hnizm-k-kw-c- -I Biw-k-Iƒ G{]n 21 \v 75 mw P -Zn\w BtLm-jn- p ]. ]nxm-hn\v bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS {]kn- o-i-cww

hnizm-k-kw-c- -I www.viswasasamrakshakan.org bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS {]kn- o-i-cww Vol. 3 Issue 51 April 15-30 2008 G{]n 21 \v 75 mw P -Zn\w BtLm-jn- p ]. ]nxm-hn\v Biw-k-Iƒ

hnizmk kwc- -I 2 ]cnip ]m{xn-b okv _mhm HIvtSm-_-dn `mc-xw kµ in pw BI-am\ kpdn-bm\n k`-bpss ]c-am- y- tamdm tam Gen-bmkv tam AØ-\m-kn-tbmkv F n-h ]. ]nxm-hns\ `mc- C m-øn-tbmkv kmjm {]Y-a ]m{xn-b okv _mh Xncp-a-\- X-Øn-te v Wn- p. _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sim v Ww kzoicn v HIvtSm-_-dn `mc-x-øn FØm-sa v Adn-bn- p. t{ijvt kp-sim v, t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _mhm-bpss ]utcm-lnxy kph Æ Pq_nen BtLmj kam-]-\-øn\v HIvtSm-_-dn `mcxw _mhm Xncp-a-\-knse ]utcm-lnxy kph Æ Pq_nen BtLmj-w ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss k n-[n-bn ]m{xn-b m kµ in- p- p. t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _mhm-bpss ]utcm-lnxy kph Æ Pq_nentbmS-\p-_- n v hnip- -\msv kµ i\ thfbn Uam-kv kn ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss Ac-a-\- S-I BtLm-j-ß-fn ]s -Sp- p-hm Uam-kv -kn FØn- Ac-a-\-bn \S-Ø-s - p. `mc-x-øn \n pw 250- ]cw Xo mbn FØnb t{ijvt _mhm-bpss t\xr-xz-øn sa{xm-t m-en- bn-cp- p. C Uy Aw_m-k-U KuXw aptjm-]m-[ym-b, C men-b Aw_m-k-U A nse lvaodntbm, kndn-bm-bnse sa{xm- Ø- m-cmb tpmk^v tam {KotKm-dn-tbm-kv, amxyqkv tam At{]w Koh Kokv CSp n tam Iqdn-temkv a t mkv tam `{Zm-k\w {Intkm-Ã-tamkv t m-en-ø- m F n-h ]s -Sp-Øp. bmym y-ambn ae-tbmc P\-X-bpsS Nnc-Ime kz]v\-am-bncp CSp n `{Zm-k-\-Øns {]Jym-]\w I - \ sk v tpm v bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n ]f-fn-bn \S {]uv-kw-`oc-amb NS-ßn t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _tk-en-tbmkv txmakv {]Y-a _mh \S- Øn. Bbn-c-I-W- n\v hnizm-kn-isf km n \n Øn ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm Xncp-a-\- nse A\p-aXn Iev]\ A`n-hµy amxyqkv tam At{]w sa{xm-t m-enøm hmbn- -t mƒ hnizm-kn-iƒ l jm-c-htømss kzmkxw snbvxp. CSp n `{Zm-k- \-Øn\v ]pxnb sa{xm-t m-en-ømsb Xmakw-hn\ 2002 se `c-w-l-s\ {]Imcw hmgn p-sa v _mhm {]Jym-]n- p. sabv 2\v IqSp k`m amt\-pnwkv IΩ n, h nwkv IΩ n XpS v sabv 7\v \S- p ]. F nkvtim- kp -l-tzmkpw Cu Imcy-ßfn Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp pw CSp n `{Zm-k-\- Øn\p th n AXy- zm\w snbvx ] n- m- n hµy. h Kokv tpm tim -F- nkvtim-, sjh. ]n. hn. tpm ]p -a w F n-hsc NS-ßn BZ-cn- p. ]utcmlnxy kph Æ Pq_nen BtLmjn- p t{ijvt _mhmbv v `{Zm-k-\- Øns D]-lmcw \evin. ^m. tpm ] n- m- n kzmkxw Biw-kn- p. A`n. amxyqkv tam At{]w sa{xm-t m-enøm A y- X hln- p. _nj v tum. si. Pn hnizm-k-kw-c- -I\v klmbw Bh-iy-ap v hnizm-k-kw-c- -I 50 ]Xn- p-iƒ ]n n p Ign- p. Ign \mfp-i-fn Rßsf klm-bn- -h At\-I-cm-Wv. ]t Ct mƒ hnizm-k-kw-c- -I aptºm- p-ff \S-Øn- n\v hnj-a-x-iƒ t\cn-sp- p. Ign \mfp-i-fn ]c-kyßƒ \evin Rßsf klm-bn- n- p- v. \µn-tbmss Hm p- p. C\nbpw F m-hcp-tsbpw F m hn[-øn-ep-ap-ff klmbw Rßƒ {]Xo- n- p-i-bm-wv. hnizm-kkw-c- -I\v klm-bn- p-hm \nßƒ v Fßs\ km[n- p-sa v Rßsf Adn-bn- -W-sa v A`y n- p- p. Rßsf_ -s -Sp-hm abrahambibby@yahoo.com Ph:0481-2456498,2458198, 9446921775, v v CSp n `{Zm-k\ {]Jym-]\w t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _tk-en-tbmkv txmakv {]Y-a _mh Xncn-sIm-fpØn \n h-ln- p p Zm\n-tb (kn. Fkv. sf.), A`n. Genbmkv tam AØm-\m-kn-tbm-kv, ap a{ n Sn. bp. Ipcp-hn-f, tdmjn AK-Ãn Fw. F. F., ^m. txmakv ]Xn-bm- (tim- bw `{Zm-k\ sshzni sk{i- -dn), Pn m ] m-bøv AwKw tpmbn sh p-ipgn, I - \ ] m-bøv {]kn-u kp\nx X -, ] m-bøv saº ]n. hn. tzhkym F n-h {]kwkn p. ASpØ h jw I - \ sk tpm v bmt m- _mb kpdn-bm\n ]f-fnsb IØo-{U-embn Db Øp-sa v _mh Adn-bn- p. k`-bpss tim bw, I -\msv `{Zm-k-\-ß-tfmSv tn v {]h Øn p h n-cp 15 ]f-fn-iƒ BWv ]pxnb `{Zm-k-\-Øn Dƒs -Sp- -Xv. ]pem-t msv, I p- {X, aæ-øq, Nmen-t»-cn, sh n- p-f-ßc ] n-i-fnse sa{xm I- n-i-fpss tikp-iƒ X n Sponsored by: Mor adai Study Center bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse {]apj tzhm-e-b-ß-fmb shf-fn- p-f-ßc sk v tacokv, ]pem-t msv sk v tacokv, I p- {X sk v tpm v, Nmen-t»cn sk v ]ot gvkv B v sk v t]mƒkv, aæ-øq sk v tpm v F o tzhm-e-b-ßƒs -Xnsc sa{xm I n hn`mkw simspø tikp-iƒ Xf-f-s - p. kao-]-im-eøv D mb F m timsxn hn[n-ifpw bmt m-_mb k`bv v A\p-Iq-e-am-sW- Xv {it -b-am-wv. shf-fn- p-f-ßc sk -ta-cokv bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n]ffn hnimcn pw `c- W-k-anXn psa-xnsc sa{xm I n hn`mkw Fd-Wm-Ipfw H mw AUo- W Pn m timsxnbn simspø A\ymbw PÃnkv Fkv. PK-Zojv Xf-fn. shf-fn- p-f-ßc ]ffn amcm timsv ]f-fn-bpss Nm -embn {]Jym-]n- -W-sa pw t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _tken-tbmkv txmakv {]Y-a _mhtbbpw hnim-cn-am-cmb ^m. tdmbn si. t]mfn-t\bpw ^m. aømbn Iq\m- -f-fn-tbbpw `c-w-k-anxn AwK-ß-fmb Fw. kn. h Ko-kv, Fw. ]n. h Ko-kv, ]n. bp. h Kokv F n-h-tcbpw ]f-fn-bn {]th-in- - p- -Xpw ]ffnbpss ssz\w- Zn\ Imcy-ß-fn CS-s]-Sp- Xpw imiz-x-ambn aps- -W-sa pw sa{xm I n-bn-te v Imep-am-dnb bqlm-t\m tam anen-øn-tbm-kn-t\bpw At±lw \nb-an- p sshzn-it\bpw hnim-cn-bmbn \nb-an- -W-sa pw Bbn-cp p sa{xm I n-i-fpss Bh-iyw. bmt m-_mb k`bv v th n AUz. si. sp. Ipcym-, sa{xm I n hn`m-k-øn-\pth n AUz. `mkv, AUz. si. si. A p F n-h lmp-cm-bn. ]pem-t msv sk v -ta-cokv bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n ]ffn hnimcn pw `c-w-k-anxn psa-xnsc sa{xm I n hn`mkw hs- mw-t cn ap kn^v timsxnbn simspø A\ymbw PÃnkv lcn tkmhn-µ Xf-fn. ]pem-t msv ]ffn sa{xm I n hn`m-k-ønse ]f-fn-bm-sw pw 1934 se `c-w-l-s\m {]Imcw `cn- -s ts ]f-fn-bm-sw p {]Jym-]n- -W-sa pw t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _tk-en-tbmkv txmakv {]Y-a _mhtbbpw hnim-cn-am-cmb ^m. aømbn Iq\m- -f-fn-tbbpw {SÃnbmb ]n. Fw. Nmt m, sk{i- dn kpt\jv F n-h ]f-fn-bn {]th-in- p- Xv \ntcm- [n- -W-sa pw ]f-fn-bpss ssz\w-zn\ Imcy-ß-fn CS-s]-Sp- Xv hne- -W-sa pw Bhiy-s pw am anen-øn-tbmkv \nb-an- p sshzn-is\ hnim-cn-bmbn \nb-an- -W-sa pw Bbn-cp p l Pn. bmt m-_mb k`bv v th n AUz. kmp h Kokv si., AUz. si. Un. _m_p, AUz. {]Zo]v Im m-føv F n-h lmp-cmbn. I p- -Ød sk v tpm Pv ] n-bp-ambn _ -s v bmt m-_mb hn`m-k-øn-s\- Xnsc sa{xm I n hn`mkw \ Inb c v l Pn-Iƒ X n-s m v tim bw ap kn^v timsxn CS- me DØ-c-hn- p. tims-xn-bpø-chp ewln v bmt m-_mb hn`mkw ] nbn \n Ωm-W-{]-h Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-I-bm-sW pw Npa-Xes -h-cpss t]cn tims- Xnbe y-øn\v \S-]Sn kzoi-cn- -W-sa pamwv l Pn-bn ]d- n-cp- -Xv. ] nbpss ]p\-cp- m-cw {]h Ø\ßƒ \S-Øm bmt m-_mb k`bv v 2006 timsxn A\p-hmZw \ Inbncp- p. \n am-w-{]-h Ø\w XS-bm t]meo-kn-t\msv \n t±-in- -W-sa pw l Pn-bn A`y n- n-cp- p. ] n-bn dnko-hsd \nb-an- -Wsa- m-bn-cp p as m-cm-hiyw. sslt m-s-xn-bn CXp kw_- n tikv \ne-\n p- -Xn-\m A mcyw ChnsS ]cn-k-wn-t - -Xn-s v ap kn^v keo\ hn. Pn. \mb DØ-c-hm-bn. bmt m-_mb k`bv v th n A`n-`m-j-I-cmb ]n. hn. txmakpw ]n. kn. G{_-lmapw lmp-cm-bn. aæ-øq sk v tpm v bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n ]ffn dnkoh `c-w-øn-em- p-hm sa{xm I n-i-fpss {iaw ]cm-p-b-s - p. Fd-Wm-Ipfw H mw AUo-j-W Pn m timsxnbn sa{xm I n-iƒ simspø s] o-j \ncp-]m-[niw Xffn- -f p. Nmen-t»cn sk v ]ot gvkv & sk v t]mƒkv henb ]f-fn-s -Xnsc 1997 sa{xm I n hn`mkw simspø OS 41/97 tikv ] mºn ap kn^v timsxn PUvPn ]n. Fw. sskzv Aehn Xffn. t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _mhmtbbpw hnim-cn-tbbpw ]f-fnbn {]th-in- n- -cp-sx pw, Cu ]ffn 1934 se `c-w-l-s\ {]Imcw `cn- -s -ts- -XmsW pw sa{xm I n-bn-te v Iqdp-am-dnb bqlm-t\m am anen-øn-tbmkv sa{xmt m-en-ø-mbm \nb-an-x-\m-ip sshzn-is\ hnim-cn-bmbn \nb-an- -W-sa pw Bbncp p l Pn-bnse Bhiyw http://moradaistudycenter.cjb.net

hnizmk kwc- -I 3 ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn k`m-k-am-[m\w ^m.- tum.- Fw.-H.-tPm IS- msv: ae- c k`m Zo]w bmt m-_mb k`bpss hna ii\pw sa{xm I n hn`mkøns G hpw {]Nm-c-ap-ff {]kn- o-i-c-w-amb ae- c k`m Zo]Øns ]{Xm-[n-] ^m.-tum.-fw.-h.-tpm (a-e- -c-k-`-bn imizx kam-[m-\-øns am -ßƒ F hnjbw Bkv]-Z-am n kuøv B{^n- -bn sk v txmakv CS-h-I-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn \S skan-\m-dn \S-Ønb {]`m-j-wønse {]k `mk-ßƒ) Ign \mep ]Xn- m- mbn hyh-lm-c- p-gn-bn B p-in-s- p ae- -c-k`bv v AXn \n v tamn\w D m-i-w-sa v Ccp`mK-Øp k`m-a- ƒ Bflm -ambn B{Kln- p- p. km[m-c-w- m-cmb _lp-`q-cn-] w hnizm-kn-ifpw k`-bn kam-[m\w D m- IW-sa v B{K-ln- p- -h-cm-wv. kam-[m\w Fßs\ F -Xn-s\- p-dn v hyxykvx A`n- {]m-b-ß-fp- v. Ccp-hn-`m-Khpw H mbn tn v k` H mbn k`-bn kam-[m\w D m-i-w-sa v B{K-ln- p- -h-cp- v. Ccp-hn-`m-Khpw c mbn hn`-pn v ]ncn v c p k`-bmbn \ne- \n v kam-[m\w D m- -W-sa v ]d-bp- -h-cp- v. Ct mƒ Ah-c-h-cpsS ssih-i-ap- Xv Iøn sh- p-sim v ]c-kv]cw c v k`-bmbn AwKo-I-cn v kam-[m\w D m- - W-sa v ]d-bp- -h-cp- v. tims-xn-hn[n AwKo-I-cn v txm hn`mkw k`-bn \n v ]pd- Øp-t]mbn kam-[m\w D m- Ww F p ]d-bp- -h-cp- v. CsXms h j-ß-fmbn ]d-bp \n t±-i-ß-fm-sw- nepw kam-[m-\-ap- m- p-hm Ign-bp- n-. F m kam- [m-\-øn-\p km[yx as -t m-g-tø-xn-t\- mƒ IqSp-X C p- v. c v hn`m-k-ßfpw H mbn XocpI F Xv hfsc hnj-a-ta-dnb kwk-xn-bmwv F -Xn\pw kwi-b-an-. \S- p-s - n \ Xv Ft AXn-t\- p-dn v ]d-bp-hm km[n- p-i-bp- p. ]m{xn-b okv I n F v ]d-bp hn`mkw hmkvx-h-øn Hcp I n-b-. AXv F m A -Ønepw Hcp k`-bmbn hf n- p- v. 1958\p apºv ae- -c-k`-bn c v I n-iƒ \ne-\n- n-cp- p. A v Ah c pw I n-iƒ F A -Øn Xs Ah-km-\w-hsc \ne-\n- n-cp- p. 1971 C sø k`m- `n- X Bcw-`n- p ImeØpw ]m{xn-b okv I n-sb v hnl-snx hn`m-ksø hnfn- m-am-bn-cp- p. F m C v Aßs\ Hcp hnl-snx hn`mkw F p-am{xw ]d-b-ø- -hæw A{X Ah-K-Wn- -Ø- - X ]m{xn-b okv I n. F m A -Ønepw ]m{xn-b okv hn`mkw Hcp k`-bm- Wv. CXv AwKo-I-cn- p-sim-sp- p-hm Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k` -bn s ]e pw ssha- \kyw Ds - -dn-bmw. ]s AwKo-I-cn- msx \nh Øn-bn-. At ymjym ]m{xnb o-kn-t\msp hnt[-b-xz-øn t{ijvt-_m-hm-bpss Iogn Hcp k`-bmwv bmt m- _mb k`. tic-f-øn-\-iøpw ]pdøpw hnhn[ {Zm-k-\-ßƒ, sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-am, k`m-ti-{µw, `{Zm-k-\m-ÿm-\-ßƒ, `c-w-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ, Bflo-b-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ, sshzni skan-\m-cn, kp -l-tzm-kv, amt\-pnwkv IΩn- n, h nwkv IΩn n XpS-ßnb `c-w-k-an-xn-iƒ, kv qfp-iƒ, timf-pp-iƒ XpS-ßnb H -\-h[n ÿm]-\-ßƒ CsX mw hfsc i -am-bn kwl-sn- n- -s v \ne-\n- p-t]m-cp Hcp k`-bmwv bmt m-_mb k` F -Xn\pw kwi-b-sam pw th. CXv Xpd p ]d-bp- -h bmt m-_mb k`bpss h m- -fmbn amdp-i-bmwv F v Btcm-]n- p Hm Ø-tUm-Ivkp-Im-cp v F dn-bmw. Ah v hkvxp-x-i-fpss t\sc IÆ-S-bv m-\m-wm-{k-lw. bym kxym-hÿ a\- n-em- nbpw FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS i n a\- n-em- nbpw thww Ahsc t\cn-sp-hm. hkvxp-x-i-fpss t\sc IÆ-S- n v Imcy-an-. hfsc i -ambpw kwl-sn-x-ambpw \ne- \n p Hcp k`sb Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpss N - q-sn-\p- n sim p-h v Ahsc `cn mw F v hymtam-ln- p- Xv hy -am-wv. AXp \S- n-. ae- -c-k`-bnse Hcp `{Zm-k\w am{x-am-bn-cp p Iv\m\mb `{Zm-k\w C v AXv Iv\m\mb k`-bm-wv. Hcp henb sa{xm-t m-eo-ømbpw thsdmcp sa{xm-t m-eo-ømbpw B k` -bv p- v. AhcpsS Hcp ] n-bn t]mepw ae- -c-k`-bnse Hcp sa{xm-t m-eo-ømbv v A[n-Im-c-an-. Ah-cn-t mƒ aqt m \mtem sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-am-sc- qss hmgn- p-hm t]mip- p. Fs - nepw Hcp-Im-eØv Iv\m\mb k` ae- -c-k-`-bpss `mk-ambn ho pw Xocp-sa v hnhc-ap Bsc- nepw kz]v\w ImWp-I-t]mepw snøp-sa v txm p- n-. CXp-X-s -bmwv bmt m-_mb k`-bpss samø-øn-ep ÿnxn. c pw tn v Hcp- k`- -bmbn XocpI F Xv {]mtbm-kni Xe-Øn \S- p Imcy-am-sW p txm p- n-. tic-f-øn-\-iøpw ]pdøpw; a v kap-zm-b-ß-fp-ssbpw, k`i-fp-ssbpw CS-bnepw cmjv{so-b, kmaq-ly-x-eß-fnepw bmt m-_mb k` Hcp k`-bmbn AwKo-Imcw t\sn- -gn- p. ae- -c-k-`bnse I n-h-g- n CXn-\-\p-k-c-W-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-ßsf k`bv v ]pd-øp-\n v C\nbpw {]Xo- n- p-hm km[n- p-i-bp- p. cmjv{so-b-i- n-iƒ bm-t m-_mb k`tbmsv A\p`m-h-]q -amb \ne]m-sp-iƒ kzoi-cn- p- -Xntem am[y-a-ßƒ Nne-t mƒ AhcpsS \ne-]m-sp-isf AwKo-I-cn- p- -Xntem ]cn-`-hn- n v Imcy-an-. AXns ]n n-sems ]e hkvxp-x-ifpw It mw. Ccp-Iq- -cp-ssbpw AwK-_ew F m-sw v hkvxp-\njvt-ambn hne-bn-cp-øp- Xv Iptd- qsn bmym y-t_m-[-ap- m- p-hm km[n- pw. 1958 Zo L-Im-esØ hyh-lm-c-øn-\p-tijw ae- ck`-bn sfiyhpw kam- [m-\-hp-ap- m-bn. F m AXv A[n-I-Imew \o p-\n- n-. A v kp{]ow-tim-s-xn-hn-[nbpss ] m-ø-e-øn Hcp Xm m-eni shsn-\n Ø D mbn F X- msx ]q Æ kam-[m-\tam sfiytam D mbn F p ]d-bp-hm Ign-bn-. hb-en- -d-ºn {KotKm-dn-tbmkv (A- -am-en), ]utemkv ^oe-ivkn-t\mkv (I-WvS- \m-sv), tkth-dn-tbmkv (sim- n), G{_lmw am nωokv (Iv\m-\m-b) F o sa{xm-t meo-øm-am ImtXm-en-t - ns Iogn h p. F nepw ]uckvxy kphn-ti-j-k-am-phpw, At ym-jy aqhvsa pw, kt -kv qƒ Atkm-kn-tb-j-\p-sams Aß-s\- Xs \ne-\n- p. Cu sa{xm- - msc Bscbpw Ah-c-h-cpsS `{Zm-k-\-ß-fn \n v am n thsdm-cn-søv \nb-an- p-hm Ign- n-. kt -kv qƒ kne-_-kntem a v \ne-]m-sp-ifntem H pw Hcp am hpw hcp-øp-hm Ign- n-. _mly-ambn ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw tbmpn- p- m-sb- nepw B -coi sfiyw ssih-cn- m Ign- n-. AXv 1971- ho pw `n -X-bn-te v \bn- p. Iv\m\mb, A -am-en, I -\m-sv, sim n `{Zm-k-\-ßsfms ho pw ]m{xn-b okv ] -Øm-bn. `c-w-l-s-\m-\p-kr-x-ambn tims-xn-hn-[n-bn-eqss kam-[m\w D m- p-hm km[n- p-i-bn-. timx-aw-k-ew, aw ImSv XpS-ßnb ]e ] n-i-fnepw Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`bv v A\p-Iq-e-amb tims- Xn-hn-[n-bp- v. AsXms \S- m- msa v B pw txm p- n-. IS-a- w, time-t -cn, ]nd-hw, hs-i-c, I -\msv XpS-ßnb ] n-i-fn sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-am v {]th-i\w C. A\p-Iq-e-amb tims-xn-hn-[n-iƒ ]e-xp-ap v. ]s \S- m- p-hm Ign-bp- n-. Npcp w Nne CS-ß-fn tims-xn-hn[n \S- m- n-bn- p-s - nepw AhnsS ]q Æ kam-[m\w ssihcn- p-hm km[n- n- p-an-. Hcp-hn-[n-bp- m-bm AXn-\- pdw A oepw tãbpw Hs bp- m-hpi k -km-[m-c-w-am-wv. Hcp IW- p-an- m-sx-bmwv tims-xn-hy-h-lm-c-ßƒ v Ccp-hn-`m-Khpw ]Ww sne-hm- n-s m- n-cn- p- -Xv.