NO. OF DISTRICTS 2 CROP AMBALA,KURUKSHETRA,KAITHAL,KARNAL,PANIPAT,SONIPAT,MAHENDERGARH, 7 3 CROP ROHTAK,FARIDABAD,GURGAON,REWARI,BHIWANI,HISSAR,SIRSA 7 4 CROP YAMUNANAGAR,JIND 2

219 This map is show the Four crop combination region in yamunanagar and jind district. Two crop combination region in nortern Haryana and three crop combination region are Southern and Western Haryana. Nothern Haryana soil is fertile and irrigation facility is good so the two crop combination identified because farmers grows only two crop for his economic profit. Percentage of area under different crops in (ha.) (2009-12) NAME OF DISTRICTS RICE JOWA R BAJRA MAIZE WHEAT BARLE Y GRAM OTH. PULSE S MUSTAR D COTTON SUGARCAN E OTH. CROPS AMBALA 39.81 0.00 0.19 0.74 42.05 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.60 0.00 4.65 11.93 100.0 PANCHKULA 22.44 0.59 2.60 14.79 40.33 0.00 0.76 0.84 4.37 0.00 1.01 12.27 100.0 YAMUNANAGAR 34.45 0.00 0.42 0.56 39.62 0.00 0.05 0.09 1.14 0.00 11.97 11.7 100.0 KURUKSHETRA 43.25 0.00 0.00 0.11 41.01 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.41 0.00 3.89 11.25 100.0 KAITHAL 41.56 0.00 2.26 0.00 45.62 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.19 1.42 0.66 8.23 100.0 KARNAL 43.79 0.00 0.22 0.07 44.20 0.01 0.03 0.11 0.23 0.00 2.61 8.73 100.0 PANIPAT 40.26 0.00 0.26 0.00 45.55 0.04 0.00 0.33 0.46 0.00 2.91 10.19 100.0 SONIPAT 30.25 2.98 4.04 0.25 48.58 0.05 0.00 1.00 0.81 0.20 1.88 9.96 100.0 ROHTAK 16.65 8.87 9.24 0.35 45.07 0.66 0.42 2.56 5.97 3.65 2.68 3.88 100.0 JHAJHAR 12.50 6.75 16.25 0.03 42.68 1.39 0.21 2.06 12.66 0.34 0.80 4.33 100.0 FARIDABAD 15.30 2.35 6.00 0.00 48.05 0.30 0.00 0.85 1.15 0.05 1.10 24.85 100.0 PALWAL 16.64 4.31 4.00 0.00 51.18 0.50 0.00 0.50 1.61 0.17 1.11 19.98 100.0 GURGAON 4.21 0.88 29.15 0.00 45.26 1.40 0.00 0.50 11.29 0.00 0.00 7.31 100.0 MEWAT 3.53 6.76 14.92 0.00 41.95 0.54 0.00 0.14 14.92 0.00 0.19 17.05 100.0 REWARI 1.39 0.41 32.21 0.00 25.24 0.84 0.03 0.58 32.86 0.38 0.00 6.06 100.0 MAHENDERGAR 0.00 0.00 39.41 0.00 15.35 0.30 2.63 0.16 33.85 0.40 0.00 7.9 100.0 H BHIWANI 2.62 0.31 24.64 0.01 21.19 1.52 7.84 0.61 20.25 5.78 0.20 15.03 100.0 JIND 23.77 0.00 8.21 0.00 45.67 0.15 0.04 0.14 1.02 11.02 0.44 9.54 100.0 HISSAR 6.93 0.00 7.81 0.01 36.23 0.90 2.32 0.14 9.71 21.75 0.16 14.04 100.0 FATEHABAD 20.29 0.00 1.63 0.00 44.51 0.82 0.14 0.07 2.19 20.65 0.04 9.66 100.0 SIRSA 8.75 0.01 0.58 0.00 40.88 1.13 1.19 0.10 5.62 27.94 0.00 13.8 100.0 HARYANA 19.04 1.10 9.41 0.17 38.89 0.62 1.42 0.41 8.05 8.27 1.34 11.28 100.0 TOTAL

220 Crop Combination Regions of Haryana for Cropping Year (2009-12) SL DISTRICTS CROP CROPS N0. COMBINATION 1 AMBALA 2 WHEAT, RICE 2 PANCHKULA 3 WHEAT,RICE,MAIZE 3 YAMUNANAGAR 2 WHEAT,RICE 4 KURUKSHETRA 2 RICE,WHEAT 5 KAITHAL 2 WHEAT,RICE 6 KARNAL 2 WHEAT,RICE 7 PANIPAT 2 WHEAT,RICE 8 SONIPAT 2 WHEAT,RICE 9 ROHTAK 2 WHEAT,RICE 10 JHAJHAR 2 WHEAT,BAJRA 11 FARIDABAD 2 WHEAT,RICE 12 PALWAL 2 WHEAT,RICE 13 GURGAON 2 WHEAT,BAJRA 14 MEWAT 3 WHEAT,BAJRA,MUSTARD 15 REWARI 3 MUSTARD,BAJRA,WHEAT 16 MAHENDERGARH 2 BAJRA,MUSTARD 17 BHIWANI 3 BAJRA,WHEAT,MUSTARD 18 JIND 2 WHEAT,RICE 19 HISSAR 2 WHEAT,COTTON 20 FATEHABAD 3 WHEAT,COTTON,RICE 21 SIRSA 2 WHEAT,COTTON 22 HARYANA 3 WHEAT,RICE,BAJRA Crop Combination Pattern in Haryana (2009-12) NO. OF CROP S 2 CROP 3 CROP NAME OF DISTRICTS NO. OF DISTRICT S AMBALA, YAMUNANAGAR,KURUKSHETRA, KAITHAL, KARNAL, PANIPAT, 16 SONIPAT,ROHTAK,JHAJHAR,FARIDABAD,PALWAL,GURGAON,MAHENDERGARH,JIND,HISSAR,SI RSA PANCHKULA,, MEWAT, REWARI,BHIWANI, FATEHABAD 5