-tIm-S-Xn-hn[n \S- m- p-hm t]mip- Xv ]e-bn-søpw ]e-t mgpw kwl jm-h-ÿbv v Imc-W-am-Ip- p. ae- -c-k`-bn I n-h-g v \ne-\n p- -Xp-aqew doøp-imcpw s] -t mkvxv k`m-hn-`m-k-ßfpw t\ -ap- m- p- p. I n-h-g- p-aqew k` hn p-t]m-ip- -h-cpss AwKkwJy Ccp-hn-`m-Khpw ]cn-tim-[n- p- Xv \ -Xm-bn-cn- pw. tims-xn-hn[n aqew `cww ÿm]n- p-hm km[n- n- p Nne-bn-S-ß-fnse ÿnxnbpw {i A ln- p- -Xm-Wv. tims-xn-hn[n A\p-Iq-e-am-b-Xn-\m Hm Ø-tUmIvkv sa{xm-t m-eoøm hnim-cnsb \nban- pw. 1934- se `c-w-l-s\ ]m{xn-b m A\p-`m-hn-I-fm-sW- nepw CS-h-I-tbm-Kmw-Kß-sf mw A\p-k-cn- pw. AX-\p-k-cn v s]mxp-tbmkw IqSn `c-w-k-an-xnsb sxc-s - Sp- pw. {SÃn, sk{i- -dn, IΩn n AwK-ßƒ XpSßn Ghcpw ]m{xn-b okv A\p`m-hn- Iƒ. 1934- se `c-w-l-s\ t]cn\v AwKo-I-cn p F p- -X- msx ]m{xn-b okv hn`m- K-tØm-Sp A\p`m-h-Øn Xs F m-hcpw \n p- p. hnimcn Hm Ø-tUm-Ivkp- Im-c, ]m{xn-b okv A\p`m-h-ap `c-w-k-an-xn, At±-l-Øn\v iºfw simsp- n-. ] n-h-cp-am\w apgp-h Ah-sc-Sp- pw. 1 2 h j-ambn hnim-cn-am v ] n-bn \n pw iºfw e`n- mø ]e-bn-s-ß-fp-ap- v. AXp-t]m-se-Xs CS-h-Imw-K-ß-sf mw s]mxptbm-kmw-k-ß-fmbn AwKo-I-cn- mø CS-h-I-I-fp-ap- v. F m-h pw AwKo-Imcw simsp- Øm `cww ]m{xn-b okv I n-i-fpss Iøn-en pw F `bw Nne-bn-S-ß-fn-se- nepw Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bv p- v. CXpw Bh-iy-an- mø Xe-th-Z\ ]e-bn-s-ß-fnepw D m- n-bn- p- v. Chn-sSm pw XmsgØ n kam-[m-\hpw tbmpn pw D m-bn- n F w. Cu ] m-ø-e-øn-emwv kam-[m-\-]-c-amb kl-h Øn-Xz-Øn\pw X ÿnxn XpScp- -Xn-\p-ap {]k n Gdn-h-cp- -Xv. Ign-hp- n-s-tømfw \ne-hn-ep kam-[m-\m- co w Fßpw XI m-xn-cn- p-i. X ÿnxn XpS-cp-I. Hcn-SØv X ÿnxn (Ãm- - kvtim) XpS-cWsa v Bh-iy-s -Sp-Ibpw thsdm-cn-søv AXv ewln- p-ibpw snøp {]h-wx icn-b-. kwk-xn-iƒ v tims-xn-hn-[n-hgn ]cn-lm-c-ap- m-ip Xph-sctbm IqSnbm-tem-N-\-Iƒ hgn Fs - nepw [mc-w-iƒ D m- p- -Xp-h-sctbm \ne-hn-ep ÿnxn (Ãm kvtim) XpS-c-Ww. {]tim-]-\-]-c-amb {]h Ø-\-ßƒ Ccp-Iq- cpw Ah-km-\n- n- - Ww. ]q n- n-s- p ] n-iƒ Xpd- p- Xv kw_ n pw \ne-hn-ep ] n-iƒ ]pxp n ]Wn-bp- Xp kw_- n pw F mw CXm-bn-cn- Ww [mc-w. IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-Iƒ hgn tims-xn v ]pdøv {]mtz-in-i-ambn Fs - nepw HØp-Xo pw [mc-w-i-fp-ap- m n \nehn-ep kvt]ms-im-h-ÿbv v ]cn-lm-c-ap- m- p-hm km[n- p-sa- n AXv \ -Xm- Wv. AXns\ Ccp`mKw k`m-t\-xr-xzhpw AwKo-I-cn- -Ww. Hm Ø-tUmIvkv hn`m-k-ønse sshzn-isc ip{iq-j-i-fn kw_- n- n mw F v t{ijvt _mhm Iev]\ ]pd-s -Sp-hn- Xv kzmk-xm l-am-wv. Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k` AXv ]s snbvxp-sim- n-cn- p Imcy-am-Wv. hnhm-lw, ih-kw-kv mcw XpS-ßnb NSßp-I-sfms hnhm-z-ß-fn- msx \S- -s. skan-tø-cn-i-fn kam-[m\w D m-i-s. A`nhµy a m-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I_-d-S ip{iq-j-bp-ss-hn-hn[ ka-b-ß-fn ]m{xnb okv hn`m-k-ønse 7 8 sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-am kw_- n p [q]-{]m \ \SØn. ]gb skan-\m-cn-bnepw Ah-sc-Øn. Bcp-a-hsc XS- n-. B A -co w F m Xeß-fn-te pw hym]n- -s. ]søm-ºxmw \q m- ns Ah-km-\-Øn Ccp-]Xmw \q m- ns Bcw-`-Øn Hm Ø-tUm-Ivkp-Imcpw am tøm-ωm- m-cp-ambn k n-bn m kac-am-bn-cp- p. tikpw hg pw hyh-lm-c-hp-am-bn-cp- p. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\nbpw ]pen-t m- n Xncp-ta-\nbpw am tøm-ωm- m v FXnsc i -ambn t]mcm-sn-b-h-cm-wv. C v ÿnxn amdn. ]cp-ae ] n-bn \S- p ]e tbmk-ß-fnepw am tømωm k`-bnse Xncp-ta-\n-am h p {]kw-kn- p- p. am tømωm \ho-i-c-w-øn-s\-xnsc Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`m-a- sf kxy-hn-izm-k-øn Dd- n- p-\n Øp-hm-\mWv am mw-ip v (]-Ø-\w-Xn- ) I h j Bcw`n- -Xv. \ho-i-c-w-øn-s\-xnsc hfsc i -amb {]kw-k-ß-fm-bn-cp p AhnsS Bcw`-Im-eØv Ae-b-Sn- p-b -Xv. Ct mƒ AhnsS \S- p Nne ktω-f-\- ß-fn am tømωm k`-bnse Xncp-ta-\n-am {]kw-k-i-cm-wv. am tøm-ωm- mcpw, Hm Ø-tUm-Ivkp-Imcpw Xh-W-ap-dbv v D]-tbm-Kn- p ]e tzhm-e-b-ßfpw ae- -c-k`bn C p- v. \ho-i-c-w- m-tcm-sp- -Xn-t\- mƒ cq -ta-dnb X -am-bn-cp p 17,18 \q m- pifn tdma ItØm-en- cp-ambn \S- -Xv. AXpw C v kam-[m-\-øn ]cy-h-km- \n- n-cn- p- p. ]pxp- n ] nbpw ]ndhw ] nbpw ItØm-en- -cpss ssih-i-am-bncp- p. Nß-\m-t»cn ] n Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ssih-i-am-bn-cp- p. {_n ojv `c-wm-[n-imcn-iƒ CS-s]- mwv Ahn-S-ß-fnepw a p ]e-bn-s-øp-ap- m-bn-cp X -ßƒ ]cn-l-cn v ]c-kv]cw hoxw-sh p ]ncn-bp-hm Ah-k-c-ap- m- n-b-xv. C v Ccp-k`-Ifpw kam-[m- \-]-c-ambn ]c-kv]cw kl-i-cn- m-hp- n-s-ß-fn-sems kl-i-cn- p-t]m-ip- p. CXp-t]m-ep kam-[m\w bmt m-_mb k`-bp-ambpw D m-i-ww. At ymjym ]m{xn-b o-kns A[n-Imcw ae- -c-bnse ImtXm-e-t - ns kzmx-{ yhpw Aÿn- Xzhpw XpS-ßnb ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn Hcp hn p-ho-gvnbpw snøp-hm ]msn-. \q m- p-i-fpss t]mcm- -Øn-eqsS ae- -c-k` kwc- n- n- p kzmx{ yw, t\sn-sb- Sp-Øn- p kzbw-io j-ixzw XpS-ßnb H -\-h[n Imcy-ßƒ Bcp-sSbpw apºn ASnbd shbv p-hm ]msn-. ae- -c-k-`-bpss tzio-b-xbpw ss]xr-ihpw hy n-xzhpw If- p-ip-fn- msx Hcp-k`-bm-bnt m c p-k-`-bm-bnt m \ne-\n p kam-[m-\-]-c-amb kl-h Øn-Xz-Øn-\mbncn Ww C\nbpw {ian-t - -Xv. ae- -c-k`m-n-cn{xw \ Ip ]mt-a-xm-wv. t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _mh AXpey-amb t\xrxzw CutØm {_ntdm tum. Un. _m_p t]mƒ (sf.-f.kv.) Xncp-h-\- -]pcw: bmt m-_mb kpdnbm\n k`bpss AXpey {]Xn-`-bpw, IÆp-\o-cn-\m k`sb \\ p hf Ønb B[p-\nI tbmt m_p _p ±m-\-bp-amb t{ijvt ImtXm-en m B_q tam _t -en-tbmkv txmakv {]Y-a _mhbpss ]utcmlnxy kph Æ Pq_nen BtLm-jßƒ Xncp-h-\- -]pcw sk v ]ot gvkv tbmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n IØo-{U-en ` m-z-c-]q w sim m-sn. CuÃ ip{iq-j-iƒ p tijw \S A\p-tam-Z\ ktω-f-\- Øn tam CutØm {_ntdm tum. _m_p t]mƒ sf. F. kv. {]kw-kn- p. kpdn-bm\n k`-bpss hf {ijvt _mh-bpss Pohn-X-hp-ambn F{X-am{Xw _ -s - n-cn- p psh v hy -am- n. kpdn-bm\n k`-bpss ImtXm-en ÿm\-øn-cn- p-tºmgpw k`-bnse sndnb Imcy-ßƒ t]mepw {i n- p _mh-bpss AXp-ey-amb t\xrxzw hnizm-k-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn AWp-hnS hyxn-n-en- mø alm-{]-[m-\m-nm-cy, A\p-{K-lo-X-\mb [ym\-kpcp, _mh-xn-cp-ta-\n-bpss Z i-\- ßƒ, kwl-s-\m-]m-shw, Bcm-[\, {]kwkw Ch-sb mw k`bv v hne-a-xn- m-\m-hm- Ø-Xm-Wv. k`-bpss hf _mh- Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS PohnX hnip- n-bn \n v D m-b- XmsW v CS-h-I-bpsS D]-lmcw ka n- p-sim v hnimcn ^m. kn. tpm v Fffp hnf ]d- p. sk v ]ot gvkv Nmcn- -_nƒ skmssk n t]mßp-aqsv ]Wn-bp ssku kv sk -dnse Fw. kn. kn. kviqƒ si nsw t{ijvt _mh-bpss ]utcm-lnxy kph Æ Pq_nen kvamc-i-ambn CS-hI {SÃn {io. Fw. kmap-th ka n- p. CS-hI Ub-d-IvSdn-bpsS {]Im-i\w Iam U tum. kn. F. ss\\m\v BZy tim n \ In _mh Xncpta\n \n h-ln- p. 80 hb v Ign CS-h-Imw-K-ßsf s]m m-s-b-wn-bn v BZ-cn- p. kvt\l-hn-cp-t msp IqSn B\p-{K-l-I-c-amb lmim BgvN ]cy-h-km-\n- p.

hnizmk kwc- -I 34 Uam-kvIkv : BI-am\ kpdn-bm\n k`bnse AXpey hy n-xz-amwv t{ijvt _tk-en-tbmkv txmakv {]Y-a ImtXmen m _mhm F v ]cn-ip C m-øntbmkv kmjm {]Y-a ]m{xn-b okv _mh A`n-{]m-b-s - p. ]utcm-ln-xy-øns kph Æ Pq_nen BtLm-jn- p t{ijvt ImtXmen m _mhbv v Hcp- nb A\p-tam-Z\ ktω-f-\-øn A\p-{Kl {]`m-jww \S- Øp-I-bm-bn-cp p At±-lw. sk v ]ot gvkv B Uv sk v t]mƒkv ]m{xnt{ijvt _mhm-bp-tsxv D ze hy nxzw: ]cn. ]m{xn-b okv _mh ]utcm-lnxy kph Æ Pq_nen BtLm-jn- p t{ijvt _tk-en-tbmkv txmakv {]Y-a ImtXm-en m _mh Uam-kv -knse ]m{xnbm m IØo-{U-en \S A\p-tam-Z\ thf-bn ]. C m-øn-tbmkv kmjm {]Y-a _mh-tbm-ssm w. C Uy Aw_m-k-U KuXw aptjm]m-[ym-b, C m-en-b Aw_m-k-U A nse lvaodn-tbm, kndn-b-bn-sebpw C Uy-bn-tebpw sa{xm- m, sshzn-i XpS-ßn-b-h kao]w b m IØo-{U-en tn ktω-f-\- Øn kndn-b-bnse C y ÿm\-]xn KuXw aptjm-]-[ymb, C m-en-b ÿm\- ]Xn A nse lvaodntbm, sa{xm-t m-en-ø- m-cmb kp -l-tzmkv sk{i- dn tpmk^v tam {KntKm-dn-tbmkv, tum. Koh okv tam Iqdn-tem-kv, amxyqkv tam At{]w F n-h {]kw-kn- p. Xs Pohn-X-Øntebpw k`m-ip-{iqj-bn-tebpw henb {]tnm-z-\-amwv ]cnip ]m{xn-b okv _mh F v t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _mh ]d- p. e_-\ aqhm- p-]pg: bmt m-_mb sa{xm I nhn`m-k-ßƒ XΩn X -ap Ip -bv m sk v tpm v henb ] n-bn sht -j ss nƒ kviqƒ \S-Øp Xp kw_- n X w kwl j-øn-se-øn. Hcmƒ p IptØ- p, Ggp t] p ]cp-t - p. bmt m-_mb hn`m-k-ønse Ip -bv m Xd-hm- -Øn kmpp (-42)-hn-s\-bmWv IptØ v Fd-Wm-Ipfw te v tjm Bip-]{Xnbn {]th-in- n- n-cn- p- -Xv. bmt m-_mb k`bnse aw-nbn-cn- ]utemkn (48)s\ ]cp- p-i-tfmss aqhm- p-]pg sk v tpm Pv Bip-]-{Xn-bnepw {]th-in- n- p. Iøm-Wn- sfkiv (57), Cf-ß-\m-a- -Øn F tzmkv (45) F n-h pw ]cn-t - p. tims-xn-hn-[n-{]-imcw H n-s-hn BgvN-I-fn Ccp-hn-`m-K- Øn\pw Bcm-[\ \S-Øm Ah-Im-i-ap- v. bmt m-_mb k`-bpss XhW apx HcmgvN k tu-kviqƒ hnzym n-iƒ mbn sht -j ss nƒ kviqƒ \S-Øm Xocpam-\n- n-cp- p. mkn-t\m-s-\p-_- n p ]XmI Db Ø hn. Ip m-\-bv p-tijw \S- Øm\pw \n -bn- n-cp p. cmhnse Ip m-\-tbm-s-\p-_- n v hnimcn ^m. t]mƒ ]Sn- m-td-xn {]`m-jww \S-Øn-s m- n-cnt ap -txmfw sa{xm I n Kp -Iƒ B{I-an- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p-. ]mt m t\ -bv p {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ \S- p- -Xn-\n-sS-bm-bn-cp p kv{xoifpw Ip n- Ifpw hr -cp-a-s-ßnb hnizm-kn-iƒs -Xn-cmb B{I-a-Ww. It -dp- sim p awn-bn-cn- ]utemkv howp. bmt m-_mb k`m hnizm-kn-iƒ kwl-sn- -txmss A{I-an-Iƒ HmSn c -s]- p. hnh-c-a-dn aqhm- p-]pg kn.-sf. _npp si. Ão^-s bpw Fkv.-sF. kpn a t m-kn-s bpw t\xr-xz-øn t]meokv kwlw FØn-b-tXmsS kwl j- Øn\v Abhp h p. sht -j ss nƒ kviqfns ]XmI Db Ø ^m. t]mƒ ]Sn- m-td-xn \n h-ln- p. sshin v aqt -ap- m-tem-ss-bmwv ] n p Xmsg tdmun kwkm-cn- p-sim- n-cp bmt m-_mb k`mw-k-amb Xd-h- -Øn kmpp (48)hn\p IptØ- -Xv. kw`-h-øn Imt møv Hmen- kt mjn (35)s\ IÃ-Un-bn-se-Sp-Øp. ho pw ] n ]cn-k-cøp kwl j km[yx DS-se-SpØtXmsS IqSp-X t]meokv FØn. t]meokv Imh G s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. F m Rmb-dm-gvNbpw D Ign v 2 awn apx 4.30 hsc k tukviqƒ \S-Øm timsxn A\p-hmZw \ In-bn- p-s v bmt m-_mb k` Adnbn- p. sa{xm I n hn`m-k-øn\v Ah-cpsS hoxw hcp Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fn cmhnse 10 apx Hcp awn hsc am{xta k tukviqƒ \S-Øm timsxn A\p-hmZw \ In-bn- p- p-sh pw Ch ]d- p. hnizm-kn-i-fn `oxn ]c-øm sa{xm I niƒ a\x- ]q w {ian- p- -Xmbn hnimcn ^m. t]mƒ ]Sn- m-td-xn Btcm-]n- p. B v _nj v Zm\n-tb tam naokv, _mkvzmzv B v _nj v tam tkth-dntbmkv l m lmhm, aøn-bmkv tam ]oe- Ivkn-t\mkv, a t mkv tam {Intkm-Ã-tamkv, Gen-bmkv tam AØm-\m-kn-tbm-kv, F o sa{xm-t m-en-ø-am Ipcym-t mkv tim F n-kvtim aqe-bn, o_m tim F n-kvtim Im p-a-ßm- v, ]n. F. tp _v t]m_vk, bqøv Atkm-kn-tbj {]Xn-\n[n tpmkv o_, ]. ]m{xnb okv _mh-bpss sk{i- dn Uo tpmjn F n-hcpw {]kw-kn- p. Ip -bv m ]ffnbn sa{xm I- n-i-fpss Kp m-hn-f-bm- w; Hcmƒ p IptØ p tam {KntKm-dn-tbmkv ]f-fn, hæ- pdw hn. Koh Kokv kl-zm-bpss Hm Ω s]cp-\mƒ 2008 G{]n amkw 19, 20 (i-\n, Rmb ) Xob-Xn-I-fn dh. ^m. tpmk^v Ip p-tω s t\xr-xz-øn \S-Øp- -Xm-Wv. 19.04.2008 i\n-bmgvn, 4.00: simsn-tb v, 6.00: k ym {]m \, 7.00: dh. ^m. amxyp AØn-bv, 8.30: Bio hmzw, 20 \v Rmb-dmgvN, 8.00: {]`m-x-{]m \, 9.00: hn. Ip m\, 10.00: {]kwkw, 11.\v {]Zn- nww (h-æ- p-dw), 11.30: Bio hmzw, 12.00: teew (t\ hnf-ºv) t{ijvt _mhmbv v Pdp-ite-an kzoi-cww Pdp-itew : t{ijvt ImtXm-en _tk-entbmkv txmakv {]Y-a _mhmbv v Pdpitew kndn-b Hm Ø-tUmIvkv `{Zm-k-\- Øns B`n-ap-Jy-Øn kzoi-cww \ In. t{ijvt _mhm-bpss ]utcm-lnxy kph Æ Pq_nen BtLm-j-Øns `mk-ambmwv aq qdwk Xo -bm{x kwlw hnip \m n-se-øn-b-xv. sk v am vkv IØo-{U-en-em-bn-cp p kzoi-c-ww. B v _nj]v tam tkth-dn-tbmkv a n apdm v, dºm m, CS-h-Imw-K-ßƒ F nh tn p kzoi-cn p. tkm Kp Øm-bnse ] n-bnte p \S Ipcn-ins hgn-bnse {]m -\- Iƒ p tij-amwv _mhmbpw kwlhpw Ip _m\bv mbn ] n-bn-se-øn-b-xv. t{ijvt _mhm-bpss apjy Im Ωn-I-XzØn Ip _m\ A n- p. sa{xm-t m-en-ø- m-cmb tpmk^v tam {KntKm-dn-tbm-kv, amxyqkv tam A t{]w, Koh Kokv tam Iqdn-temkv, a t mkv tam {Intkm-Ã-tamkv, Gen-bmkv tam AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv F n-h kl- Im Ωn-I-cm-bn-cp- p. XpS p \S Pq_nen ktω-f-\-øn B v _nj v tam tkth-dn-tbmkv a n apdm v A[y- X hln- p. Pdp-i-te-anse hnhn[ k`m {]Xn- \n-[n-i-fmbn _nj v tum. G{_lmw (tim- ]v niv Hm Ø-tUm-Ivkv) _nj v A knt mkv ({Ko- v), _nj v Ckv^m (A ao- \n-b ), _nj v tam\n_v bu\m (eq-yd ), _nj v \_o kbvbm (tam-d-ss\- v), ^m. ssa nƒ (sum ao-j k`) F nhcpw A`n. tpmk^v tam {KotKm-dn-tbmkv, A`n. Koh Kokv tam Iqdn-tem-kv, tum. Ipcym-t mkv tim F n-kvtim aqebn, kvidnb tim F n-kvtim Im p-aßm- v, ^m. tp _v Ipcp-hnf X m-ºp-d-øv, ^m. Ipcym-t mkv aw-te Nn-d, si. hn. t]mƒ, tpmkv o_m F n-hcpw {]kw- Kn p. C y-bn \n p Pdp-k-e-an-te v Ccp-\q-dn ]cw kwlßsf \bn tdmb Ham-\nb Sq kv B Uv {Smh kns\ tam tkth-dn-tbmkv a n apdm v A`n- \-µn- p. Ip -bv m ]ffn ]q n- m kwl jw krjvsn- p p: bmt m-_mb k` time-t cn: kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn Bcm-[\ \S-Øn-h-cp Ip -bv m sk v tpm v ]ffn ]q n- m-\p-ff sa{xm I n hn`m-k-øns \o -amwv kwl jm-hÿ krjvsn- -Xn\p ]n n-se v bmt m-_mb hn`mkw ]{X-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn Ip -s -Sp-Øn. k`m-x -Øns Ncn-{X-Øn t]mepw D m-imø coxn-bn-emwv kl-po-hnsb IØn-sIm v IpØnb kw`-h-sa v bmt m-_mb k`-bpss Xriq `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t menøm Ipcym-t mkv tam butk-_n-tbmkv ]{X-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn Nq n- m- n. Bbp-[- sa-spøv bmt m-_mb k`sb t\cn-sm-sa- p-ff sa{xm I n k`-bpss \S-]-Sn-Isf sndpøv txm n- p-sa pw sa{xm-t m-eoøm Adn-bn- p. sa{xm I n hn`m-k-øns \S-]Sn a\p-jy-xz-]-c-a-s p `{Zm-k\ sshzni sk{i- dn ^m. «o_m t]mƒ h -th-en ]d- p. 90 h j-ambn Ip -bv m ]f-fn-bn k tu-kv qƒ {]h Øn p hcp- - Xm-Wv. icn-bmb coxnbn sa{xm I n hn`m-k-øn\v e`n- n-s p t_m[yw h - Xns\ XpS mwv k`bv v `qcn-]- -ap-ff ]f-fn-iƒ ]q n v Xmt m ssih-i-s -Sp- Øm-\p-ff {ia-sa pw bmt m-_mb k`m `mc-hm-ln-iƒ Nq n- m- n. bmt m-_mb k` kl\am w kzoi-cn v \oßp-tºmƒ k`sb {]tim-]n- n v {]iv\-ßƒ krjvsn- p-ibmwv FXn hn-`m-k-øns \o -sa pw sa{xm-t m-enøm ]d- p. t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _tk-en-tbmkv txmakv {]Y-a _mhbpw sa{xm-t m-en-ø- mcpw ÿe-øn- mø kabw t\m n sa{xm I n ] w Bkq-{Xn-X-amb \o -Øn-eqsS k jw krjvsn- p-ibm-bn-cp psh pw `mc-hm-ln-iƒ Adn-bn- p. hnimcn ^m. t]mƒ ]Sn- m-td-xn, AUz. tpm pip n F{_-lmw, hn. si. ]u-tem-kv, s_ n aømbn F n-hcpw ]s -Sp-Øp. sa{xm I n hn`mkw A{I-a-ßƒ Ah-km-\n- n- Ww bmt m-_mb k` ]f-fn-i-fn kwl jw krjvsn v A{I-a-ßƒ \S-Øp- -Xn \n v sa{xm I nv hn`mkw ]n am-d-w-sa v bmt m-_mb k`m {SÃn tpm v amxyp sxt -X-e-, kap-zmb sk{i- dn Xºp tpm v XpI-e F n-h Bh-iy-s - p. kam-[m\]c-ambn Bcm-[\ \S- p ]f-fn-i-fn Kp -Isf Cd n kwl jw krjvsn v tzhm-e-b-ßƒ ]q n phm- \mwv adp-hn-`mkw {ian- p- Xv. XpS -bmbn sa{xm I n hn`m-k-øn-s\-xn-cmbn timsxn hn[n-i-fn D mip ]cm-p-b-amwv kwl jw krjvsn- p-hm Ahsc t{]cn- n- p- Xv F v kwi-bn- -Ww. Ign Znhkw Ip -bv m ]f-fn-bn-ep- mb kw`-h-hn- Im-k-ßƒ \n `m-kn-i-camwv. {]iv\-ßƒ ssihn- p-t]m-ip Ah-ÿ-bp- m-im-xn-cn- phm F m-hcpw kwb-a\w ]men- -Ww. C\nbpw kwl j-øn-\mwv adp-hn-`mkw {ian- p- -sx- n Xncn- -Sn-Iƒ t\cn m AXn\v k`m-t\-xrxzw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ Bbn-cn- n m F pw Ah Adn-bn- p.

hnizmk kwc- -I 45 Xma-c- m sk v v tacokv bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n ]f-fn-bn ]. ]nxm- - m-cpss Hm Ω-s -cp-\mƒ sabv 4, 5, 6 Xob-Xn-I-fn ]. sszh-am-xm-hns hn. kqt\mtdm ÿm]n- n-cn- p Xma-c- m sk v tacokv bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n ]f-fnbpss Imh ]nxm- - mb ]. ]t{xm-kv, ]utemkv «ol am-cp-ts-bpw, tam Koh Kokv kl-zm-bp-tsbpw, tam siahq, tam bmt m_v F o ]nxm- - mcp-tsbpw kwbp- -amb Hm Ω-s -cp- mƒ ` n-\n `-c-amb A -co- -Øn B ptxmdpw sabv amkw 4, 5, 6 Xob-Xn- I-fn \S-Øn-h-cp- p. PmXn-aX t`z-sat\y At\I Bbn-c-ßƒ ]. ]nxm- - m-cpss a yÿx-bn A`-b-s v A\p-{Klw {]m]n- p- p. ]. sszh-am-xm-hns \ma-øn-epff Cu tzhm-ebw Bephm Xr q-wn-ød tdmuns hs- p-`m-køv {]Ir-Xn-c-a-Wobhpw kz -kp-µc-hp-amb Ip n apifn ÿnxn-sn-øp- p. sk v tacokv N v Xma-c- m cpss \ma-ønepw tam Koh Kokv kl- ZmbpsS \ma-ønepw ÿm]n- n-cn- p- p. ]. At ymjym {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-bncp p o_m tam HkvXmØntbmkv _mhbn \n pw e`n tam sia-hq, tam bmt m_v F o _mhm-am-cpss Xncp-ti-jn- p-iƒ 1082 anyp\w 2\v Cu tzhm-e-b-øn ÿm]n- p. PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-at\y At\Imbn-cßƒ v A`b ti{µ-am-bn-am-dnb ]. sszham-xm-hns kpt\mtdm 1988 sk]vxw-_ 8\v A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Øns sa{xm-t m-enøm hnimcn {SÃn-am A`n. txmakv tam Znh- m-tkymkv (Ct m-gsø t{ijvt ImtXm-en- ) Cu tzhme-b-øn ÿm]n- Xp apx Cu \msns {]Imi tkm]p-c-ambn Cu tzhmebw \ne-sim-f-fp- p. sk]vxw-_ 1 apx 8hsc \S- p 8 t\mºv s]cp-\mƒ Cu CS-h-I v am{x-a Cu tziw apgph t\mºv t\m n ]. amxm-hns a yÿ-x-bn A`-b-s -Sp- p. Cu CS-h-I-bpsS ixm-_vzn-bmtlmjw 2002 2003 h j-øn hnhn[ ]cn-]m-sn-i-tfmss BtLm-jn- p. Cu CSh-I-bpsS Iogn Hcp Cw ojv aounbw kviqƒ Cu tzi-\n-hm-kn-iƒ v Hcp AØm-Wn-bm-Ipamdvv {]h Øn- p-h-cp- p. CS-h-I-bpsS Bflob-amb hf - p-th n k tu-kv qƒ, bqøv Atkm-kn-tb-j, h\nxm kam-pw, IpSpw-_-bq-Wo- p-iƒ F nh A`n-\- -\m lamb coxn-bn {]h Øn- p- p. ]q ]nxm- - m ]I p X hnizm-k-øns ]mx-bn \n v hyxn-n-en- msx ]. ]t{xm-kns ss«lni knwlm-k- \-Øn Iogn-ep-ff kxy kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse a -fm-bn-cp Xßfpw Xß-fpsS ]c-º-c-ifpw kxy-ssz-hsø Bcm-[n- p-sa- p-ff ]q n-icpss A`n-hm-RvP-bn \n p-bn sim Cu tzhm-ebw C pw ]. knwlm-k-\-tøm-sp-ff Iqdpw hnt[-b-xzhpw A`w-Kpcw ]men- p-t]mcp- p. 2008 sabv 4, 5, 6 (Rm-b, Xn ƒ, \n.-h.-zn.-a.a {io. tamdm tam C m-øn-tbmkv kmjm-{]-y-a ]m{xn-b okv _mh \n.-h.-zn.-a. {io. B_q tam _tk-en-tbmkv txmakv {]Y-a ImtXm-en m _mhm 1903 (1078 Ipw`w 2 \v) tbip Xºpcms tzhm-eb {]th-i-\-s -cp- mƒ Zn\- Øn hµy. {io. tim\m v amø a m tzhm-e-b-øn BZy _en A n- p. Cu tzhm-e-b-øns {][m\ t{xmtwmkv ]. sszh-am-xm-hns \ma- Ønepw Ccp-h-i-ß-fnse t{xmtwm-kp- Iƒ. ]. ]t{xm-kv, ]utemkv «ol am- ^m. sfkiv ]p m-ticn si. hn. Gen-bmkv Icn-º-\-bv amt\-pnwkv IΩ n AwK-ßƒ _n\p h Kokv \o p-ic snm ) Cu CS-h-I-bpsS Imh ]nxm- - mcpss Hm Ω-s -cp- mƒ ` n-\n `-c-ambn sim m-sp-hm CS-hI Hcp-ßn-I-gn- p. Cu s]cp- m-fn-t\m-s-\p-_- n v \S- p t\ kzy-bnepw ]. ]nxm- - m-cpss a y-ÿ-xbn A`-b-s v A\p-{Klw {]m]n- m\pw Ghtcbpw I Xr-\m-a-Øn Wn- p- p. si. ]n. Ipcym-t mkv si. hn. Ipcym-t mkv si. kn. ]utemkv 04.05.08 Rmb 7.15 a.m \v {]`mx {]m \ 8.15 a.m \v hn. Ip m\ 10.00 a.m \v simsn-i-b w 4.00 p.m \v IpSpw-_-bq-Wn- p-i-fpss kwk-a-hpw, tlmj-bm-{xbpw s]mxp-k-tω-f-\hpw 6.00 p.m \v k ym-{]m \ 7.30 p.m \v ` -kw-l-s-e-i-fpss hm joiw n. ]n. aømbn s]cp- mƒ t{]m{kmw 05.05.08 Xn ƒ 7.00 a.m \v {]`mx {]m \ 7.30 a.m \v hn. Ip m\ 7.00 p.m \v k ym {]m \ {]-kwkw dh. ^m. cmpp simfm- p-døv {]Zn- Ww (sn-ω-e- Sn Nm n-te- v) N.B: s]cp-\mƒ Hmlcn 150 cq]bpw 2 CS-ßgn Acnbpw 2 \ofn-ti-chpw si. hn. ]utemkv F. ]n. h Kokv 06.05.08 snm 7.30 a.m \v {]`mx {]m \ 8.30 a.m \v hn.bqøn-t Iq m\ {]kwkw hµy. s_\ym-ao apf-bn-cn- dºm 11.00 {]Zn- Ww 12.00 t\ kzy, teew Bin hmzw simsn-bn-d v ]n. hn. Ipcym-t mkv si. hn. aømbn PntPm si. t]mƒ F tzm G{_lmw With Best Compliments From, MANIKKATH CONSTRUCTION COMPANY PERUMANNUR, ERNAKULAM COCHIN-15

hnizmk kwc- -I 65 IØn- m-d-øsw ] n sa{xm I- n-iƒ s]mfn p sndp-txmwn : X w \ne- \n p tne- p-hsv IØn- m-d-øsw sk v tpm v bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n ] n sa{xm I n hn`mkw s]mfn p \o p- p. CXn-s\- Xnsc bmt m-_mb hn`mkw cwk-sø-øn-b-txmss ÿeøv kwl j km[yx DS-se-Sp-Øp. Ah-Imi X w kw_- n v tikv \n p- - Xn-\nsSbmWv sa{xm I n ] w ] n s]mfn- p- -Xv. CXns ta qc s]mfn- p am n- -gn- p. 16- \v Ccp-hn-`mKw {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf CSp n B.-Un.-H. a[yÿ N bv v hnfn- n-cp- p. CXn-\n-sS, bmsxmcp ap -dn-bn- p-an- m-sxbmwv sa{xm I nv ] -Øns \S-]-Sn. bmt m-_mb ] -Øn\v `qcn-]- -ap ChnsS CS- meøv sshzn-i Iqdp amdn-b-txm-ss-bmwv ] n-bpss \nb-{ Ww \jvsam-b-xv. CXn-\nsS Xm m-eni tims-xn-hn-[n-sb XpS vv bmt m-_mb k` CXn\p kao- ]Øv Nm ]WnXv Bcm-[\ \S-Øn-h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp- p. CS- me DØ-c-hn-s\-Xnsc tims- Xnsbbpw kao-]n- n-cp- p. Imew snbvx _tk-en-tbmkv ]utemkv ZznXo-b ImtXm-en _mh-bpss t]cn tªm v 46-324/4, 324/6, 328/4 F o B[m-c-{]-Im-c-ap `qan-bn-emwv {]kvxpx ] n ÿnxn snøp- -Xv. 16- \v CSp n `{Zm-k\w cq]w sim -t mƒ Cu ] nbpw CXn Dƒs -ts- n-bn-cp- -Xm-Wv. AXn-\m X -ap ] n-iƒ C mbva snøm-\p sa{xm I n ] -Øns KqU-\o- -amwv kw`-h-øn\v ]n n-se v bmt m-_mb k` Btcm-]n- p. ] n s]mfn- p- -X-dn p Ccphn`m-K-ßfpw ChnsS XSn p IqSn-bn-cp- p. CXv kwl j km[yx h [n- n- p. bmt m-_mb hn`m-k- m ASn-b- c tbmkw tn v A[n-Ir-X v ]cmxn \ In-sb- nepw bmsxm-cp-hn[ \S-]-Sn-bp-sa-Sp-Øn- n-. t]meokv ] n s]mfn- p- -Xn\v A\p-Iqe \ne-]m-sm-ws{x kzoi-cn- ncp- -Xv. DS-a-ÿmh-Imiw kw_- n v Xocp-am-\-am-Ip- Xp hsc \S-]Sn \n Øn-h-bv -W-sa v CS-hI hnimcn ^m. F. Fw. ]utemkv Rm p-im-e, {SÃn-am-cmb Geymkv ap -πm-, Ipcy I p-sh- mw-ip-gn, F tzmkv Injm-e, k`m amt\-pnwkv IΩ n saº at\mpv tim m v F n-h Bh-iy-s - p. hs- taje Im \S Xo -bm{x Nmen-t»cn: sk v ]ot gvkv B v sk v t]mƒkv bmt m- _mb kpdn-bm\n ]f-fn-bn \n p B Øm v knwlm-k\ ]f-fn-bn-te v hs- taje Im \S Xo bm{x \S-Ø-s - p. B Øm v knwlm-k\ ]f-fn-bn I_-d-Sßn-bn-cn- p At ymjym {]Xn-\n[n ]. o_m tam HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv _mhm-bpss 78 mw Hm Ω- s]-cp mfn-t\msv A\p-_- n v am v 29\v i\nbmgvn ImeØv CS-h-I-hn- Imcn ^m. F. Fw. tpm_v ]m{xn- b m ]XmI ^m. spbnwkv tuhn-un\v ssiamdn Xo -bm{x DZvLm-S\w snbvxp. ]md-t msv sk v tpm v & {KotKm-dn-tbmkv ]ffn CS-hI kwl-ahpw s]cp-\mƒ alm-alw 20 Rmb-dmgvN 7.25\v {]`mx {]m \ hn. Ip m\ Ipcym-t mkv tam butk-_n-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss {][m\ Im Ωn-IXzw hln- pw. XpS v 10\v IpSpw-_-kw-Kaw A`n. Xncp-ta\n DZvLm-S\w \n -ln- pw. XpS v Ie-Im-bnI a -c-ßƒ, sshin v 5\v s]mxpk-tω-f-\w, kwbp- -hm jniw kωm\ Zm\w XpS v hnh[ Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ 26\v 6 awn v k y {]m \ 7.30 \v {]Zn- Ww 9\v Ipcn-in sxm n IqZm-i. tum. Ipdn-bm-t mkv tam sxtbm-^n-temkv sa{xm-t m-enøm 27\v 7.25 {]`mx {]m \ 8.30\v hn. Ip m\ 11\v {]Zn- -Ww, XpS v t\ k y cmpp Ip -dbv v sjhn-en-b ÿm\w Ip d Aº hn- bn cmpp-hn\v (tpm v h Kokv) ]. ]m{xnb okv _mh Xncp-a-\-kp-sIm v suam-kv -knse ]m{xn-b m Ac-a- \-bn h v sjhnen-b ÿm\w \evin. t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _tk-en-tbmkv t{ijvt txmakv { ] Y - a _mhbpss km n- y-øn \S NS-ßn ]. F nkvtim- kp l-tzmkv sk{i- dn tpmk^v tam {KntKm-dn-tbm-kv, e_-\ B v _nj v Zm\n-tb tam naokv, _mkvzmzv B v _nj v tam tkth-dn-tbmkv l m lmhm, aøn-bmkv tam ]oe-ivkn-t\mkv, a t mkv tam {Intkm-Ã-tam-kv, Gen-bmkv tam AØm-\m-kn-tbm-kv, tum. Koh Knkv tam Iqdn-temkv F o ]nxm- - m k n-ln-x-cm-bn-cp- p. Ct±lw kzmx- y-k-a-c-tk-\m\nifm kº- -amb ]tim-e-a w Xc-I IpSpw-_mw-KhpwIpSpw-_mw-KamWv, jn mtkm sk v ]ot gvkv bmt m-_mb CS-h-Imw-Kwhpw, Ip d bmt m-_mb ]pø ]ffn AwKhpam- Wv. jn m-tkm-bn IpSpw-_-k-taXw tpmen snøp- p. `mcy: kmdmω (em-en) ]Wn- IpSpw-_mw-Kw, a ƒ: tpmb h Ko-kv, tpmpn h Kokv tim F n-kvtim m ÿm\w e`n p tim -F- n-kvtim- - m-cmb hµy. sss kv h Kokv hµy. sfkiv tat\møv amen hµy. t n tpm A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Ønse {]apj sshzn-i-cmb ^m. t n tpm, ^m. sfkiv tat\møv amen, ^m. sss kv h Kokv F n-h v t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _mh Xncpa-\- p-sim v ]pø Ipcniv ]m{xn-b m sk -dn h v tim -F- n-kvtim ÿm\w \evin BZ-cn- p. ^m. sss kv h Kokv: A -amen `{Zm-k\Ønse Xh-f- md sk v tacokv ]f-fn-bn-sh-i-bn tx m-\øv ]tc-x-\mb h n-bp-tsbpw adn-bm-ω-bp-tsbpw ai\mwv. _lp. A \v 1974 txmakv tam Znh- m-kn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-en-øm-bn \n p siωm-i- - hpw 1976 tum. ]utemkv tam AØ-\m-kn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bn \n pw ]q Æsi-Ωm-i-]- hpw \ In. tam Znh- m-kn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-enøm Iioi ] hpw \evin. txm p-]m-d, s\spw-ß- m-d, ]qc- m-sv, a q, hs- ]d-hq, timx-aw-kew sndnb ]f-fn, Xpcp-Øn-πn henb ]f-fn, A -am-en, AI- -d-ºv, s]mbv m p-t»cn, Xh-f- md F o ]f-fn-i-fn hnimcnbmbn tkh-\-a-\pjvtn n- p- v. Ct mƒ tabv msv sk v tacokv ]ffn hnim-cn-bmbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvtn- p- p. A -amen `{Zm-k\ sk{i- -dn-bmbn cp A Ct mƒ k`m amt\-pnwkv IΩ- n-bw-k-ambpw `{Zm-k\ Iu kn-ew-k-ambpw kphn-tij alm-tbmkw I ho-\ F o-\n-e-bnepw {]h Øn- p- p. `mcy: Genbm-Ω, a ƒ: en,, h okv (_mw- q ), F tzm (hn-zym n), t\m_n (a-cp-ai, Hmkvt{S-en-b) ^m. sfkiv tat\møv amen: ASn-amen ]ffn CS-hImw-KhpamWv ssltd v taje Hm^okv sk{i- -dnbpw, amt\-p-cp-ambn {]h Øn- p ^m. sfkiv G{_lmw Ct mƒ ASn-amen ]ffn hnim-cn-bm-wv. ^m. t n tpm : shtßme tam _l- m bmt m-_mb henb ]ffn hnimcn ^m. t n tpm sf m vø-d bmt m_v tam bpen-bmkpw sa{xm-t menøm Iogn a -\n- c sshzoi hnzym-`ymkw \n h-ln- p. 1973 At ymjym {]Xn-\n[n At{]w B_p-Zn \n pw siωm-i- - hpw 1978 Ipdn-bm-t mkv tam Iqdn-temkv sa{xm-t m-en-øm-bn \n pw sshzni ] -hpw kzoi-cn p. ]g-t m- w, Xma-c- m, ]f-fn- -c, Ing- -ºew F o-]-f-fn-i-fn hnim-cn-bmbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvtn- n p v. bmt m-_mb k` amt\-pnwkv IΩ- n-bwkw, A -amen `{Zm-k\ Iu knewkw, kphn-tij kwlw sk{i- -dn, A -amen `{Zm-k\ sshzni kwlw tpmbn v sk{i- dn, F o \ne-ifn {]h Øn- n- p- v. Im -ßmSv sf m vxd-bn tbml- m adn-bmω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS ai-\m-wv. Xncp-h m ta{]m ]pxn-tb v IpSpw-_mw-Kw. tpmbvkmwv `mcy, a ƒ: Acp, A\n PqUnXv kn. sska-wn\v 1 mw dm v Fw. sp. Fkv. Fkv. F. 2007 AJne ae- c ASn-ÿm-\-Øn \S-Ønb hm jni ]co- -bn 9 mw m n 92% am v t\sn s]ßm-ap v sk v ]ot gvkv B v sk v t]mƒkv ]f-fn-bn-s-h-i-bn k tu-kviqƒ hnzym n\n Ipamcn PqUnXv kn. sska- 1 mw dm n\v A l-bmbn ]n. hn. aøm-bn v sjhen-b ÿm\w {]apj hyh-km-bnbpw I -\msv _mly ticf `{Zm-k-\- Øn\v kvxpxy l-amb tkh\w A\p-jvTn- p {io. ]n. hn. aømbn (X-ºn) v, ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mh sjh-enbm ]Zhn \ In, G{]n amkw c mw XobXn Zakvt m-knse ]m{xn-b m Ac-a-\-bn \S NS-ßn sjh-en-bm ÿm\ Nn hpw AwKo-Imc ]{Xhpw ]. _mh \ In. t{ijvt ImtXm-en m {]Y-a _mhbpw ]. kp -l-tzmkv sk{i- dn tpmk^v tam {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-en-ømbpw tic-f-øn \n pw kndn-bbn \n pw h p tn sa{xm-t m-en-ø- mcpw sshzo-icpw kw_- n- p. `h-\-\n Ωm-Ww, C ^ ta-j ssivt\mfpn, d C Ukv{Sn apx-emb hyh-kmb irwj-e-bmb Henhp {Kq v Iºn-\n-bpsS amt\-pnwkv Ub-d-IvSdpw Xncphm-Wn-bq ]md- p-døv IpSpw-_mw-K-hp-amb {io. aømbn, bmt m-_mb k` amt\-pnwkv IΩ n AwKhpw Ipdp n sk v ]ot gvkv B v sk v t]mƒkv tbmt m-_mb ]ffn CS-h-Imw-Khpw _mly ticf `{Zm-k-\-Øn \hn. apwss_ (s\-cqƒ) tbmt m-_mb ]f-fn-bw-k-hp-am-wv. {io. ]n. hn. aømbn C Uy-bn-epw, hntz-iøpw hnhn[ hyh-kmb kmaq-lni kwl-s-\-ifp-tsbpw kan-xn-i-fp-tsbpw apjy[mc-{]-h Ø-I\pw D]-tZ-jvSm-hp-am-Wv. AXn-ep-]-cn-bmbn ITn\m zm\-øm si n- -Sp-Ønb Hcp hyh-kmb irwj-e-bpss A[n-]-\m-bn-cns bmt m-_mb k`-bpss D -Xn-bv mbn Atlm-cm{Xw {]h Øn- p-ibpw k`-bp-tsbpw kaq-l-øn-t bpw D -a-\-øn-\mbn AI-a-gn v klm-bn- p-ibpw {]h Øn- p-ibpw snbvxp-sim- n-cn p p. sa{xm Xnc-s -Sp v sa{xm I n k`bv v t\m okv sim n: ae- c sa{xm I n hn`m-k-øn\v sa{xm Xnc-s -Sp- n-s\-xnsc Xncp-h-\ -]pcw `{Zm-k-\-Ønse ac-ßmsv tam {KntKm-dn-tbmkv CS-h-ImwKw sdpn Cf- º, sk vv tpm v CS-h-Imw-K-amb timin sndn-bm Ipfn-bn-te-Øp-IpSn F nh tim bw ap kn^v tims-xn-bn ka n l Pn-bn FXn I- n-i-fmb sa{xm I n k` tae- y-, k`m {SÃn, k`m sk{i- dn F n-h v t\m okv Ab- m DØ-c-hm-bn. sa{xm Xnc-s -Sp v am\-z-wvu-ßƒs -Xn-tc-bmWv l Pn. ]pxp- -ffn ]m{xn-b m ]ffn s]cp- mƒ ]pxp- -ffn: ]m{xn-b m ]ffnbnse hnip Koh Kokv kl-zm-bpss Hm Ω s]cp- mƒ sabv 11 Rmb-dmgvN BN-cn- p- p. t{ijvt _tk-en-tbmkv {]Y-a _mhmbpss {][m\ Im Ωn-I-Xz-Øn hn. Ip m-\bpw CXc s]cp- mƒ NSßpIfpw \S-Ø-s -Sp- p. Sponsored by: Mor adai Study Center http://moradaistudycenter.cjb.net