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222 This map show only two and three crop combination region in Haryana. Because in present irrigation facility good and high yielding variety seeds available. And India technique better than past time so the farmers receiving good policy and farmer prefer to those crop who most expensive like Rice. First crop only (First Rank crop in Haryana) The First rank crop of northern Haryna wheat and southern Haryana rewari district first rank crop mustard and Mahendergarh and Bhiwani district first rank crop bajra and the Sirsa district first rank crop cotton in1990-93 but 2009-12 Sirsa district first rank crop Wheat.

223 First two crop only The first two crop combination in Haryana mostly Wheat and Rice but Southern part of Haryana it is Mustard and Bajra and western part of Haryana Cotton and wheat crop are good combination. The gram crop in 1990-93 good combination with mustard and Bajra crop in Southern and Western Haryana but 2009-12 it replaced by Wheat crop. First Three crop only Three crop combination region find in this study area Western and Southern part of Haryana these three crop are Wheat-Mustard-Bajra and Wheat- Cotton- Gram and some part of middle Haryana find Wheat-mustard and jowar are good combination because Southern and Western part of Haryana dry area and sandy soil and low rainfall receive compare to East and North part of Haryana in 1990-93. But 2009-12 three crop replaced these areas to two crop combination. Fatehabad and Bhiwani Districts maintain three crop combination.

224 FIRST FOUR CROP ONLY The first four crop combination region in Haryana was seen in 1990-93. Yamunanagar and Jind District four crop combination region crops include are Wheat, Rice,Sugarcane,Maize,Cotton Bajra,Mustard are good combination. But 2009-12 not any districts show to four crop combination region.

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226 Changes in crop combination in Haryana (1990-93 To 2009-12) SR. NO. DISTRICTS 1990-93 2009-12 Change 1 AMBALA 2 2 0 2 PANCHKULA NA 3 0 3 YAMUNANAGAR 4 2 2 4 KURUKSHETRA 2 2 0 5 KAITHAL 2 2 0 6 KARNAL 2 2 0 7 PANIPAT 2 2 0 8 SONIPAT 2 2 0 9 ROHTAK 3 2 1 10 JHAJHAR NA 2 NA 11 FARIDABAD 3 2 1 12 PALWAL NA 2 NA 13 GURGAON 3 2 1 14 MEWAT NA 3 NA 15 REWARI 3 3 0 16 MAHENDERGARH 2 2 0 17 BHIWANI 3 3 0 18 JIND 4 2 2 19 HISSAR 3 2 1 20 FATEHABAD NA 3 NA 21 SIRSA 3 2 1 22 HARYANA 5 3 2 This table show the minor change overall Haryana. Yamunanagar and jind district change In crop combination region. 1990-93 two districts was seen four crop combination but thse districts combination declined in 2009-12. CONCLUSION The crop combination region in Haryana area under wheat and rice is continuously increasing whereas the area under gram, sugarcane and barley has been continuously decreasing. Two crop combination region has observed in northern Haryana in both time period. Central and western Haryana continuously maintain their dominant position in term of cotton crop.gram cultivation has drastic declined in term of total cropped area from the base year (1990-93) in which it account 7.75% of the area under cultivation, now it has only 1.42% area under cultivation (2009-12). In Bhiwani district, the Gram and Bajra combination was seen in 1990-93 and in 2009-12 it was replaced by the combination of wheat and Bajra

227 REFERENCES Singh J. and Dhillon, S.S. (1984), Agriculture Geography, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi. p. 225-235 Singh, J. (1976), An Agricultural Geography of Haryana, Vishal Publication, Kurukshetra, Singh, J. and Dhillon, S.S. (2004): "Agricultural Geography", Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, p. 254-258 Hussain,Mazid (2010): Agricultural Geography Rawat Publication, New Delhi, p. 194-211 Bhatia, (1965): "Patterns of Crop Concentration and Diversification in India", Economic Geography, 41, pp. 40-56. Tiwari, R.C. (2006) Agriculture Geography, Prayag Pustak Bhawan, Ellahabad. P.116-124 Hussain, Mazid (1970). Crop Combination Regions of Uttar Pradesh : A Study in Methodology, Geographical Review of India.