hnizmk kwc- -I 19 ]pwy-t«m-i-\mb bqlm-t m tam Cuhm-\n-tbmkv _mh at\mpv amxyp, Bcym-S ]m, snß-fw, (k`m amt\-pnwkv IΩ- n-bw-kw) kxy-hn-izmkw \ne-\n Øp- -Xn-\mbn ]. At ymjym knwlm-k-\-øn \n pw Ab- -s ]pwy-t«m-i-\mb bqlm-t m tam Cuhm-\n-tbmkv _mhm-bpss 214 mw Hm Ωs -cp- mƒ G{]n 18\v BN-cn- p- p. am tømam k`bv pw Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`bv pw Xpey Ah-Im-i-ap-ff snß- q ]gb kpdn-bm\n ]f-fn-bn-emwv _mh I_-d-S-ßn-bn-cn- p- -Xv. Ct±lw apk \K-c-Øn `qpm-x-\mbn a Zo-\nse Ip pa Zbm-dm-bn sh v dºm-\m-bn. 1724 C m-øn-tbmkv i{i-ff ]m{xn-b o-kp-_mh At±-lsØ ]ptcmln-x-\m- n. 1749 Koh Kokv XrXo-b ]m{xn-b okv _mh Ct±-lsØ i{i-ff a{^n-bm-\m-tbm-sp-iqsn ae- -c-bn-te v Ab- p. 1752 tas-amkw (\o-tkm ) 30\v tam _tken-tbmkv i{i-ff a{^n-bm\ Ct±-lsØ I -\msv ]f-fn-bn h v F n-kvtim- bmbn hmgn- p. ]f-fn- -c- -f-fn-bn Xma-kn- p-sim v Imcym-Zn-Iƒ \S-Øp-hm \nb-ans - nepw, AXv am tømam Bdm-as Hcp ti{µ-am-bn-cp- Xp sim v Xt±-in-b At±lsØ hfsc IjvS-s -Sp-Øn. F m a{]n-bm\ At±-lsØ k hpw kln- p-hm D m-ln- n- n-cp- -Xp-sIm v, k -hn[ IjvS- m-sp-ifpw kln- p-sim v AhnsS Xmakn- p. Ahn-sS-h v tcmkn-bm-b-t mƒ a{]n-bm\m At±-lsØ NnIn- m w sim n-bnte v Ab- p-i-bpw, kpjw h -tijw I -\m-sn\v \nb-an- p-ibpw snbvxp. a{]n-bm- \m-bpss \ncym-w-tijw tam {KntKm-dn-tbmkv _mhsb `c-w-øn klm-bn- p-sim- n-cp- p. Xs t] hyxym-k-s -SpØn {InÃ-t^m-tdmkv F m- n. 1769 Xs kztz-i-tø p sim p-t]m-ip-hm-\mbn Xs ktlm-z-c-\mb A{_lmw aqk-en \n pw h p. k`-bn kam-[m-\-ap- m-ip- -Xn-\pw, am txmam Bdmas\ D]tZ-in v k`-bn-te v sim p-h v ] w simsp- p- -Xn\pw AXy-[nIw D m-ln- p-ibpw A{]-Imcw km[n- p-ibpw snbvxp. tam {KntKm-dn-tbmkns Imew Ign v, Ct±-lw Zoh- m-tkymkv H m-a-t\m-ssm-cp-an v k`m-`-cww \n -ln- p. A\- cw tam Cuhm-\n-tbmkv, tam Znhm- m-tkymkv H m-a-t\m-ssm-cp-an v k`m-im-cy-ßƒ D m-l- ]q w \S-Øn-h-cn-Ibpw 1794 tas (\o-tkm )- amkw 7 mw XobXn Imew snbvxv snß- q ]gb kpdn-bm\n ]f-fn-bn I_-d-S- -s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. ]pwy-t«m-i-\mb _mhmbpss {]m \ \ap v tim -bm-bn-cn- -s. kwl jw: hnizmk kwc- W kanxn {]Xn-tj-[n- p aqhm- p-]pg: ae- c k`-bn Xßƒ v kzm[o-\-an- mø ]f-fn-i-fn kwl jw \SØn ]q n- m-\p-ff sa{xm I n hn`m-k-øns clky [mc-w-bpss `mk-amwv Ip -bv m sk v tpm v ]f-fn-bn \S- -sx v hnizm-k-kw-c- W kan-xn-bpss h nwkv IΩ n Btcm-]n- p. tpm ]p -a- w, tam kn hmh-, AUz. tpm p-ip n F{_-lmw, DΩ- th -S-Øv, tum. si. kn. cmp F n-h {]kw-kn- p. shæn- pfw sk v tpm v ]ffn s]cp- mƒ shæn- pfw sk v tpmcv v bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n ]f-fn-bn hn. Koh Kokv kl-zm-bpss s]cp- m-fn-t\m-s-\p-_- n v k tu-kviq-fn-t bpw ` kwl- S-\-I-fp-tSbpw hm jn-ihpw ]f-fn-bpss Iogn {]h Øn- n- p sk v tpm v tlmkv]n- hm jn-ihpw Bbp t Z NnIn hn`m-k-øns DZvLm-S-\hpw 2008 G{]n 22, 23, 24 Xob-Xn-I-fn Xpº-a `{Zm-k-\-Ønse bqlm-t\m tam anen-øntbmkv sa{xm-t m-en-ø-bpss al-\ob km n- y-øn BtLmjn p p. Øp-Ip-Sn-bn \n -ln- p- p. apf- pdw sk v t P m v bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n- -f-fnbnse bqøv At m-kn-tbj \n Ωn p \ Ip `h-\- Øns inemÿm-]-\- I Ωw hnimcn ^m. tpmk^v shfn-b- ^m. tum. _npn Nnd-Øn-em- v {Kmkv bqwn-th-gvkn- n-bn A ym-]-i hnb sk v tacokv ae- c kndn-b Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ]ffn hnim-cn-bmb ^m. tum. _npn Nnd-Øn-em- n\v Hmkv{Sn-b-bnse Ãb a v kwÿm\ Xe-ÿm-\-amb {Kmkn-ep-ff Im ƒ {^m kv bqwn-th-gvkn- n-bn A ym-]-i-\mbn Xm m-eni \nba\w e`n- p. Xntbm-fPn Un m vsa nse tum m- niv hn`mkøn {]m \ Ing pw ]Sn- mdpw F skan-\m-cnbnemwv _lp. A ]Tn- n- p- Xv ]m mxy k`-i-fnepw ]uckvxy k`-i-fnep-ap-ff hnh-[-{]m \m ]mc-ºcyßfmwv mkns hnj-bw. 2008 kω ska-ã-dn \S- p Cu timgvkv \bn- p- Xv bqwn-thgvãn {]^. tum. t_ lm Uv tim Wdm-Wv. \ΩpsS k`-bn-tebpw a p Hmdn-b k`-i-fn-tebpw {]m -\-I-sf- p-dn- p-ff ]Tn- n- -ep-i-fmwv _npn-b- s {]txyi {]Xn-]mZy hnj-bw. 30,000 e[niw hnzym n- Iƒ Ct mƒ ]Tn- p-sim- n-cn- p {Kmkv bqwn-th-gvkn n 1585 emwv ÿm]n-x-am-b-xv. BZy-am-bmWv Cu bqwn-th-gvãn-bntem bqtdm- nse at -sx- nepw bqwn-bntem \ΩpsS k`-bnse Hcp sshzn-i\v A ym-]-\-øn-\p-ff Ah-kcw e`n- p- -Xv. hnb-\-bnse hnhn[ kviqfp-i-fn axm- ym-]-i\mbpw \ΩpsS skan-\m-cn-bnse hnkn- nwkv ^m n saw_- dmbpw _lp. A tkh-\-a-\p-jvtn- p- p. _mwkvfq bpssw- Uv Xntbm-f-Pn- timf-pv, su am nse tim tlk bqwn-th-gvkn- n, Uam-kvI-knse sk. Ft{^w skan-\mcn F n-h-s-ß-fn-embn sshzni hnzym-`ymkw \S-Ønb A {]m -\bpw D]-hm-khpw _m F{_m-b-cpsS ]Tn- n- -ep-i-fn F hnj-bsø pdn v P Ω-\nbnse am _p Kv bqwn-th-gvãn-bn \n v tumivs-td v t\snbn p- v. Sponsored by: Mor adai Study Center P -Zn\ Biw-k-Iƒ G{]n 5\v 74 mw P -Zn\w BtLm-jn- p ]uckvxy kphn-tij kam-p-øns Koh Kokv tam t]mfn-i t mkv sa{xm-t m-en-øm-bv pw, G{]n 29\v 54 m-w P -Zn\w BtLm-jn- p I -\msv `{Zm-k-\-Øns amxyqkv v tam Cuhm\ntbmkv sa{xm-t m-eo- Ømbv pw, G{]n 25\v 51 m-w P -Zn\w BtLm-jn- p bqlm-t\m tam anen-øntbmkv sa{xm-t m-en-ømbv pw hnizm-k-kw-c- -Is Biw-k-Iƒ hn. bqzm-«o-lm-bpss {]m \ anin-lm-bpss kvt\ln-x\pw hnizkvx Zmk-\p-amb hn. bqzm-«o-lmtb G hpw IjvS-s -Sp F\n- p-th n At]- n-t -W-ta. bmsxmcp klm-bhpw ^e-kn- n-bn- msx hcp kµ `Øn G hpw Xzcn-Xhpw tkmn-c-hp-amb klmbw snøp- -Xn\v Atßbv v hnti-j-hn-[n-bmbn In n-bn-cn- p A\p-{K-lsØ Aßv D]-tbm-Kn-t - W-sa. Fs F m Bh-iy-ß-fnepw hninjym (B-hiyw ]d-bp-i) Atß klmbw Rm\-t]- n- p- p. `mky-s bqzm-«o-lm-tb, Atß Cu A\p-{K-lsØ Rm kzm Hm p-sa pw Atß kvxpxn-isf temi-sa pw Adn-bn- p-sa pw Rm hmkvzm\w snøp- p. Bta. (Zn-hkw 9 {]mhiyw Cu {]m \ snm p-i. F mw Znhkw \nßfpss {]m -\bv v \nhr-øn-bp- m-ipw. 9 Znhkw snm p-i. AXv Hcp-Im-ehpw k^e-am-im-xn-cn- n- ) Xma-kn- -Xn\v Wm-]Ww A -Ip v h Ko-kv, ]md- m-s ap -ImSv sk v txmakv ]f-fn-bn kph Æ-Pq-_nen s]cp-\mƒ ss_k hmen: ap -ImSv sk v txmakv ]f-fn-bn Pq_nen BtLm-jhpw hn. txmakv olm-bpss Hm Ω-s -cp- mfpw G{]n 17,18,19 (hym-gw, shf-fn, i\n) Xob-Xn-I-fn BtLm-jn- p- p. 17 mw XobXn 2.30 ]n. Fw. an\v ]pxp-xmbn ]WnI-gn- n Pq_nen aµnc-øns IqZm-ibpw XpS v kmwkvim-cni ktω-f-\hpw \S-Ø-s -Sp- p. s]cp-\mƒ NS-ßp-Iƒ v B`n. amxyqkv tam Gt{]w, B`n. Iqcym-t mkv tam butk-_n-tbm-kv, tam amxyp B\n- p-gn- m- n F o ]nxm- - mcpw sjhn. Sn. bp. Ipcp-hnf Fw. F. F., {io. si. si. cmtp-{µ Fw. F. F., {io. C. Fw. BKkvXn FIvkv. Fw. F. F XpS-ßnb cm{job kmaq-lni t\xm- - mcpw km n- y-a-cp-fp- p. 12 CS-h-I- m Dff Cu ]ffn aq m-dn \n v 18 Intem-ao- amdn {]IrXnca-Wo-b-amb Hcp Ip n api-fn ÿnxn-sn-øp- p. AJne ae- c ss nƒ Izn v a cw \SØn ]pø Ip-cniv : sk v ]ot gvkv & sk v t]mƒkv bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n ]f-fnbnse tam Ipdnbm-t mkv bqøv At m-tky-js B`n-ap-Jy-Øn, Im n-c- m v G e n - b m Ω aømbn satωm-dn-b Fh tdmfnwkv t{sm^n- pw, sndp-hn-f-fn Ipcp-hnf satωm-dnb Fh tdmfnwkv t{sm^n pw, Iymjv Ahm Up-Iƒ pw th n-bp-ff 14 mw-axv AJne ae- c ss nƒ Izn v a -cw. hnimcn ^m. hdp-kokv If- p-c-bv DZvLm- S\w \n h-ln- p. sk{i- dn s_ n hdp-ko-kv, {SÃnamcmb kn. hn. tpmkv, tpm tpmk- ^v, Uo Ipcym-t mkv F n-h {]kw-kn- p. a -c-øn tim bw `{Zm-k-\-Ønse B m-aw-kew sk v tpm kv ]ffn H mw ÿm\hpw A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Ønse ]gt m w sk v tacokv ]ffn c mw-ÿm-\-hpw, I -\msv `{Zm-k-\-Ønse ]q{xn m sk v tacokv ]ffn aq mw ÿm\hpw Ic-ÿ-am- n. ^m. dntpm \nc- p-i w ]utcm-ln-xz-øns 10- mw hm jniw BtLm-jn p bmt m-_mb k`m bqøv Atkmkn-tb-j h nwkv {]kn-u v ^m. dntpm \nc- p-i- -Øns ]utcm-ln-xzøns 10- mw hm jniw sx ]d-hq tam bqlm-t\m amwzm\ bmt m-_mb kpdnbm\n henb ]f-fnbn h v BtLm-jnsX ]d-hq tam bqlm-t\m amwzm\ bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n p. Koh Kokv tam hen-b-]-ffn hnimcn ^m. dntpm \nc- p-i- -Øns ]Ømw ]utcmlnxz hm jn-im-tlmjw Fkv. F. Un. ]n. tbmkw sk{i- dn shf- sa{xm-t m-enøm Znh- ym-kn-tbmkv fm- -ffn \ts-i DZvLm-S\w snøp p. CS-Øp-\n v A`n. tum. A y- X hln- p. Koh Kokv tam Iqdn-temkv, A`n. Koh Kokv tam Znh- ym-kn-tbmkv, Fkv. F. Un. ]n. si. _m_p Fw. F. F. F n-h kao]w tbmkw sk{i- dn shf-fm- -ffn \ts-i DZvLm-S\w snbvxp. Koh Kokv tam t]mfn m kv sa{xm-t men-øm, tum. Koh Kokv tam Iqdn-temkv sa{xm-t m-en-øm, si. _m_p Fw. F. F., ap Fw. F. F. hn. sp. ]utem-kv, k`m sshzni {SÃn tum. IWn-bmw-]-d- ºn Ipcy tim -F- n-kvtim m, bqøv Atkm. P\-d sk{i- dn jn_p h Kokv hf-fn-t msv F n-h Biw-kIf n- p. http://moradaistudycenter.cjb.net

hnizmk kwc- -I 18 ]cn. A_vZpƒ Peo tam {KntKm-dn-tbmkv _mh Iq\ Ipcniv kxy-øn\v tijw, ]. At ymjym ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss Iev]\ v {]Imcw ae- -c-bn-se-ønb kpdn-bm\n k`m ]nxm-hmwv ]. A_vZpƒ Peo tam {KntKm-dn-tbm-kv. bdp-itew Dƒs -Sp ÿe-ß-fnse sa{xm-t m-en-øm-bm-bn-cp- - Xn\m, Imt\m {]Imcw bdp-itew ]m{xn-b okv F ÿm\hpw tam {KntKm-dn-tbmkv _mhmbv p mbn-cp- p. F. Un. 1665 ae- -c-bn-seøn ].- ]n-xm-hm-wv, t]m p {Kokp-Im {]N-cn- n tdmam k`m hnizm-k-tøbpw A\pjvS-Tm-\-ß-tfbpw XpS p \o n ae- -c-bn kxy-hnizmkw ]p\-xÿm-]n- -Xv. txmam A -Zn-tbm- s\ bym ssihbv]p \ In tam txmam H m-a F ÿm\ \ma-øn sa{xm-\m- n. ]. _mhmbpw tam txmam H m-a\pw IqSn tam txmam c m-as\ hmgn- p. ae- -c-bnse ]q ni kxy-hn-izm-khpw Bcm-[\ {Ia-ßfpw A\p-jvTm-\- ßfpw ]cn-io-en- n ]. _mh 1674 apx GI-tZiw 7 h jw hs- ]d-hq sk txmakv ]f-fn-bn- emwv Xma-kn- -Xv. alm]cnip- -\mb Cu ]nxmhv Xs acww ap Iq n Adn v k`mw-k-ß-tfmsv Iev]n- p. F.- Un. 1681 G{]n 27\v ]. ]nxmhv Awi-h-kv{X-[m-cn-bmbn ]f-fn-bn Ccp- p. Xm ap ]v {]kvxm-hn ka-bøv Xs Imew snøp-ibpw hs- ]d-hq ]f-fn-bn I_-d-S-ßp-Ibpw snbvxp. ]. ]nxm-hns A y ka-bøv ]f-fn-bpss ]Sn- msd ap sø I Ip-cniv aq v {]mhiyw Xms\ Ip\n-bp-Ibpw Db-cp-Ibpw snbvxp. Cu ka-bøv ]f-fn-awn Xms\ apg-ßp-ibpw ]f-fn-b-iøpw ]pdøpw IÆ n n p Znhy-{]-Imiw ]c- p-ibpw snbvxp. F.-Un. 2000 Øn ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mh hs- ]d-hq _mhsb hnip- -\mbn {]Jym-]n- p. F.-Un. 2006 se ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mh-bpss Iev]\ {]Imcw ]. A_vZpƒ Peo tam {KotKm-dn-tbmkv _mh-bpss \maw A mw Xq_vtZ-\n Hm Øp hcp- p. hs- ]d-hq s]cp- mƒ 24, 25, 26, 27 Xob-Xn-I-fn hs- ]d-hq sk v txmakv ]f-fn-bn I_dS-ßn-bn-cn- p alm ]cnip- -\mb A_v±pƒ Peo tam {KotKm-dn-tbmkv _mhm-bpss Hm Ω s]cp- mƒ G{]n 24, 25, 26, 27 Xob-Xn-I-fn \S-Ø-s -Sp- p. 26 \v cmhnse 8 awn v A`n. Ipdn-bm-t mkv tam butk-_n-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-en-øm-bpss {][m\ Im Ωn-I-Xz-Øn hn. Ip m- \, XpS v 2]n. Fw. \v ]. _mh D]-tbm-Kn- n-cp Im m-iq- -hpw, Imkm-Iq- hpw «o_mbpw AS w snbvx Acp-fn- mbpw taºq- n \n pw ` n-bm-z-c-]q w ]f-fnb-iøv sh p- -Xm-Wv. 5.30\v Im \S Xo m-s-i v kzoi-c-ww. XpS v ko\n-b Xo m-s-i v A\p-tam-Z-\hpw shf-fn-sa-u hnx-c-w-hpw \S-Ø-s -Spw. 27 \v cmhnse 6.30\v I_-dn- hn. Ip m\ (hµy. _\ym-ao apf-bn-cn- dºm ) 9\v hn. aq nt Ip m\ A`n. bqlmt\m tam aoen-øn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-en-øm-bpss Im Ωn- I-Xz-Ønepw A`n. amxyqkv tam At{]w, A`n. Gen-bmkv tam AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv F o Xncp-ta-\n-am-cpsS kl-im Ωn-I-Xz-Ønepw. XpS v t\ kzybpw \S-Ø-s Spw. ]pø Ipcniv pcniv sk v ]ot gvkv & sk v v t]mƒkv bmt m-_mb b ]ffn CS-hI kwk-ahpw kwbp h jn-ihpw 26 i\n: 6\v k ym {]m \ 7\v ` kwl-s-\-i-fpss hm jniw 27 Rmb-dmgvN 7\v cpn-kvt{s-j 7.30 CS-hI kwka dmen. 10\v s]mxp-k-tω-f-\w. A y- hnimcn ^m. hdp-kokv If- p-c-bv, kzmkxw kn. hn. tpmkv Nnd- m v ({S-Ãn) DZvLm-S-\w. kn. sp. tbip-zm-k (-Im q-wnãv at\m-c-a) A\p-{K-l-{]-`m-jWw t{ijvt _mhm XpS v sjhn. si. ]o Idp-tØ-SØn\v A\p-tamZ\w ^m. txmakv hdp-kokv ItÆ-Øv, ^m. kn. si. kmpp sndp-h-f-fn, ^m. _npp Imhm- v, ^m. tpm_n tpm F n-h Biw-k-Iƒ A n- pw. \µn {]Imi\w {io. tpm tpmk^v hf-fn-\m ]md- p-døv {SÃn, 11\v IpSpw_ \ho-i-cw m v tum. kn. Un. hdp-ko-kv, 1 awn v D -`- -Ww. 2 apx 4 hsc IpSpw- _-bq-wo- p-i-fpss Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, 4\v kωm-\-zm\w. \µn {]Imiw {io. ^nen v tdmbn Idp-tØ-SØv P\-d I ho-\ CS-hI kwkaw. ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-tbmspw t{ijvt ImtXmen m _mhm-tbmspw H w Uam-kv -kn ISmXn sh n-bv m-a w IpSpw-_mwKw _ntpm h Kokv (General Manager, Alghanim International Environmental Engineering Division Kuwait) t{ijvt _mhm-bpss kwltøm-ssm w Uam-kv -kn ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss Xncp-k- n-[n-bn sszhw \ Inb A\p-{K-l-ßƒ ad- -cpxv: t{ijvt _mhm t{ijvt _mhm I I-gp-I ip{iq-jbv v {][m\ Im Ωn-IXzw hln- p p Xncp-h-\- -]pcw: tbip {InkvXp-hns kvt\lw \ΩpsS Pohn-X-Øn IqSn a p-f-fh v ImWn p simsp- -Ww. CXv sszh- Øns k`-bm-sw v a p-f-f-h ]d-b-ww. t{ijvt ImtXm-en m B_q tam _t -entbmkv txmakv {]Y-a _mh Iev]n- p. Xncph-\- -]pcw sk v ]ot gvkv bmt m-_mb kpdnbm\n Hm Ø-tUmIvkv knwlm-k\ IØo-{Uen lmim BgvN ip{iq-j-iƒ v {][m\ Im Ωn-IXzw hln v A\p-{Kl {]`m-jww \S- Øp-I-bm-bn-cp- p- t{ijvt _mh. cmp- - mcpw N{I-h Øn-amcpw A[n-Imchpw Al- m-chpw sim v Zp `-cww \S-Øn-b-t mƒ Xmgvabpw hn\-bhpw hnip- nbpw sim v temisø Iog- S- nb tbip-{in-kvxp-hns am w, \ΩpsS I Øm-hpw, sszh-hpw, c n-xm-hp-am-b-h ImWn- p-x hn\-b-øn-s bpw Xmgva-bp-sSbpw, amxri ]n Xp-S-c-Ww. tbip-{in-kvxp-sh k m-[n-]s ]n mse t]mi-ww. sszhw \ Inb A\p-{K-l-ßƒ ad- -cpxv _mhm hnizm-kn-isf Hm Ωn- n- p. \ΩpsS I Ømhv s]klm A n skln-tbm amfni kpdn-bm\n k`-bp-ts- Xm-Wv. temi-ønse H m-a-tøbpw c m-a-tøbpw aq m-a-søbpw samwmkv{sn (k- ym-kn-a-tw) hn. k`-bp-ss-xm-wv. hn. thz-]p-kvx-i-øns Npcp-fp-Iƒ Is -Sp-ØXv kpdnbm\n k`-bnse sa{xm-s m-eo-ø-bm-wv. CXv sszh-øns k`-bmwv _mh hy -am- n. tbip-{inkvxp temisø c n- p-hm {Iqin-t bmk-am-bn-øo Hm Ω \Ωƒ Bh Øn- p-tºmƒ Ahs kvt\ lw Dƒs m-f-fp-hm {ian- -Ww. tbip-{in-kvxphn-t\msp tn v \S- Ww F v t{ijvt _mh Db ns ktµ-i-øn k`m-kw-ßsf Hm Ω-s -Sp-Øn. Xeÿm\ \K-cn-bn \S A\p-{K-l-I-c-amb lmim BgvN ip{iq-j- Iƒ hnizm-kn-iƒ v ]pø-\p-w hv {]Zm\w snbvxp. t{ijvt _mhm Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS al-\ob km n[yw sim v ad- m-\m-hmø A ym-floi A\p-`-h-am-bn-Øo p. lmim BgvN-bn sk v ]ot gvkv kpdn-bm\n IØo-{U-en \S [ym\-tbm-k-ßƒ v Uo. Acp kn. F. \ n-e, Uo. sdpn amxyp B n-en-øm-\w, ^oen-t mkv ]n. Fw. (Fw. Fkv. Hm. Sn. skan-\m-cn) F n-h [ym\ {]kwkw \S-Øn. s]klm hymgmgvn \S ] - m-cpss Im I-gp-I ip{iq-j-bn sx `{Zm-k-\-Ønse \nc-h[n sshzn-ic- S w At\Iw hnizm-kn-iƒ ` m-z-c-]q w ]s -SpØv A\p-{Klw {]m]n- p. Cdm- n kpdn-bm\n Hm ØtUmIvkv sshzn-i sim -s p BI-am\ kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse _mkvzmzv `{Zm-k-\-Øn s] sshzn-is\ hml-\-øn-se-ønb txm p-[mcn _mkvzm-zn shsn-sh p sim p. {InkvXm-\n-Ifpw ap o-ßfpw ]Tn- p kviqfns Ub-d-IvS IqSn-bmb ^m. bqk^v AsZ-ens\ (40) bmwv ]f-fn v kao-]-ap-ff hk-xnbpss IhmSw Xpd- p- -Xn- \nss Imdn-se-Ønb A m-x shsn-sh v sim -Xv. Cdm- n {InkvXy ax-\q-\-]- -ßƒ v t\sc-bp- m-ip B{IaW ]c-º-c-i-fn G hpw HSp-hn-etØ-Xm-Wn-Xv. am n apxn ItØm-en m ]ptcm-ln-x B v _nj v ]utemkv ^cpv dtlmsb A m-x sime-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cp- p. {InkvXy anj-wdn amcpss sime-]m-x-i-øn ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mh AKm-X-amb ZpxJw tcj-s -Sp-Øn. t\csø kndn-b Hm ØtUmIvkv sshzn-i-\m-bn-cp t_mfkv Ckv - sd B{I-an-Iƒ sime-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cp- p. Cdm- n ss{ikvxh hnizm-kn-iƒ ]ou-\-ßƒ A\p-`-hn- p-i-bm-wv. _lp. A s sime-]m-x-i-øn t{ijvt _mh A\p-tim-Nn- p. Ign Znhkw D mb kw`-h- Øn kndn-b Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bnse sshzn-i-\mb bqk^v AsZ-ens\ A{I-an- I-fpsS shsn-tb v sim -s - Xv thz-\-tbm-ss-bmwv {ihn- -Xv _mhm ]d p. kao-]-imeøv sim -s -Sp c m-asø sshzn-i-\mwv Ct±l-lw. Cdm- nse P\-ßƒ A\p-`hn- p thz-\-bn ] p-tncp-hm Ah p-th n {]m n- p-hm _mhm hnizmkn-isf Blzm\w snbvxp. t{ijvt ImtXm-en- m-_mh Bkvt{S-enbmbn Bkvt{S-en-b, sa s_m : ae- c bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n k`-bpss t{ijvt ImtXmen- mbpw ae- c sa{xm-t m-en-ø-bp-amb ae- -c-bpss bmt m_p _p t±m\ B_q tam _tk-en-tbmkv txmakv {]Y-a _mh Bkvt{S-enb kµ in- p- p. sa s_m sk v tpm v bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n ]ffn s]cp- m-fmb ]. Koh Kokv kl-zmbpss Hm Ω-s -cp- m-fn ]s -Sp- m-s\-øp A`n]nXm-hn\v G{]n 22 snm mgvn sshin v Ggp-a-Wn v sa s_m hnimcn ^m. D mkv h n sh n- p-t -ens t\xr- Xz-Øn a v ktlm-zc k`-i-fp-ssbpw sa s_m ae-bmfn kaq-l-øn-s bpw B`nap-Jy-Øn Dujva-f-amb kzoi-cww \evi-s -Sp- p. XpS v At\Iw hml-\-ß-fpss AI-º-Sn-tbmsS sk v At{]w kndn-b Hm Ø- -tumivkv tzhm-e-b-øn-te v kzoi-cn- m-\-bn- p- p. G{]n 27\v Rmb-dmgvN a p awn v t{ijvt _mhm-bpss {][m\ Im Ωn-I-Xz-Øn hn. Ip m\ sk v At{]w kndn-b Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ]f-fn-bn (2 4 spm{^n kv{so v sa s_m ) h v hn. Iq m\ A n- p- p. {]Z- nww, Bin hm-zw, t\ hnfºv Ch-tbmsS s]cp- mƒ kam-]n- p- p. XpS v ]utcm-lnxy kph Æ Pq_nen BtLm-jn- p t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _mhbv v sa s_m sk v tpm v bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n ]f-fn-bpss \ma-øn-ep-ff A\p-tam-Z\ ktωf\w \S-Ø-s -Sp- p. {]kvxpx ktω-f-\-øn C Uy-bp-tSbpw Bkvt{S-en-bm-bp-sSbpw Kh. A[n-Im-cn-Ifpw kap-zm-bni kmwkvim-cni kwl-s-\-i-fnse AwK-ßfpw ]s -Sp- p- p. k tu-kviqƒ Ip n-i-fpss hnhn[ Iem-]-cn-]mSn-Iƒ A\p-tam-Z\ ktω-f-\- Øn\v simgp-t -Ip- p. XpS v kvt\l-hn-cp pw \S-Ø-s -Sp- p. No^v FUn- : sjh._n_n G{_lmw IShpw`mKw, ]pfn- I-he ]n.-h.,hmgq Ph: 0481-2456498, 2458198, 9446921775, Sponsored by: Mor adai Study Center http://moradaistudycenter.cjb.net editor@viswasasamrakshakan.org abrahambibby@yahoo.com

hnizm-k-kw-c- -I Bephm skan-\mcn kvs]jy G{]n 2008 Xr p- Øv skan-\m-cn kxyhpw anyybpw sa{xm I n-iƒ- {Zhym-{K-ln-Isf \nßƒ v lm IjvSw! temi-ønse AXn]pcm-X\-amb kpdn-bm\n Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpss `mk-amb bmt m-_mb kaqlw Ign 30 ]cw h j-ß-fmbn Bep-hm-bn \oxnbv p th n t]mcm-sp-i-bm-wv. Rß-fpsS ]nxm- - m kz w `h-\-øn \n v sim p-h- Xpw AXy zm\w snbvxp kºm-zn Xpw, ÿm]n- -Xp-amb skan-\m-cnbpw kzøpw C v Itø- - m-cpss ssii-fn-em-wv. CXv Bflm-`n-am\w Dff Hcp k`m-hn-izm-kn- pw kln- m-hp- -X-. A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Øns Bÿm-\-am-bn-cp Cu skan-\m-cn sa{xm I n hn`m-k-øn\v tzh-temiw F t]mse bmt m-_mb k`bv v {]m[m\yw A ln- p- p. ]. k`-bpss `c-w-kn-cm-ti-{µ-ambncp p Xr p- Øv skan-\m-cn. AhnsS Pohn- -hcpw I_-d-S-ßn-bn-cn- p- -h-cp-amb ]pwy-]n-xm- - m ]n p-s p h n-cp kxy-hn-izm-k-ßsf Xffn d-bp Zpcm-{K-ln-I-fmb Hcp Iq w, kmt -Xn-I- Øns ad-hn skan-\m-cnbpw kzøp fpw ssih-i-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- -Xv. Chsc ]pd-øm n bym DS-a-ÿ v skan-\mcn Xncn- p-in- p- -Xp-hsc Cu [ Ω-k-acw XpS-cp-w. sa{xm I n-i-fpss {Zhym-{K-l-amWv C v kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse {]iv\-ßfpss aqe-im-c-ww. a p-f-f-h A zm-\n- p- m- nb kzøp ssih-i-s -SpØp-I-bmWv Ch-cpsS e yw. AXn\v F v A[ Ωw snøp-hm\pw Ch Xøm-dm-Wv. ChcpsS {Zhym- {Klw Ah-km-\n- n- p-hm tic-f-ønse G hpw henb kº- \pw, ]{X-ap-Ø-»nbpw, {]apj Nm\-ep-Im-c-pw, tic-f-øns h InS [\-Imcy ÿm]-\-øns DS-a-Ifpw d ^mivsdn DS-a-Ifpw Dƒs -Sp k`bv v km[n- p- n F Xv A]-am-\-I-c-am- Wv. Cu ap ]-d Iq CS-s] v Chsc kmº-øn-i-ambn klm-bn- -Ww- -A- msx ]mh-s a\p-jy ]nsn-bcn ]ncn pw c w \ocm nbpw ]Sp-Øp-b Ønb skan-\mcn Itø-dp-I-b th Xv. ae- c k`m amkni, k`-bpss ]nxm- - msc pdn v D]-tbm-Kn ]Z{]tbm-Kßƒ hnizmk kwc- -I Bh Øn- p- n-. Rßƒ as mcp k`-bnse tae- y- - \m-bn- mwv ZznZntamkv _mh AS- -ap-ff t\xm- sf ImWp- -Xv. Hcp Imcyw Rßƒ v a\- n-em-ipw. i -amb t\xrxzw Dff bmt m-_mb k`sb \nßƒ `b- p- p- v. AXpsIm mwv t{ijvt _mhsb \nßƒ ]pe`yw ]d-bp- -Xv. Cu \memw- m- p-imcs\ et m-]e w P\-ßƒ CjvS-s -Sp- Xv At±lw P\-ß-fpsS CS-b-\m-b-Xp-sIm- m-wv. sszho-i- A-\p-{K-l-ß-fm kº- -amwv bmt m-_mb k`bpw AXns t\xr- Xz-hpw. \nß-fpss apgp-h ]nf vun m IqSn-bmepw Cu \memw m p-im-cs sncp- ns hmd-gn- p-hm tbmky-c- m-sb v [cn- m \ v.xr p- Øv skan-\m-cnsb Ipdn v \ Adn-hp-f-f-h sa{xm I n-bn-ep- v. AXp-sIm- mwv 30 h jw skan- \mcn amt\-p-cm-bn-cp hµy tp _v aæm-d-{]m-bn tim -F- n-kvtim \nß-fpss amkn-i-bn {]Xn-I-cn- m- -Xv. F{Xtbm Imew Xo{h-amb \ne-]m-sp-iƒ kzoi-cn- ncp _lp. tum. Fw. H. tpm A -t\-t m-ep-f-f-h bmym yw a\- n-em n aptºm phcp- Xv kzmk-xm l-am-wv. Ct mƒ skan-\m-cn-sb- p-dn v Bthiw simf-fp- -h A -am-en- m-c-. ]ns tbm Nne sa{xm ÿm\-tam-ln-i-fm-wv. _lp. ae- c k`m ]{Xm-[n-]-tcm-Sv Ht - ]-d-bm-\p-ffq. sa{xm ÿm\w e`n- -sw-a- n a v k`m- y- - msc ]pe`yw ]d-bp- Xv Hcp tbmky-x-bmbn [cn- m AXp auvy-am-wv. \nßƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p Xpw Fgp- Xn-b-Xp-amb `mj-bn {]Xn-I-cn- p-hm Rß-sf-s m v Bhn-. tum. ]Wn- v e`n- -Xp-t]m-ep ]n. F v. Un. Rß-fpsS ssiøn-en-. a p- -h-cpss ]nxm- - msc Imcy-em-`-Øn-\p-th n Xß-fp-sSbpw ]nxm- - m-cm-sw p ]d v kzbw ]nxr-\nµ snøp- Xv Hcp ]cn-jvirx kaq-l-øn\v tncp- -X-. sa{xm I n hn`m-ksø 20- ]cw G hnkvxrxn D m-bn-cp- - sk-an-\mcn t\m m Gev]n- Xv, Ct mƒ \nßfpss kma yw aqew Bdc G -dmbn Npcp-ßn. ] nbpw skan-\m-cnbpw tlmãepw F mw C v Po Wm-h-ÿ-bn-em-Wv. CXn\v DØ-c-hmZn BcmWv? \nßƒ v kº-ømwv th -sx- n AXv hy -am- p-i. \nßƒ Bh-iy-s -Sp XpI Xcm tic-f-ønse bmt m-_m-b- hn-izm-kn-iƒ Hcp- -am-wv. Rßƒ v th Xv kº-ø-. Rß-fpsS ]pwy-]n-xm- - m-cpss I_-dn-S-hpw Ah AXy- zm\w snbvx ] nbpw skan-\m-cnbp-am-wv.- R-ß-fpsS ]nxm- - m A zm\w snbvxp- m- nb skan-\mcn Bb-Xp-sIm v AXns Ah-Im-i-Øn \n v ]n am-dm Rßƒ v km[n- n-. Rß-fpsS t{ijvt- ]n-xmhv _tk-en-tbmkv txmakv {]Y-a ImtXm-en m _mhm-bpss t\xr-xz-øn \oxn- p-th- n-bp Cu kacw XpS-cpw. Fs ms {]Xn-k- n-iƒ t\cn-sm\pw bmt m- _mb k`-bpss a ƒ Xøm-dm-Wv. Rß-fpsS knc-i-fn-ep- Xv Rß-fpsS ]nxm- - mcpss c -am-wv. a p- -h-cpss ]nxm- - msc Rß-fpsS ]nxm- - m-sc p hnfn- m Rßƒ Xøm-d-. {]nb-s sa{xm I- n- msc Rßƒ v Ht ]d-bm-\p- q. \nßƒ {Zhym-{Klw Dt]- n- p-i. At mƒ Bep-hm-{]iv\w Ah-km-\n- pw. sjh. _n_n G{_lmw IS-hpw-`mKw kxysø {Iqin- -p p Sponsored by: Mor adai Study Center http://moradaistudycenter.cjb.net

hnizmk kwc- -I 8 Xr p Øp skan-\mcn kxym-t\z-jww ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\nbpw timx-aw-kew _mhmbpw a -\n- c _mhmbpw Xr p- sø ]nxm- - m-cp-sams ae- c k`-bpss s]mxp-]n-xm- - m-wv. sa{xm I n k`-bpss shfn-s -Sp-Ø \S- n-em- m XS-k-sa v? F n\v am[y-a-ß-tfbpw Kh sa nt\bpw Ip -s -Sp-Øp p? bmt m-_mb sshzn-isc F n\v XSbp p? A_- -ßƒ ]e-h w Bh Øn- m kxy-am-iptam? ]mf-b-ønse ]S-sb-t]-Sn- p ImtXm-en m I n t\xm- ƒ bmt m-_mb k`m t\xr-xzsø I p ]Tn- -s. Xr p- Øp skan-\mcn kw_- n v sa{xm I n k` C{X-am{Xw imtyw ]nsn- p- -Xns Imcyw Kh sa n\pw CXc k`-iƒ pw kmaq-lni {]h Ø-I pw t_m[y-am-bn-i-gn- p. item-tam cmpmhv Hcp Ip nsb Ah-Im-i-am- m-\p-ff c p amxm- -fpss X sø ]cn-l-cn- Xv A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ t]mepw a\- n-em n Ign- p. hnl-snx hn`mkw \nb-a-hn-cp- -ambpw acym-z-c-ln-x-ambpw Iø-S- n-h- n-cn- p skan-\m-cnbpw ]f-fnbpw I_-dn-Shpw A\p-_ ÿm]-\-ßfpw kzøp- fpw s\sp-ºm-t»cn tam AØ-t\-jykv sslkviqfpw Ing- -ºew t_xvetlw Zb-dmbpw kviqfpw kzøp-h-i-ifpw D m- nbxpw hn]p-e-am- n-bxpw bmt m-_mb k`-bm-sw- -Xn-\m sa{xm I n k`bv pw FXn n F -Xn-em-izm-k-ap- v. 1958 ep- mb kam-[m\ Bcw-`-{i-a-ßƒ p bmt m- _mb k` Bflm -X-tbmsS kl-i-cn- -Xns\ apx-se-spøv h -\-bn-eqss Xr p- Øp skan-\m-cnbpw a pw ssih-i-s -Sp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp- p. F n v sa{xm I n k`-bptsxp am{x-am-sw v ]c-ky-s -Sp-Øm {ian- p- p. Cu anyy s]mfn-bp-tºm-gp-ff at\mzpxjamwv sa{xm I n k`m t\xrxzw ad-\o- m B{K-ln- p- -Xv. 1912 am{xw D mb sa{xm I n hn`mkw GI-]- o-b-ambn Hcp `cw LS\ ]S- p- m- n-bxv 1934 am{x-am-wv. F n pw Xr p- Øp skan-\m-cnbpw a pw ]. At ymjym knwlm-k-\øn Iogn-em- n. AXXp ImesØ `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-eo- Ø-am cpn-ã snbvx hn -{X-ßfpw B[m-c-ßfpw a pw 1934 se `cw LS\ v hnt[- b-am-sw p ]d-bp- -h hnvn-thjw si p-i-bmtwm? ap `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-en-øam Ah-c-h-cpsS IpSpw-_-kz-Øp- ƒ hn -{X-ßƒ cpn-ã-dm n `{Zm-k-\-Øn\v \evinbxv sx m-bn-t mtbm? hb-en- -d-ºn tam {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hn {Xw s{]mt_ p snbvxv ap{z- -{X-Øn-em n timsxnbn \evin-bxv sa{xm I n hn`mkw \ntj-[n- ptam? Cu s{]mt_-j \S-]-Snsb IogvtIm-SXn apx kp{]ow timsxn hsc tnmzyw snbvx sa{xm I n hn`mkw hmz-k-xn-isfsb mw Xf-f-s - Xv ad- m-dm-bn- t m. bym A -amen `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-s m-enøm txmakv tam Zoh- m-tkymkv Xncpta\n (C-t m-gsø t{ijvt ImtXm-en- m)-bm-sw v timsxn Cu hn[n-bn-eqss Is - Øn. Ccp- p-sim v Hm -b-s- m \nev ptam? IÆ-S- m Ccp- m-iptam? IÆ-S- p- -h p am{x-am-bn-cn pw Ccp v F Xv Hm p-i. Xr p- Øp ]f-fn-bn I_-d-S-ßn-bn-cn- p ]nxm- - m sa{xm I n hn`mk mcm-bn-cp p F p-hsc ]d-s m- n- p sa{xm I n hn`mk mcpss N q w tiaw Xs. 2008 P\p-hcn 25 \v Xr p- Øp skan-\m-cn-bn \S sa{xm I n hn`mkw Kp -I-fpsS Bt{Im-i-ßƒ ssen-hn-j- Nm\-ep-I-fn I -h sa{xm I n hn`mksø n A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ ]d-bs! kxysø anyy-bm- m Ign- n-cp Imew Ign p t]mbn F v ImtXm-en m I n a\-kn-em- m sshi-cptx F A`y \ hbv p hnh-c-ap-f-f-hsc ]cn-l-kn- -cp-sx v D]-tZ-in- p-i-b-, A`y n- p-i-bmwv. sa{xm I n hn`mkw sa{xm- m k`m-kz-øp- ƒ Iø-S n Iøm- fn \S-Øp-tºmƒ bmt m-_mb k`-bnse Xncp-ta-\n-am IpSpw-_-kz-Øp- -ƒ `{Zm-k-\-ßƒ v FgpXn h v B kzøp- -fnse BZm-b-ßƒsIm pw hc-hp-iƒsim- p-amwv Pohn- Xpw ]f-fn-iƒ D m- n-b-xpw. ]f-fn-i-fn \n pw FSp- p-i-b simsp- p-i-bm-wn-h snbvx-xv. Bb- Xn-\m \nb-a-ßƒ -\p-kr-x-ambn ]n m-eøv Ah-Im-in-I-fmsc v \n -bn- m-\p-ff A[n-Imcw C Uy `c-w-l-s-\-bmwv \evip- -Xv. Bcpw AwKo-I-cn- mø 1934 se `c- W-L-S-\ v CXn bmsxm-c-h-im-i-hp-an-. Ch-bvs mw kzx-{ -`m-c-x-øn \nb-a-ßfp- v. ]f-fn-i-fpss `c-whpw `{Zm-k-\-ß-fpsS `c-whpw Ah-bpsS s]mxp-tbm-k-ß-fn \n n]vx-am-sw v 1995 se _. kp{]ow timsxn hn[n-bn {]Jym-]n- Xv Ct m-gsø sa{xm I n t\xr-xz-øn\pw Xr p- Øp Ãm kv tim ewln v Ibdn IqSn-bn-cn- p- -h pw Adn-hn- m-bn-cn- mw. k`-bnse inip- -sf pw, A[n-Imc tamln-i-sf pw tzh-temi t\xrxzw Xs Chsc \n h-nn- p-tºmƒ bmt m-_mb k` Ah-cpsS B`y- c Imcy-ßfn CS-s]-SmsX amdn-\n-ev p- Xv _e-lo-\-x-b-, A`n-am-\-am-Wv, am\y-xbm-wv. 1995 se ]c-tam- X timsxn hn[n-{]-imcw ]ckyw snbvxpw t\m o-kp-i-f-b pw A - amen `{Zm-k\ ]f-fn -{]-Xn-]p-cp-j-tbmKw Bep-hm-bn \nb-am-\p-krx `{Zm-k\ sa{xmt m-en-ø-bp-ssbpw klmb sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-am-cp-ssbpw t\xr-xz-øn IqSn Xr p- Øp skan-\m-cnbpw a pw kw_- n Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-SpØv _ -s CS-ß-fn Adnbn- n- p- v. \mfn-xp-hsc Bcpw tnmzyw snøp-itbm FXn -Itbm snbvxn- n-. 2008 P\p-hcn 25 \p- mb Xr p- Øp ]ffn {]th-i\w kw_- n v Ie-IvS pw, Kh sa n-\pw, t{ijvt ImtXm-en- pw FXnsc timsxn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoi-cn- p-sa v {]Jym-]n sa{xm I n hn`mkw F p snbvxp.? Ft an m-ø-xv.? Fs ms Adn-bm temiw ImtXm p- p. 2005 sa{xm I n hn`mk mc-\mb DΩ Nm n sa{xm I n hn`mksø {]oxn-s -Sp-Øm-\mbn Bephm ]me-kn D m- n-b-xmbn ]d-bp shf-f- -S-emkv DS- º-Sn v B IS-em-kns hne t]mep-an-. Ds - n {io. DΩ Nm n Xs ]d-b-s ; {]Xn-] t\xm-hs Ct mƒ. Ft au\n-bm-im Imc-Ww; ]dbq, ]dbq t\xmth! 2006 epw 2007 epw 2008 epw DS-ºSn D m-bnt? Ft ]pdøp hnsm-øxv? ImtXm-en m ] w adp-]sn ]d-b-ww. DΩ Nm n aqew Bep-hm, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw emøn Nm Pp- Iƒ D m n F v Nne v A`n-am-\n- mw. Itø w bmt m-_mbk`- io-en- n- n- n-, Itø- hpw Kp m B{I-a-Whpw azy-]n p e n- msx IS pib- hpw sa{xm I n hn`mkøn\v t\xr-xz-øns apj-ap-{z-bm n ss{ikvx-ho-i-xsb \in- n- p- Xv e m- I-c-am-Wv. hyh-lm-c-ßƒ sim v k`-bpss {]iv\-ßƒ v ]cn-lm-c-am-hp-sa v bmt m-_mb k` hniz-kn- p- n-. 1912 Bcw-`n timsxn Ib w Ct mgpw XpS-cp- p. h n Xncp-\- sc Xs. timsxn hn[n-iƒ am\n- p- Xp Zu _-ey-ambn hymjym-\n- p- -h-tcmsp an- -W-sa- -`y n- p- p. Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ImtXm-en- m-tbbpw Ct m-gsø k`m `mc-hm-ln-i-tfbpw kp{]ow timsxn t]mepw AwKo-I-cn- n- n-t! sxc-s -Sp v Akm-[p-hm- m cmpy-hym- -]-Iambn Ggv tikp-iƒ \ne-hn-t.? hmzn-iƒ sa{xm I n hn`mk m am{x-am-w-t m.? t{ijvt ImtXm-en- msb _. tims-xn-ifpw P\-ßfpw ]f-fn-ifpw AwKo-I-cn- p- p. t{ijvt ImtXmen- bpw Iogn-ep-ff sa{xm-t m-en-ø-amcpw sshzo-icpw t]meokv k m-l-an- msx Ibdp- Xv am[y-a-ß-fn \ns - nepw a\-kn-em- p-tºmƒ hndfn ]nsn- n p Imcy-an-. t]meokv klmbw txsn _. kp{]ow timsxn hsc t]mbn ]cm-p-b-s sa{xm I n hn`mkw C\nbpw hyh-lm-c-ßƒ p tim p-iq- p-i-bm-sw- -dn-bp- -Xn tjz-ap- v. hb-en- -d-ºn tam {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n 1934 se `c-w-l-s\ \S- n-em- m `{Zm-k\ ]f-fn-isf \n _- n- -Xm-bp-ff {]Nm-cWw XnI pw sx m-wv. 1958 ep mb kam- [m\ DS-º-Sn-bn 1934 ense `c-w-l-s\ ]n osv FgpXn tn Ø h -\-bn {]Xn-tj- [n Xncp-ta\n CS-hI ]f-fn-i-fpss ÿm]-t\m-t±-i-ß-fpss \ne-\n-ev]n-\p-ff DS-º-Sn-Ifpw k`m-apjy h mhv ^m. h Kokv I m- md \in- p-sim- n-cn- p Bephm skan-\mcn kap- bw sa{xm I n hn`mkw {]Xn-I-cn- ptam? Ccn pw simºv apdn- p p txmakv tam Zoh- m-tkymkv (C-t m-gsø t{ijvt _mh) Xncp-ta\n Bcpw Adn-bmsX FhnsS \nt m ] -ta- p-h Bfm-sW sa{xm I n hn`mkøns hmzw Ccn- p simºv apdn- p- -Xn-t\mSv ka-am-wv. Imc-W-ßƒ: 1. 1934 se `c-w-l-s\ sa{xm I n hn`mkw t\xrxzw Xs ewln- p- p. tam Zoh- m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n p taev] ÿm\w \evinb ]. ]m{xn-b okv Hm ØtUmIvkv k`-bpss Xe-h-\m-sW- v kω-xn v tims-xn-bnepw kxy-hm-mvaqew simsp- Øn- p-f-fxv Hm -W-sa. 2. Fßp-\nt m h dºms\ c p sa{xm- m IqSn cl-ky-øn sa{xm-\m- n-bxv 1934 se `c-w-l-s\m ewl-\-at? F p \S-]Sn FSp- p-sa- -dn-bm IuXp-I-ap- v. sa{xm I n hn`mk m Xs CXn\p hyh-lm-c-ßƒ \S-Øp p F Xv ad- m-\m-hp-tam.? 3. Ct m-gsø sshzni {SÃnbpsS ]ffn GXv `c-w-l-s\ A\p-k-cn- p hy n F -dn-bm-\m-{k-ln- p- p. 4. amt\-pnwmv IΩ n \S- -t mƒ sa{xm- msc XS- Xpw Ihm-S-[ Æbpw ad pt]mtbm? 5. IjvSm-\p-`h (_p-[-\m-gvn) BgvN timsxn hcm- -bnepw timsxn CS-\m-gn-I-fnepw ] -\- {X tlm -ep-i-fnepw sa{xm thj-[m-cn-iƒ ]Xn-bn-cp- Xpw Idßn hm Øm-am-[y-a-ß-fn Xe-Iƒ ImWn p sx p-[-cn- n- p hm Ø-Iƒ \evinbxpw Hm Ω-bn \n pw ambm-dm-bn- n-. 6. ]utemkv tam AØm-\m-tkymkv Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpss ]nxm-hmbn AwKoIcn v ]cn-ip- -\mbn {]Jym-]n- p-sa X{ w Ft \S- n-em- m-\m-bn? 7. 34 h jw Xr p- Øp skan-\mcn amt\-pcpw Xr p- Øp ]ffn hnim-cn-bp-ambn hneknb aæmd {]mbne- s\ Idn-th- ne t]mse Hcp kp{]-`m-x-øn Igp-Øn\p ]nsn p ]pd-øm- n-b-xns clkyw shfn-s -Sp-Øm-tam.? 8. AJne temi k`m Iu kn-ens\ ( W.C.C) t]mepw sx n-[-cn- n- m-\p-ff {iaw ]cm-p-b-s ImtXm-en m ] w kxysø Ipgn- p-aq-sm\pw hy{kx Im p-tºmƒ kxy-t_m-[hpw \oxn-t_m-[hpw aueni [ Ωhpw ssish-sn-b-cptx F -`y n- p- p. 9. kxyw F m-se v!!? (tbm-l- m 18:38 ) F v ]oem-tømkv tbip-hn-t\msp tnmzn- Xv C v tzh-temi t\xr-xzhpw tnmzn- p-tºmƒ temiw sr p- p. A -amen `{Zm-k-\sØ tkhn sa{xm-t m-en-øm-am-cn ]oen-t mkv txtbm- ^n-temkv Hgn v a p-f-f-h-sc-sb mw skan-\m-cn v apx Iq p-i-bmwv snbvx-xv. Aºm- p-im-hv, Bep-hm, Nq n, Im -\msv F n-hn-s-ß-fn-embn bmt m-_mb sa{xm-t m-en- Øm-am-cpsS IpSpw-_-kz-Øp-sIm v B n ]ms-ß-fpw, ]d-ºp-i-fpw, si n-s-ß-fpw, ÿm]-\-ßfpw a pw hn v t]m - n-en ]mc-ºcyw ]oen-t mkv txtbm-^n-temkv sa{xmt m-en-øm v kz w. At±lw am{x-amwv A -amen `{Zm-k-\sØ tkhn pw `cn pw A[o-\-s -Sp-Øn-b-sX kxyw ad- m-\m-hp- n-. 1970 Ifn k`m-x w aq n- t mƒ Xr p- Øp skan-\m-cn-tbmsv hns ]d v s\sp-ºm-ticnbnte v Xmakw am nb Cu tej-i\pw C\nbpw ]e kxy-ßfpw shfn-s -Sp-Øm-\p- v. kabw hcp-tºmƒ {]Xn-I-cn- m-sa v Dd- mbn {]Jym-]n- p- p. AtXm-sSm w Xr p- Øp skan-\mcnbpw ]f-fnbpw I_-dn-Shpw skan- -dnbpw A\p-_ kzøp- fpw ÿm]-\-ßfpw kw_- n v GXv hn[-øn-ep-ap-ff kwhm-z-øn\pw, am[ya N -Iƒ pw, a[yÿ N -Iƒ pw Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ] sø Wn- p-ibpw snøp- p. t\cn-emimw; Xøm-dpt m? \n -b-ßfpw FSp- n v cpn-ã snø-w-sa v \n _- n- p-i-bmwv snbvxn- p-f-f-xv. 2002 se `c-w-l-s-\-bn Ch tn Øn- p-f-f-xp-am-wv. _. tims-xn-i-fpss s]mxp-tbmk \n -b-ßƒ AtX-]Sn AwKo-I-cn- n- p-ap- v. Xr p- Øp ]ffn Xpd- m sa{xm I n hn`mkw hnk-ω-xn- p- Xpw CXv a\- n-em- n-bm-wv. 1995 epw 2007 epw D mb _. kp{]ow timsxn hn[n-iƒ Xr p- Øp ]f-fn pw _m[-i-am-wv. hb-en- -d-ºn tam {KntKm-dntbmkv Xncp-ta\n Xr p- Øp ]f-fnsb ]q Æ Ah-Im-i-ap-ff CS-h-I-bmbn {]Jym-]n- n- p-f-f-xm-wv. ]oen-t mkv tam txtbm-^n-temkv Xncp-ta\n CXv AwKo-I-cn- n- p-f-f-xp-am- Wv. `{Zm-k\ ]f-fn-{]-xn-]p-cp-j-tbm-k-ß-fn Xr p- Øp ]ffn {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw hnimcnbpw kw_- n- n- p-f-f-xp-am-ip- p. Bdp-sIm w B ]f-fn-bpss hnim-cn-bm-bn-cp dh. ^m. G. kn. F{_lmw s]mxp-tbm-k-ß-fp-tsbpw ]ffn IΩ- n-i-fp-tsbpw \n -b-{]-imcw iºf kwjy Dƒs ss `{Zm-k\ Hm^o-kn-e-S v iºfw sn mbn hmßn-b-xn\pw Dff tcj-iƒ sa{xm I n hn`mkw \in n p F nepw s^u-d _m n \n pw kxyw a\-kn-em- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. Iev]-\-I-fpsS Isø-gpØp Ub-dn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n pw Cu ]cam w t_m[y-s -Sm ssih-i- m {ian- -Ww. 1954 apx 1969 hsc Xr p- Øp skan-\m-cn-bn Xma-kn v hnhn[ ÿm\-ßƒ hln tej-i ZrIvkm n hnh-cww \S-Øp- p. hb-en- -d-ºn tam {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ss{]h v sk{i- -dn-bmbpw ^nen-t mkv txtbm-^n-temkp Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t]gvk-w Akn-Ã mbpw skan-\mcn amt\-p-cmbpw skan-\m-cn-tbmsv tn pff sk v tacokv CS-hI ]f-fn-bpss hnim-cn-bmbpw tkh\w A\p-jvTn- n- p- v. Sn. ]f-fnbpss hnim-cn-bm-bn-cp dh. ^m. G. kn. F{_lmw tam tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t menøm Xncp-ta-\n v Sn. ]ffn ssi m-c- m `{Zm-k\ Hm^o-kn AS `{Zm-k\ hnln- X-Øn \n pw a p CS-hI ]f-fn-i-fnse hnim-cn-am p \ In h -Xp-t]mse iº-f- Øns sn v \evin-bxpw tej-i km y-s -Sp-Øp- p. FUn-

hnizmk kwc- -I 9 Xr p- Øp skan-\mcn Ncn{Xw Hcp Xncn- p-t\m- w ]ucm-wn-ix sim pw Bƒ _ew sim pw sszhm-eb i n-sim pw Ahn-`mPy ae- c k`-bpss i n ti{µhpw \ho-i-c-w- -kz-x-{ - -doøp {]ÿm-\-ßƒs ms i -amb {]Xn-tcm[w krjvsn v kxy-hn-izm-kn-i-fpss kncm-ti-{µ-ambn ]cn-e-kn- p Ccp-\q-dn ]cw sszhm-e-b-ßfpw ÿm]-\- ßfpw AS-ßp ae- c k`-bpss i n ti{µ-amwv A - amen `{Zm-k-\w. A -am-en-bpss {]Ya sa{xm-s m-enøm Bbn A`n-jn- -\mb Aºm p tam Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ImesØ sh p Z i-\-øns km m-xvim-c-amwv Xr p- Øp skan-\m-cnbpw Ahn-SpsØ Bÿm-\-hpw. Xmc-X-tay\ sndp-{]m-b-øn sszh-k- n-[n-bn-te v hnfn- -s Aºm v Koh Kokv tam Iqdn-temkv sa{xm-t m-enøm BWv Cu ÿm]-\-øn\v t\xrxzw hln- -Xv. Beph A m-eøv A{]- [m\ ÿm\w Bbn-cp- p-sh- nepw `mhn km[y-x-i-sf- p-dn v XnI t_m[yhpw Z i-\hpw Dff hy n-bm-bn-cp- p. Hcp Ncn{X Imhyw D -cn- s! knav\m-cn-bn ]Tn- n- p-sim- n-cn- p-tºmƒ Bep-hm-bn Hcp ]ffn ÿm]n- - W-sa v ]utemkv aev]m\pw Aºm p Koh Knkv IØ-\mcpw... IqSn Btem-Nn- p- Ibpw... Ah-cn Aºm v Koh Knkv IØ-\m Xs Bephm ]f-fn v ASnÿm\ I n- p. Bephm ]ffn ÿm]n A -amen CS-h-I-bpsS ]tc-x-\mb Koh Knkv tam Iqdn-temkv sa{xm-t m-enøm Xncp-a-\- n- te v At±-l-Øns B{K-l-{]-Im-c-apff D Xn B ÿew {]m]n v Im m Bbp v A\p-h-Zn- n-. Hme-ta- ncp Bephm ]f-fn-bpss ta ]pc At±lw Xmakw hn\m HmSpta n Ign- n- p... ]utemkv tam AØm- \m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]n sø {iaw Bep-hm-bn Hcp skan-\mcn ÿm]n- p-hm-\m-bn-cp- p. Xs hm yiyw AXn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-kn- phm Xo -bm- n... C m-cy-øn ]e pw B{Klw P\n- p. Ch-cn {][m\n ]tc-x-\mb si. ]n. amxyp _n. F. _n. F (]-d-hq ) Bbn-cp- p. (Ct±lw tam Iqdn-temkv sa{xm-t m-en- Øm-bpsS ktlm-zco ]p{x-\m-wv.) skan-\mcn ]Wn v {][m\ Npa-Xe hln ncp- Xv sim p-]u-temkv dºm- F t]cn Adn-b-s - n-cp- -t±l-am-wv. (C-t±-l-amWv ]utemkv tam AØ-\m-tkymkv henb Xncp-ta-\n) ho pw kvym]\ Ncn{Xw hmbn- pi: DØ-chp e`n tijw 1880 Xncp-a-\- p-sim v (Ko-h Knkv tam Iqdn-tem-kv) ]ffn ]Wn pff Hcp- am-bn. kz CS-h-I-bmb A -amen, AI- -dºv ]f-fn-i-fn \n p-ff ]nsns\- v, ]nsn-bcn apx-em-bh ]ncn pw kz w ssiøn \n v Ipsd B[nIw {Zhyw FSpØpw ]Wn-Iƒ \S-Øn. 1889 Ipw`w 18- \v ]f-fn p I n-sp-ibpw BZyambn hn. Ip m\ A n- p-ibpw snbvxp. C v tzh-temi t\xrxzw Ah- Imi Sp- Xv Beph skan-\m-cnbpw kzøpw Xßƒ `cn-t k`m kzøpw s]mxp-kzøpw Fs m-s -bm- Wv. ]t Ncn{Xw ]d-bp- Xv ÿm]- I GI-\mbn \n h-ln p F m-wv. At±lw tcmk- n-s- -bnepw ]d- n-cp- Xv Rm Bep-hm-bn Hcp ]ffn ÿm]n- p. C\n AXv Bcp t\m pw F m-bn-cp- p. (ta-ep- -c-wn-iƒ ^mz sska Fgp-Xnb ]utemkv tam AØm-\m-tkymkv Xncpta-\n-bpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-Øn \n p-am-wv.) ae- c k`m-am-kni kxyhpw [ Ωhpw F v DZvtLm-jn- p-sim v Cd- nb {]txyi ]Xn- n Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw Kth-j-I\pw Fs ms hnti-jn- n- -s -Sp Ipcy txmakv Xr p- Øp skan-\mcn Ncn{Xw cnn- p-hm ]cn-{i-an- -t mƒ taep- -cn bmym y-ßƒ Hs Ah-K-Wn v hfsc hnnn-{x-amb Hcp Bap-Jhpw hni-e-amb Hcp hne-bn-cp-øepw Bap-J-ambn tn Øv Xm Ncn-{Xm-[n-jvTn-X-amb Kthj-W-a \S-Øp- Xv F mtem Ncn-{Xm-`mkw FgpXn h Ck-Uv. Fw. ]mtd- n\p ]n Km-an-bm-Ip-hm ]cn-{i-an- p-i-bm-sw p sxfn-bn- n-cn- p- p. I n sshcmkyw F GI AP- -bpambn Xs ] -]m-xnxz {]Xn-]m-Z\w Hcp tej-\-øn-eqss Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. At±lw ]d-bp- Xv Hcp Hgp- a n-ep-ff {]kvxm-h-\-bm-wv. Aºm v tam Iqdn-temkv Bep-hmbn 20 G hkvxphpw Npcp- -Øn Hcp ]f-fnbpw ÿm]n p F m-wv. 20 G hkvxphpw Hcp ]f-fnbpw ÿm]n- Xv Npcp- -Øn F v ]d-bp- Xv Kth-jI `mhw F mtwm? ]nsn-s\- pw, ]nsn-b-cnbpw ]ncn v tcmk- n-s- -bnepw thz-\-tbmss Hm Ωn- n-cp Hcp {]nb ÿm]\w kz w IpSpw_ kzøpw sne-hm- n-bp- m- nbxv Fßs\ Npcp- -Øn HXp- p-hm Ignbpw. B ÿm]\w A\-[n-Ir-X-ambn ssihiw h v hcp-am\w [q Ø-Sn- p-ibpw ]nsn-s\- pw, ]nsn-b-cnbpw \ In-b-h-cpsS Xe-ap-d-Isf hne- p-ibpw snøp- -Xn\v I p-]n-sn Hgp- ]Z-{]-tbm-K-amtWm Cu Npcp- -Øn- ep-ff ÿm]\w? Xo n- n ]mtd p ssien-bn-ep-ff Kth-jWw {i n- I. 1876 ae- c kµ in BZy ]m{xn-b o-kmb ]. ]t{xmkv XrXo-b, ae- c sa{xmt\ IqSmsX Bdv ta ]- - msc hmgn- Xv ae- c k`sb GI-]- o-b-ambn Ggv sa{xm-k-\-ambn hn`-pn- Xpw Fs m-s -bmwv ]mtd- n\v ]Tn- p Cu bph lnkvtãmdn bs tcmj-{]-i-s\w. Cu GI-]- ob hn`-p\w \S-Ønb ]m{xnb okv hmgn tam Iqdn-temkv ]nsn-s\ pw ]nsn-bcn ]ncn pw kz w kzøpw aps n ÿm]n ÿm]-\hpw kzøpw Hs kzoim-cyhpw Xo Øpw kzim-cy-hp-ambn thww. ]t CXn\p CS-bm n Ct±-l-tØbpw ]n Km-an IS-hn tam AØm-\m-tkymknt\bpw hmgn ]m{xn-b okv \S-Ønb hmgn- bpw `{Zm-k\ cq]o-i-c-whpw Hs hfsc GI- Ipdnbmt mkv tim -F- n-kvtim aqe-bn 2005- se DS-ºSn Hcp cmjv{sob h -\-bpss _m n ]{Xw ]- o-bhpw hn`-p\]chpw Bbn-cp pht{x! Fs mcp sshcp yw? Fs mcp sshnn{xw? \S-]-Sn-Iƒ apgp-h sx v, alm_ w! ]t! \S-]Sn hgn e`n sx mw Xß v kz w! ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\nsb hmgn \S-]Sn sx v ]t ]cp-ae ]pwy-hm-f F sa{xm alm-]-cn-ip-! ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\nbv v alxzhpw ]pwyhpw Bbn-cp- sxms Cu A`n-\` hnnn-{x-im-c- m v A\-`n-a-Xhpw A\-`n-e- Wo-bhpw! Cu hnnn-{x-im-c ImWn- p GI-tcJ hmi-øm-\øp _mhm (A- sø IShn sa{xm- s sk{i- dn IqSn-bm-bn-cp Koh Kokv dºm )-bpss Ub-dn- p-dn- p-iƒ BWv. ae- ck`- hmbn p B pw txm p- Xv hmi-øm\w Koh Kokv dºm F Hcm-fmWv Bephm skan-\m-cn v ]Ww kam-l-cn- -sx- m-bn-cn pw! Koh Kokv dºm F\n v amxm-aln hgn ASpØ _ p-hm-sw- -Xn A`n-am\w Hs txm m-sa- nepw Ncn-{Xm-_- -Øn\p Iq p-\n p-hm _p n-ap- p-f-f-xp-sim v Ipcy txmakv Nm Øn simsp- p Bephm skan-\mcn ÿm]i Xqh B Xe-bn tncp- -X-s p kxyw ]d-bmsx hø! am{x-hp-a-, Ipcy txmakv ho pw ]cn-{i-an- p- Xv sx -\mb Koh Kokv dºms\ Nne ]pi p ]pd-øm- m {ian- -Xns kqn-\-bmtwm F Imcyw C\nbpw I p-]n-sn-t - n-bn-cn- p- v F ZpxkqN\ tn p- -Xn-\m-bmWv. I n-sshcmkyw am{x-a-, k`-bnse sx p hs- sshcmky at\m-`m-hsø ap Ime {]m_-eytømss ÿm]n- p-hm ]cn-{i-an- p-i-bmwv. Ct±-l-Øns `mj-bn ]d- m ]cpae Xncp-ta-\nbpw ]utemkv tam Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta-\nbpw hs- cv HmSn sx -cmtwm? k`sb H mbn I hs- -cmtwm?. ho pw apdn-a w _mhmbpw Itcm- p-ho- n tam Cuhm-\n-tbmkpw (]-cp-a-e) HutK _mhmbpw Hs hs- ]pi v NmSn v sx p-h- -Sn A`-bm nifm-bn-cpt m? {]nb kplr-tø, Ipcy txmatk Ncn{Xw A`yql-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-hm-\p-ff thzn-bm- p- Xv Ncn-{Xm-`ym-khpw Aev]-Ø-c-hp-am- Wv. CsXms km m Nc-{X-ambn Cu {IqcX Hcp cmjv{sob t\xr-xz-øn\pw `qj-w-a 2005 A sø `c-wm-[n-im-cn-ifpw k`-bp-am-bp- m- nb DS-ºSn Hcp cmjv{sob h - \-bpss _m n ]{X-am-Wv. sa{xm I n- m-c-\mb A sø ticfm apjy-a{ n Bep-hmbn \S-Ønb {Iqc-amb a ±-\-Øn-\p -tijw ]Øp Znh-k-Øn-\p-f-fn bmt m-_mb k`bv v Xr p- Øv skan-\m-cn ]f-fn-bn, ÿnc-ambn Bcm-[-\bv v Ah-kcw \evipsa v ]d v k`m t\xr-xz-øn Nnesc {]tem-`n- n v \S-Ønb cmjv{sob KqVm-tem-N-\- bpss ^eamwv Cu DS-º-Sn. CXv bmt m-_mb k`-tbmsv A sø sa{xm I n- m-c- \mb `c-wm-[n-imcn B ] -tømss tn v \S-Ønb KqVm-tem-N-\-bpsS _m n ]{XamWv. {]kn- o-i-cn- p ae- c k` amkn-ibpss hne-\n-e-hmcw hne-bn-cp-øp-hm Npa-X-e- m p km[n- m hmb-\- m-cpss `mkyw F mwv Fs ] w! ho pw Ncn-{X-Im-c A_ ] mwkw XpS-cp- Xv IS-hn tam AØ-\m-tkym-kn\v tijw A -amen `{Zm-k\ `cww ae- c sa{xm-t m-en- Øm-bn h p tn p F mwv! ]pent m- n h- -ti-cn Xncp-ta-\n-am {SÃnamsc am n-bn F pw Ip n- m- n ]utemkv dºm\pw tpmk^v dºm\pw XpS p F pw A\p-_- -ambn HutZymKy {]kvxm-h\ XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. 1910- sa{xm-\m-bn-øo Xr p- Øp skan-\mcn {SÃn Bbncp ]utemkv dºm\v Xs ÿnchmkw... XpS p F nepw Bephm skan-\mcn ta ]m{xn-b o-knt\m tam AØm-\m-tkym-knt\m A[n-Im-csam pw kn n- n- n F v Ah a\- n-em- n-b-xmwv kqn-\-iƒ F mwv Cu A`n-\h Kth-j-Is Is - Ø! ImSS v shsn-h v kz w A`yqlw kqn-\-iƒ D v hrym- `mhn v hmb-\- msc h n- p- -XmtWm Kth-jWw? Ipcy txmakv shfnhm pw F p hniz-kn- p- p. At±lw Xs D -cn- p (t]pv 14) tcj ChnsS D -cn- -s. Xmsg tn Øn-cn- p F ] ni {]Im-c-ap-ff ÿmh-c-h-kvxp- fn... hne-h-cp kzøp- ƒ A -amen CS-h-I-bpsS tae- y- -\mbn-cp v Imew snbvx \ΩpsS ktlm- Z-c _. Koh Kokv tam Iqdn-temkv sa{xm-t m-en-øm-bpss kz hpw... \ΩpsS kz w {Zhyw snehv snbvxv AXn-t\mSp tn Øv ]Wn-bn- n- p-f-fxpw... hn ]-{X-Øn-eqsS {SÃn Bbn \nb-an- -s v \ntbm-kn- -s ]utemkv tam AØ-\m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n v Cu kzøn-t Ah-Im-i-an- m-bn-cp p F v kqn\ \ Ip Ncn-{X-Im-c Db Øn \n Øn-bn-cp `mh\m {]Xn-jvT-bpsS Imep-Ifpw ]othpw shdpw `mh-\-bpss Ifn-a cq]-ß-fm-sw- -XmWv kxyw. hmi-øm\w Koh Knkv dºm- Bephm hn v t]mcp-hm-\p-ff ImcWw F mbn-cp p sh v hfsc hy -ambpw kqnn- n- p Hcp tcj Fs ssih-iønep- v. 1906 [\p 13- mw XobXn Bephm skan-\m-cn-bn IqSnb s]mxp-tbm-k-øn hmbn dnt m v 5 mw JWvUn-I-bn Cßs\ ]d-bp- p. tam AØ-\m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-enøm Xncp-a-\- p-sim v ChnsS Xma-kn- n-cp- -t mƒ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kzøn \n pw a pw F m-h-cp-ssbpw Nnehv Ign- p-iqsn F m... hµy. ]nxmhv... ChnsS \n pw AI- -dºv ]f-fn-bn-te v \oßp- Ibpw I n 14- mw hsc _. Koh Knkv dºm- Ah-d-Ifpw Rm\pw ChnsS Xma-kn- p- Ibpw snbvxp. A p-hsc ap ]-d hn[-øn hµy ]nxm-hns kzøn \n pw a pw Fs Nnehpw IqSn Ign- p-ibpw I n 14- mw XobXn ktlm-z-c Koh Kokv dºm- Ah-d-Iƒ kpj-t Sv \nanøw ÿew hn p-t]m-b-txmsp IqSn sne-hn\v am -an- m- Xm-hp-Ibpw... Rm am{xw tijn- p-ibpw snbvxp... F nepw HuZmcy ioecmb A -amen A-I- -dºv CS-h-I- m-cpss ]nsn-s\ v aps w IqSmsX Ab v X -Xn-\m X mew ia-\-øn\v Imc-W-am-bn... hfsc {]m[m\ya ln- p- -XmWv Cu D -c-wn. Bep-hm-bn dºm- Xma-kn- n-cp- Xv hmi-øm\w Imcp-Nnd IpSpw-_-Ønse kzøn \nt m k`-bpss s]mxp kzøn \nt m Bbn-cp- n-. F m Xncp-ta-\n-am-cpsS IpSpw-_-kz-Øn \n pw HuZmcyioe- m-cmb ]nsn-s\ v hc-hn \n pw Bbn-cp- p. Cu tcj-bpss ]q Æ-cq]w CXv H n v tn Øn-cn- p- Xv hmbn- p-i. Koh Kokv dºm t]mb-t mƒ Gev]n 4 cq] 8 AW 3 ss]k sim p ]utemkv dºm IrXy-ambn hchv h n- p- v. IqSmsX skan-\mcn Fßs\ ]WnXp ]Ww FhnsS \n p e`n p Fs ms Cu hchv Nnehv IW- n ImWmw. k` s]mxp kzøns Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßƒs m pw AhnsS {]k- n-bn-. A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Øn ]f-fn-i-fn \n pw e`n hcp-am-\-amwv ChnsS ImWp- (tijw 12 mwt]pn... )

hnizmk kwc- -I 10 Beph Xr p- v ]Ånbpw timsxn hn[n-ifpw AUz. spbv_n t]mƒ 1970 \v tij-amwv Bephm ] nsb kw_- n v tims- Xn-bn tikv h n- p- Xv. \mfn-xp-hsc Beph Xr p- Øv sk v tacokv bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n ] n At ymjym ]m{xn-b o-kn-\m kzoi-cn- -s pw At ym-jym-]m-{xnb o-kns\ AwKo-I-cn pw `cn- -s Hcp CS-hI ] nbmip p. 1970- -I-fn At ym-jym-]m-{xn-b o-kns\ [n -cn v tam txma knwlm-k-\-hm-z-hp-ambn Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (Im-tXm-en m hn`m-kw) k`-bn `n n- n\v CS-h-cp-Øp-I-bpw, At yjym ]m{xn-b o-kns ÿm\sø tnmzyw snøp-ibpw snbvxp. AtX XpS v, ae- c k`-bn-ep-s-\ofw Ie-l-ßfpw `n n pw DS-se-Sp-Øp. Cu ] m-ø-e-øn-emwv Beph Xr p- Øv ] n-bn kwl jhpw a pw kw`-hn- -Xv. CtX XpS v ]m{xn-b okv hn`mkw O.S. No. 980/73 F tikpw, ImtXm-en m hn`mkw O.S. No. 59/74 F ti pw ^b snbvxp. Sn tikp-iƒ \ne-\n -Xs Beph Xr p- Øv ] n kwl jm-h-ÿsb XpS v 21-12- 1977- ]q p-i-bpw, t^m v sim n B.-Un.-H. {Inan-\ s{]mko-un-b \nbaw 144- mw hip v {]Imcw \ntcm-[-\m ]pd-s -Sp-hn- p-i-bp-amwv D m-b-xv. XpS v 1979 bmt m-_mb hn`m-k-øn s {ioaxn A w F CS-h-I- mcn ac-ws - -Xns\ XpS v _lp. Pn m If-IvS CS-s] v ih-kw-kvim-c-øn\v DØ-c-hn-Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. Cu DØ-chv ImtXm-en m hn`m-k-øn s ^mz tp _v aæm-d-{]m-bn _lp. sslt m-s-xn-bn tnmzyw snbvxv O.P. 1198/79 Bbn Hcp l Pn ^b snbvxp. ta l Pn-bn Ccp-hn-`m-K-Øn-s bpw hmzw ti tijw _lp. sslt m-sxn 29.06.1979 hn[n ]d- p. Cu hn[n-bmwv Beph Xr p- Øv ] nsb kw_- n- n-s-tømfw bmt m-_mb hn`m-k-ønse CS-h-I- m-cpss ih-kw-kvimc Ah-Im-isØ Ipdn- p BXy- n-i-amb hn[n-\ym-bw. _lp. sslt m-sxn hn[n-\ym-b-øn hfsc kv]jvs-ambn bmt m-_mb hn`m-k-øn\v Cu ] n-bn-ep Ah-Im-isØ Is -Øn-bn- p- -Xm-Wv. Cu hn[n ]cn-tim-[n- p-tºmƒ apºv ^b snbvx tikp-i-fnse Xm m-eni DØ-c-hns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn (I.A. No. 5158/73 in O.S. No. 980/73 and I.A. No. 1199/74 in O.S. 501/74) bmt m-_mb hn`m- K-Øns Ah-Im-i-sØ- n hfsc hy -ambn tims-xn-bpss \nco- Ww D m-hp-ibpw B Ah-Im-isØ ImtXm-enIm hn`mkw AwKo-I-cn- p-ibpw snbvxn- p hkvxpxbpssbpw... AXns ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepw a v sxfn-hp-i-fpss ASnÿm-\-Øn-ep-amWv _lp. sslt msxn O.P. 1198/79 hn[n {]kvxm-hn- n- p- -Xv. bmt m- _mb k`-bpss Ah-Im-i-sØbpw Bcm-[\m kzmx-{ y-søbpw \ne \n Øn-s m- mwv ta hn[n-\ymbw {]kvxm-hn- n- p- -Xv. ih-kw-kvim-c-øns\ kw_- n- n-s-tømfw tims- Xn-bpsS Is -Ø-ep-Iƒ bmt m-_mb k`-bpss Bflo-bhpw `uxo-i-hp-amb Ah-Imi-sØ-bmWv kqnn- n- p- Xv F v sxfn-hp-i-fp-ss-bpw, \nb-a-øn-s bpw ASn-ÿm-\- Øn Ak- n-kv -ambn Is -Øp-hm Ign-bpw. ih-kw-kvim-csø kw_- n v X w D m-bm ] n-bn kq n- p CS-hI cpn-ã ]cn-tim-[n v AwK-ßsf Xncn- -dnb-w-sa v If-IvS p \n t±iw bmt m-_mb k`-bp-ss-bpw- A-Xn s CS-hI cpn- Ã ]cn-tim-[n v AwK-ßsf Xncn- -dn-b-w-sa v If-IvS-I p \n t±iw bmt m-_mb k`-bp-ssbpw AXn s] CS-hI AwK-ß-fp-sSbpw Ah-Im-isØ ]q Æmbpw ÿm]n p In p-hm DX-Ip- -Xm-Wv. ] n Hcp CS-hI ] n-bm-b-xn-\m-emwv Beph Xr p- Øv sk v tacokv bmt m-_mb ] n-bn CS-hI cpn-ã kq n- n-cn- p- Xv. ] nbn CS-hI AwK-ßƒ Ds - n B AwK-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-ihpw bmt m-_mb hn`m- K-Øn\v ÿm]n v In n-b-xm-wv. bmt m-_mb hn`m-k-øn s CS-h-I- m-cmwv O.S. 5/81 se hmzn-iƒ. Cu tikn CS-h-I-bpsS Ah-Imiw ÿm]n v In p- -Xn\v th n-bmwv Cu tikv ^b snbvx-xv. Cu tikv 2003- hmzn-iƒs -Xn-cmbn X n- -f- n-cn- p- p. AXn-\m bmt m-_mb... timsxn hn[n-bpss X ÿn-xn-bp-ssbpw Zp hym-jym-\-am-wv. _lp-am-\-s Unkv{SnIvSv timsxn tikv X p-hm-\p- mb kml-n-cyw, Cu kyq n Xv. kzbw kwkm-cn- p as mcp enãv BZy dnt m ns A\p-_- -ambn ImWmw. (C-S-hI ]{XnI 1904 e w 11 ImWpI) C\n Koh Knkv dºm Bep-hm-bn \n pw t]mcp-hm-\p-ff bym ImcWw At±-l-Øns kpj-t Sp \nanøw Bbn-cp p F v dnt m n ImWp- p. DZ-c-tcm- Knbpw AXn-\p-ff Hm -td-j\p hnt[-b-\mbn tzl-hn-tbmkw {]m]n Bfp-amb hmi-øm\w _mhm Adn-bm-hp Gh pw kv]jvs-ambn Adn-hp-ff Cu kxy-øn-s\-xn-sc-bmwv Kth-j-I\pw Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw F v A`n-am-\p- p Hcp hy n-bpss Ncn-{Xm-`yq-l-ß-fneqsS {]N-cn- n- p hnj-en]vx hntzzj {]I-S-\-ßƒ! sszhw an- s! C m-cy-øn sim p-]u-temkv dºm- s ] v Adn-b-W-sa- n ae- c CS-hI ]{Xn-I-bpsS 1907 F mw e -Øn h Hcp tej\ `mkw t\m pi AØm-\m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Iogn sim p-]utemkv dºm- s {ia-øm A -amen sa{xm-k\ CS-h-I-bn Dƒs ]f-fn- m-cpss sne-hn-t Bep-hm-bn ]Wnbn- n- p-ff skan-\m-cn... F mwv tej-i ]d-bp- -Xv. hnkvxmc `b-øm Rm D -cn- p- n-. Bephm skan-\mcn Hcp \ ÿnxn-bn Bbn- m-wp- -Xp-Xs Xs Pt m-t±-i-sa v hnnmcn v skan-\m-cn p th n sim p-]u-temkv dºm- (h-enb Xncp-ta-\n) snøp ]cn- {i-a-ßƒ kvxpxy l-am-bn-cp p F v Rm ]d-bp- -Xp-Xs A\m-h-iy-am-bn-cn- mw. Cu tej-i sim p-]u-temkv dºm- F Bep-hm-bnse henb Xncp-ta-\nsb Bephm skan-\m-cn-tbmsp _ -s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- Xv F{X ZrV-_- -Øn-em-sW v Cu hm p-iƒ hy -am- p- p. At m-gmwv Cu Ncn-{X-Im-c B kzøns {SÃn-Iq-Sn-bmb henb Xncp-ta-\nsb skan-\m-cn-bn \n pw am n \n Øp-hm \n e pw Xøm-dm-bn-cn- p- -Xv. 20 G dpw 55 Izm t gvkpw GXm\pw CXc hmsi apdn-ifpw kz -am- m-\p-ff Hcp lo\ {ia-øns Ir{Xna Na-b- q- -en\p th n-bp-ff Ncn{X \n Ωn-Xn-bmWv ae- c k`-bpss Cu {]txyi ]Xn v F v B pw a\- n-em- mw. Nne tihe bmym y-ßƒ Xr p- Øp skan-\mcn kw_- -amb Nne tihe bmym y-ßƒ IqSn Ah- X-cn- n v Cu tej\w Ah-km-\n- n- mw. 1. Bephm skan-\mcn ÿm]\w Aºm p tam Iqdn-tem-kns hy n-kx Z i- \hpw kzimcy kzøpw kz \ne-bn A -amen AI- -dºv ]f-fn- m-cpss kzimcy kw`m-h-\-i-fp-am-wv. Hme-ta ]f-fn-bn-em-bn-cp p {]Ya _en-b -Ww. 2. ÿm]-is tcmk- n-s- -bn t]mepw At±-lsØ thz-\n- n- Xv Bep-hm-bnse Xs ]f-fnsb kw_- n- m-wv. 3. At±-l-Øns _ p-iq-sn-bmb {io. amxyp ]d-hq-cmwv Cu ÿm]-\-øn\p th n hf-sc-b-[niw A zm-\w snbvx hy n-bm-wv. 4. ÿm]-\-øntem {]mcw-`-l- -Øntem k`m-ti-{µ-ß-fpsstbm t\xr-xz-øn-s tbm t{]c-wtbm klm-b-itam C m-cy-ønep m-bn- n-. Civil ProcedureCode Sec. 92 {]Im-c-ap \S-]-Sn-I-fn h hogvn aqe-am-wv. Bb-Xn- \m ta \º tikv \nb-a-]-c-ambn \ne-\n p- -X F mwv timsxn ]d- n- p- -Xv. ]t, timsxn Is -Ønb AIm-c-Wm-ambXpw \nb-a-km-[px C m-ø-xp-amb Imcyßƒ Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw tiknse {]Xn-Iƒt m hmzn-iƒt m _m[-i-a- m-ø-xm-ip- p. Sn ti n ItXm-en m hn`m-k-øn s FXn I- n-iƒ ] n-bn \ne-\n p \ntcm-[-\m ]n h-en- n- m th n At]- n-s - nepw timsxn \ncp-]m-xn-i-ambn At] X p-ibpw snbvx-xm-wv. AXn \ns mw _lp. Unkv{SnIvSv timsxn O.S. 5/81 F tikv kmt -Xn-I-Øns ImcWw H p-sim v am{x-amwv X n- -f- n- p- Xv F hy -am-wv. am{x-hp-a Cu tikv Unkv{SnIvSv tims-xn-bpss hn[n sim -h-km-\n p F hmz-k-xn v \nb-a-]-c-ambn Hcp ASn-ÿm-\hpw C m-ø-xm-ip- p, ImcWw O.S. 5/81 X n- -f- -Xns\ tnmzyw snbvxp-sim v ]m{xn-b okv hn`m-k-øn s hmzn-iƒ ka n A o _lp. timsxn ^b-en kzoi-cn- p-sim v O.S. 1198/79 hn[n {]Imcw ih-kw-kv mcw \S- Øp- -Xn-\p Hcp Xm m-eni DØ-chv ]pd-s -Sp-hn- n- p- -Xm-Ip- p. Bb-Xn-\m A o A.S. 262/03 Ct mgpw sslt m-s-xn-bn \ne-\n p- -Xn-\m, O.S. 5/81 X n- -f p F {]kvxm-h-\bv v bmsxmcp {]k- nbpw C m-ø-xm-ip- p. A o Hcp Xo v I n- p- -Xp-hsc Hdn-Pn-\ kyq nse Bt -]-ßtfm Ah-Im-i-ßtfm C m- Xm-hp- n-. Beph ] nsb kw_- n- n-s-tømfw bmt m-_mb hnizm-kn-iƒ ^b snbvx tikv Ct mgpw \ne-\n p-ibpw Ah-Imi X -ßƒ v Ct mgpw \nb-a-km-[px D - Xm-sW pw D hkvxpx Adn- n-cn-t - -Xm-Wv. sxfn-hp-i-fp-amb ta ti p-i-fn lmp-cm- nb tcj-i-fn {][m-\-ambpw Nq n- m-wn- p- Xv Beph Xr p- Øv ] n At ymjy ]m{xn-b o-kns\ AwKo-I-cn- p hnizm-kn-i-fpss Iq -amb bmt m-_mb hnizm-kn-iƒ v Ah-Im-i-s Hcp CShI ] n-bm-sw p Xs -bm-wv. 1912- A -amen `{Zm-k\ ] n {]Xn-]p-cp-j- m ]s - SpØv {]Jym-]n- -s kwl \n -b-ß-fpw, I ]-\-Ifpw Beph Xr p- Øp ] nbn \n v AhnsS IqSn hcp hnizm-kn-i-fmb CS-hI AwK-ßƒ v \ In-bn- p hnhn[ k n-^n- - p-ifpw Cu ] n Hcp CS-hI ] nbmsw Imcy-Øn-tebv v hnc Nq p ASn-ÿm\ {]am-w-ß-fm-wv. Cu ] nsb kw_- n v Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-hp-ambn ImtXm-en m hn`mkw ]e tikp-ifp-ambn _lp. sslt m-s-xnsb kao-]n- n- p- v. ] n-bnepw ]cn-k-cøpw \ne-\n- ncp \ntcm-[-\m- -Iƒ d±v snøp-hm-\mbn ^b snbvx tikp-iƒ F mw sslt m- SXn X n- -f- n- p- -Xm-Wv. ] n-bp-ss-bpw, kzøp- -fp-ssbpw taep Ah-Imiw ÿm]n p In p-hm ImtXm-en m hn`mkw ^b snbvx Crl. R. P. 6/96 \º tikn Ah-Imi X -ßƒ Xocp- -Xp-hsc Pn m If-IvS v \ntcm-[-\m- bpw {Iakam-[m- \hpw ]men- p-hm X DØ-c-hp-Iƒ ]pd-s -Sp-hn- m-hp- -XmsW v sslt m-sxn Is - Øn-bn- p- -XmWv. Bb-Xn-\m A.S. 262/73 Hcp DØ-chv D m-ip- -Xp-hsc Ah-Imi X Xo v I n- p-hm \n p- -h-bm-wv. ih-kw-kvim-c-øn-\mbn sshzn-isc XS psim p O.P. 1198/79 hn[n-bn ImtXmen m hn`mkw sshzn-i Dƒs -Sp- n F hmz-hp-ambn sslt m-s-xnsb kao-]n ImtXm-en m hn`m-kw O.P. 10667/99, O.P. 8486/99 F o tikp-i-fn ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-IbmWv D m-b-xv. CXn h v simsp-øn- p A o-ep-ifpw _lp. sslt m-sxn kxyhm-mvaqew X n-bn- p- -Xp-am-Wv. ta -d hkvxp-x-i-fn \n pw Beph Xr p- Øv ] n-bnse Ah-Im-i-ßƒ, sxfn-hp-i-fp-ssbpw a v tcj-i-fp-ssbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn C\nbpw Xo v I n-t - nbn-cn- p- p. 1903- IS-hn ]utemkv tam AØm-\m-tkymkv Xncp-ta\n Xøm-d- nb hn -{Xhpw 1912- se kwl-\n- -b-ßfpw XpS v ] n-bn \n pw CS-hI AwK-ßfpsS Bflob Imcy-ßƒ mbn \ In-bn- p hnhn[ k n-^n- - p-ifpw hfsc hy - ambn ]cn-tim-[n- m Cu ] nbpw kzøp- fpw F m-ehpw At ymjym ]m{xn-b okns\ AwKo-I-cn- p- Xpw ]m{xn-b o-kn-\m AwKo-I-cn- -s -Sp- -Xp-amb BI-am\ kpdn-bm\n Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`-tbmsv tn v \n p bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n k`bv v am{xw Ah-Im-i-s - -Xm-sW Ncn{X kxyw a\- n-em- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. (11 mwt]pn \n p XpS... ) Xr p- Øp skan-\mcn Ncn{Xw Hcp Xncn- p-t\m- w 5. {]mcw`w apx Cu ÿm]-\-øn-\p-th n A zm\ t\xrxzw hln- Xv sim p- ]u-temkv dºm- F Bep-hm-bnse henb Xncp-ta-\n-bm-bn-cp- p. 6. Aºm p Xncp-ta-\nbv v tijw Bephm skan-\m-cnbpw kzøpw \n ΩmW ]q Øo-I-cW `mchpw Gs -Sp-ØXv IS-hn ]utemkv tam AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{xmt m-enøm Bbn-cp- p. 7. At±lw \n ΩmW ]q Øo-I-cWw \S-Øn-bXv hy n-kx kº-øn \n pw A -amen ]f-fn-i-fn \n pff kzta-[bm kw`m-h-\-i-fn \n p-am-bn-cp- p. A -amen ]f-fn-iƒ A msx CXc ]f-fn-iƒ t]mepw Cu ÿe-øn\p th n kw`m-h-\-iƒ \ Inbn- n-. 8. IS-hn Xncp-ta\n sim p-]u-temkv dºm- \v HkyØp aqew {SÃn ÿm\w `cta ]n- bpw At±lw sa{xm\pw ae- c sa{xm\pw A -amen `{Zm-k\ Npa-X-e- m-c\pw Hs Bb-Xp-aq-e-amWv Cu {SÃv kzøp- ƒ A -amen `{Zm-k\ Bÿm-\-am-b-Xv. 9. At±-lsØ XpS v hben- - -d-ºn Xncp-ta\n Akn-Ã v F \ne-bn Cu {SÃv hkvxp ssihiw h v D]-tbm-Kn- p-ibpw ÿm]-i-cpss Dt±iy e yß-fn \n psim v hkvxp-h-i-iƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p-ibpw snbvxp. 10. ]cn-ip At ymjym knwlm-k-\-øn \n pw hmgvn-tb- -hcpw B _ w ]mh-\-ambn \ne-\n Øp- -hcpw Bb-h am{x-amwv Cu ÿm]\w \bn p h -h. 11. 1958 ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm Koh Kokv ZznXo-b _mhmsb ImtXm-en m Bbn kzoi-cn- -Xp-sIm v am{xamwv. 1958 \v tijw tzh-temi t\xr-xz-hp-ambn Bephm skan-\m-cn v \ma-am-{x-sa- nepw _ -ap- m-bxv 12. 1964 ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm HutK _mhmsb ImtXm-en m Bbn hmgn- -Xn-\p-tijw k`-bn kam-[m-\hpw sfiyhpw D m-b-xp-aq-e-amwv Bephm skan-\mcn-bn ap ImtXm-en m I n p {]th-i\w Xs D m-b-xv. 13. 1967 HutK _mhm sa{xm ÿm\w simspø tam sxtbm-^o-temkv Xncp-ta-\n v ]m{xn-b okv _mhm ss«lni kzoi-c-whpw hmgvhpw \ In kzoi-cn- Xp hgn-bmwv At±-l-Øn\v AhnsS {]th-i\w In n-b-xv. 1966 HmKÃv 25 mw XobXnbnse at\m-c-a-bn tcj ImWmw. (Rm Fgp-Xnb s]cp-º-ffn Xncp-ta\n F IrXn-bpsS A\p-_ w 6 ImWp-I) 14. 1967 \p tijw ]. At ymjym ]m{xn-b o-kp-ambn kpoh _ w ]pe Ønbn-cp hy n-bm-bn-cp p Cu tam sxtbm-^o-temkv. ]m{xn-b m _ w Dt] n- - Xn-\p-tijw am{x-amwv Ct±lw Akzo-Im-cy-\m-b-Xv. 1972 t]mepw ]m{xn-b m {]Xn- \n-[n-i-fm-bn-cp tam AØm-\m-tkymkv tbip, tam Xotam-Øn-tbmkv B_qZn F nh Bephm skan-\m-cn-bn s]cp-\m-fn\p t\xrxzw \ In-bn-cp- p. 15. At ym-jy _ w C mø kzx-{ -k-`m-hm-zn-iƒ Bephm skan-\m-cn-bn A[n-\n-th-i- m-cm-bxv. 1972 \p tijw am{x-amwv Cu Ncn{X kxyhpw [ ahpw Xpd p kω-xn- m F m {]iv\-ßƒ pw ]cn-lm-c-am-ipw.

hnizmk kwc- -I 11 ]pwy-t«m-i-cmb Aºm v Bep-hm-bnse Koh-dp-Kokv tam Iqdn-tem-kv, IS-hn ]utemkv tam AØm-\m-kn-tbm-kv, ]cn. \ΩpsS ]utemkv tam AØm-\m-kn-tbm-kv, hb-en- -d-ºn ]nxm- - m Koh-dp-Kokv tam Iqdn-temkv F o ]nxm- - mcpw Ah-cpsS I_-dn-Shpw _npp Ipcy If-ºp-Im v Bephm Xr p- Øv skan-\m-cnbpw, ]f-fnbpw A\p-_ hkvxphiifpw A\-[n-Ir-X-ambn ssihiw h n-cn- p ImtXm-en m hn`m-kw, Xß-fpsS \ne-]m-sp-isf shf-f-]q-im ae- -c-k`m amkn- I-bn-eqsS {iaw \S-Øn-h-cn-I-bm-W-t m. Bephm skan-\mcn ]f-fnbn A y hn{iawsimf-fp ]cn-ip ]utemkv tam AØ- \m-tkym-kv, IS-hn ]utemkv tam AØm-\m-tkymkv (H- m-a ) hben- -d-ºn Koh-dp-Kokv tam {KntKm-dn-tbmkv F o ]nxm- - m, ^nen-t mkv tam sxtbm-^n-temkv Xncp-ta-\n-sb-t mse ImtXm-en m I n- m-cmb ]nxm- - m-cm-bn-cp p F v hcpøn Xo m ae- -c-k-`m- am-kn-i-bnse Ch \ΩpsS ]nxm- - m F tej-\-øn-eqss {io. hn]n si. hdp-kokv {ian- n-cn- p- -Xv. Imew snbvx ]pwy- ]n-xm- - m-cpss Pohn-X-Ønse {][m\ kw`-h-ßƒ Ime- -h j-ß-fpss ]n _-e-øn Ah-X-cn- n- p- -Xn hnp-bn tej-i kz hn`m-k-øns Xm ]cyw kwc- n- p- -Xns `mk-ambn bmym y-øn\v \nc- mø ]e hmz-ap-j-ßfpw Is -Ø-ep-Ifpw \S-Øn-bn-cn- p- p. IS-hn Xncp-ta\n tim bw `{Zm-k-\Øns BZy sa{xm-t m-en-ømbm-bn-cp p F ]cn- m\w t]mep-an- mø ip -am-\- - mcmb CS-b-t{i-jvTcpw AtX t]mep-ff kz] - mcpw Hcp ]t tej-is hmz-ap-j-ßsf hniz-kn- m k - cm-tb- pw. Cu ]nxm- - m-cpss ]Tn- n- -ep-ifpw {]h Øn-Ifpw icn-bmbn ]n ]- p kxyk`m X\-b Ct mgpw Pohn- n-cn- p p F Xv Bcpw ad- -cp-xv. h -t»-cn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A-[n-ImcsImXn ae- c k`bv v kωm-\n I n hg- p-iƒ k`mw-k-ßsf Ccp-tN-cn-I-fn-em n Xo Øp. ]Xn- m- p-iƒ \o I n hg- p-iƒs m-sp-hn 1958 ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhmbpw sa{xm I n hn`m-k-øns ImtXm-en m _mhmbpw ]ckv]c kzoi-cw Iev]\ ssiam- -Øn-eqsS k`m kam-[m\ {]{In-bbv v ASn-ÿm-\-an- p. 1964 ]. ]m{x-nb okv _mhm ae- -c-bn-seøn HutK {]Y-a _mhsb ImtXm-en m ÿm\-tø- p-b Ønb-tXmsS ae- -c-bn kºq Æ kam-[m\w kwpm-x-am-bn. am tømam «olm- knwlm-k\ hmz-hpw, GI-io ji hmzhpw tzh-temi t\xr-xzw Db Øn-b-tXmsS k`m- -co w Iep-jn-X-am-bn. 1972 Bb-t m-tg pw Ahn-` ae- c k` c mbn ]nf v ]m{xn-b o-kv- -Im-tXm-en m hn`m-k-ß-fmbn ]ncn- p. ho pw \nb-a-bp- -ß-fn-te v {]th-in ae- -c-bnse Ccp-hn-`m-K-ßfpw tims-xn- Iƒ amdn amdn tikp ]d- p. 1995 se hn[n-bn ]d- n-cn- p Hcp {][m\ t]mbn v 1971 Unkw-_ 31 \v tijw ae- -c-bn hnizm-kn-iƒ c v hn`m-k-ambn \ne-sim-f-fp p F -Xm-Wv. CsXms ad p ]nsn v hn]n {]Xn-\n-[m\w snøp hn`m-ksø k`-bmbpw ]m{xn-b okv hn`m-ksø hnl-snx hn`m-k-ambpw ]pø Ipcniv skmssk- n-bmbpw a pw hnti-jn- n- p- -Xn\v bmsxmcp \ymbn-i-c-whpw C m F -XmWv kxyw. 1958 se k`m tbmpn-t mss Pohn- n-cp- -hcpw acn- -h-cp-am-b-h ae- c k`-bpss `mk-am-bn-xo p F mwv tej-is hmzw. k`-bn kam-[m-\-ap- m-b-txmss, tej- I Bin- p- -Xp-t]mse F m-hcpw I n t`z-sat\y H mbn Xo p F pw F m ]nxm- - m-cpss Hm Ω-s -cp- mƒ k`m Ie- -dn tn Øp F mwv km[m-cw k`mw- K-ßƒ hnnm-cn- Xv F m A{]-Im-c-ap-ff a\-ÿn-xn-sbm pw ]gb sa{xm I n hn`mkw ]pe Øn F v ]n me A\p-`-h-ßƒ sxfn-bn- p. C\n hmz-øn\v th n {io. hn]ns A`n-{]mbtØmSv tbmpn- m Xs bmsxmcp Ig-ºp-an- m-øxpw th {X ]T\w \S-Øm-Xbpw ]d A`n-{]mb {]IS\-ambpw am{xta ta ]-d hmzsø ImWm km[n- q. 1957 Imew snbvx anjm-tb tam Zoh- m-tkym-kv, 1962 Imew snbvx Gen-bmkv tam bqen-tbmkv _mhm F o ]pwy-t«m-i- m-cmb ]nxm- - m-cpss t]cp-iƒ tzh-tem-iøv \n v ]pd-øn-d- p- -Xmb ] m-wk-øn Dƒs -Sp-Øm-ØXns bp n F mwv F v tej-i kzbw Xocp-am-\n- p-i. Xr p- Øv skan-\m-cn-bn, ImtXm-en m ] -Øn\v Ah-Imi hmzw D -bn- m am{x-amwv Bep-hm-bnse ]nxm- - msc tzh-temi ] mw-k-øn Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- -Xv. (2005 se tzh-temi ] mw- K-Ønepw ImtXm-en m ] HutZym-KnI sh_vt]pnse Ie- dpw ]cn-tim-[n- mwv anjmtb Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSbptSbpw bqen-tbmkv _mhm-bp-tsbpw t]cp-iƒ C m F v ]d- n-cn- p- -Xv.) anjm-tb Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSbpw bqen-tbmkv _mhm-bp-tsbpw Hm a Zn\- ßƒ ] mw-k-øn {]kn- o-i-cn- mø hn`m-k-ønse AwK-amWv ]d-bp- -Xv, Imem- c-øn t{ijvt _tkentbmkv ]utemkv ZznXo-b _mhm-bp-tsbpw a v ]nxm- - m-cptsbpw Hm Ω-s -cp-\mƒ tzh-tem-iøv A -Sn- p ] mwk-øn Dƒs -Sp-Øp-sa v! Bflm XbpsS Hcp IWn-I-t]m-ep-an- mø CØcw hmkvzm-\-ßƒ tej-\-øn Dƒs - Sp-Øm-Xn-cn- m-\p-ff hnth-i-sa- nepw tej-i Imt nbn-cp- p. Bep-hm-bn Xr p- Øv ]f-fn p th n ÿew kºm-zn Aºm v KohdpKokv tam Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpw, skan-\mcn ÿm]-i-\mb IS-hn ]utemkv tam AØm- \m-tkym-kpw, Bep-hm-bnse henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpw, hb-en- -d-ºn Xncp-ta-\nbpw ]. At ymjym ]m{xn-b okv _mh-am-cm hmgn- -s - -hcpw, Pohn-Xm yw hsc At ymjym knwlm-k\ _ -Øn Pohn- -h-cp-am-bn-cp p F -Xn B pw X an-. hb-en- -d-ºn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS BI-kvanI \ncym-w-øn\v tij-amwv tbmpn k`bnse t{ijvt HutK {]Y-a _mhm hmgn ^nen-t mkv tam sxtbm-^n-temkv Bephm-bn-se-Øp- -Xv. ]cn-ip ]m{xn-b okv _mhmbm AwKo-I-cn- -s A -amen sa{xm-t m-en-øm-bmbn `cww \n h-ln tam sxtbm-^n-temkv 1972 se k`m hn`-p-\- Im-eØv ImtXm-en m I n-bp-ambn tbmpn p {]h Ø-\-am-cw-`n- -t m-gmwv {]iv\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. ]. At ymjym ]m{xn-b o-kv _mhm-bm AwKo-I-cn- -s A -amen `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss Bÿ-\-am-bn-cn-t Xr p- Øv skan-\m-cn-bn tam sxtbm-^n-temkv A\-[n-IrX DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw D -bn- p. IS-hn Xncp-ta\n (H m-a ) Bephm Xr p- Øv ]ffn ÿm]-i-\mb A -am-en-bpss {]Ya sa{xm-t m-eoøm Imew snbvxv A -amen ]f-fn-bn I_-d-S-ßn. CtX XpS mwv A -amen `{Zm-k- \mwkhpw tim bw `{Zm-k-\m-[n-]-\p-amb IS-hn Xncp-ta\n A -am-en-bpss ZznXob sa{xmt meoøm-bm-ip- -Xv. _lp `mjm ]WvUn-X-\pw, kpdn-bm\n aev]m-\p-am-bn-cp IS-hn A -s\, dºm, sa{xm ÿm\w \ In-bXv ]. ]t{xmkv III ]m{xn-b okv _mh-bmbn-cp- p. kap-zmbw, Kh sa v Imcy-ßƒ mbn \S-Øp Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ IShn tam AØm-\m-tkymkv apjm- cw Bbn-cn- p-sa v ]m{xn-b okv _mhm {]txyiw \njvi jn- n-cp- p. tim bw `{Zm-k\m[n-]-s\ \ne-bn hnhn[ ]f-fn-iƒ ÿm]n- m t\xrxzw \ Inb Xncp-ta\n ]n m-eøv A -amen `{Zm-k\ `cww e`yam-b-t mƒ Bep-hm-bn skan-\mcn ÿm]n- p. Bb-Xn-\mbn \nc-h[n XymK-ßƒ kln- p-ibpw IpSpw-_-kz-Ømbn X\n v e`n- -sx mw skan-\mcn ]Wn v th n hn\n-tbm- Kn- p-i-bp- m-bn. 1907 \hw-_ 2 mw XobXn Xncp-ta\n Imew snbvxv Xr p- Øv ]ffn-bn I_-d-S-ßn. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hsn, o_m, Ipcniv XpS-ßn-bh ]. At ymjym knwlm-k-\-øn-te v Ab p simsp- bpw snbvxp. (Im-tXm-en-t - ns \n[n t]pv 167). CXm-bn-cp 1911 \v apºsø ÿnxn ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhsb Bflob ]c-am- y- - \mbn AwKo-I-cn- n-cp 1911 \v apºsø Ah-ÿ-bn-te v ImtXm-enIm I n-iƒ hcww F mwv bmt m-_mb k` ]d-bp- -Xv. Bep-hm-bnse h-enb Xncp-ta\n ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSbpw IS-hn Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tS-bpw, Aºm v Xncp-ta-\n-bptSbpw hm key injy-\mb sim p ]utemkv dºm k`-bpss A`n-am\ `mp-\-am-bncp- p. ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n, ] w sims ]pkvx-i-hpw, ioe-ap-sn-bpw, ]{Xko\pw a pw \ In A\p-{K-ln ]utemkv dºms\ sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bmbn hmgn- Xv ]. A_vZp-ff ]m{xn-b okv _mh-bm-wv. Xs Kpcp- - m-sc-t mse Xs ]. At ymjym knwlmk-\-øn \n v Xs ta ÿm\w {]m]n- m ]utemkv tam AØm-\m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n- m-bn. h -ti-cn Xncp-ta\n ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-tbmsv a k-cn- -t mƒ, ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\nbpw IS-hn Xncp-ta-\nbpw, Aºms Xncp-ta-\nbpw ]Tn- n kxy-hnizm-k-øn ASn-bp-d v \n v ]utemkv tam Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta-\n v ]n pw \ In. ]n m-eøv ae- c sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bmbn Xnc-s -Sp- -s - p. sslt m-sxn Xncp-ta- \n-bpss Xnc-s -Sp v AwKo-I-cn- p. AXn {]Imcw ae- c sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bmbn Xs henb Xncp-ta\n Imew snbvxp. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I_-dn Bte-J\w snbvxn-cn- p Xpw C{]-Imcw Xs -bm-wv. ]. At ymjym knwlm-k-\-øn hmw ]m{xn-b o-k- m v henb Xncp-ta-\n-sb- p-dn v kvt\l-_-lp-am-\m-z-c-hp-iƒ am{x-am-bn-cp p D m-bn-cp- - Xv. ]. At ymjym knwlm-k-\-amwv hen-b-xn-cp-ta-\nsb hnizmkkwc- -I F v hnti-jn- n- -Xv. ]. At{]w {]Y-a ]m{xn-b okv _mh Xs kzimcy apdn-bn kq n- n-cp- Xv c v t^mt m-i-fm-wv. tbip-{in-kvxp-hn-t -Xpw, Bep-hm-bnse henb Xncp-ta- \n-bp-ts-bpw. A{Xbv v BZ-c-thm-sS-bmWv ]m{xn-b okv _mh henb Xncp-ta-\nsb I n-cp- -Xv. hkvxp-x-iƒ CXm-bn-cns ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss A\m-hiy ssii- S-Øep-I-tf- p-dn v henb Xncp-ta\n t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp p Fs ms teji ]d- ncn- p- Xv kxyhncp- -am-wv. henb Xncp-ta-\nsb At ymjym hncp- - ]nxm-hm- m \S-Øn-bn-cn- p t_m[-]q -amb {ia-amwv hn]n \S-Øn-bncn- p- -Xv. henb Xncpta-\nsb ImtXm-en m ] w hnip- -\mbn {]Jym-]n- m {ian- p- -Xn sx n F Hgp a m-b-\n-e-]m-smwv tej-i-\mb hn]n FSp-Øn-cn- p- -Xv. C m-cy-øn i - amb \ne-]m-s tej-i-t -Xv. AXns kmwkxyw F mwv F v hmb-\- m v t_m[yam-ipw. henb Xncp-ta\n 1953 P\p-hcn 25 mw XobXn Imew snbvxv Xr p- Øv ]f-fnbn I_-d-S-ßn. ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss 2004se Iev]\ {]Imcw ]utemkv tam AØm-\m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\nsb ]cn-ip- -\mbn {]Jym-]n- p. hb-en- -ºn Xncp-ta\n ae- -c-k-`-bpss Dcp v a\p-jy F hnti-j-w-øn Adn-b-s -Sp hb-en- -d-ºn Xncp-ta-\n, si-ωm-iv- -I-ioim ] -ßƒ kzoi-cn- Xv henb Xncp-ta-\n-bn \n m- Wv. A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Øns klmb sa{xm-\mbn tlmwkn h v ]. At{]w {]Y-a ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bn \n pw ta ] ÿm\w kzoi-cn- p. Koh-dp-Kokv tam {KntKmdn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS {ia-^-e-ambn Bephm Xr p- Øv skan-\mcn ]p\-cp- -cn- p. skan-\mcn Ct mƒ ImWp Ah-ÿ-bn cq]-i-ev]\ snbvxv ]Wn-I-gn- n- Xv 1957emWv. Xncp-ta\n Xs -bmwv Xr p- Øv ]f-fn-bpss ]p\-cp- m-cw {]h Ø-\-ßƒ v t\xrxzw \ In-bXpw. ^m. G{_lmw Bep- (G-{_lmw tam tkth-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n) Bbn-cp p C m-e-b-f-hnse hnimcn. ]. At ymjym knwlm-k-\-tømsv Xs A yw hsc hnt[-bxzw ]pe Ønb ]nxm-hmwv hb-en- -d-ºn Xncp-ta-\n. ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhsb kµ in v XncnsI FØn-b-Xns ASpØ \mfn-emwv Xncp-ta\n BI-kvan-Iambn Imew snbvx-xv. k`-bnse sa{xm I n hn`m-k-øn\v F m-ehpw hb-en- -d- ºn Xncp-ta-\nsb `b-am-bn-cp- p. Xncp-ta\n Pohn- n-cp- p- F- n, ]n m-eøv k`bn Bcw-`n I n hg- p-iƒ Hgn-hm- -s -t s\ F v hniz-kn- p henb hn`mkw P\-ßƒ Ct mgpw Ccp ] -Øp-ap- v. Cu aq v ]nxm- - m-cmwv bmt m-_mb k`-bpss ]Tn- n- -ep-ifpw hnizm-k-{]- am-w-ß-fp-a-\p-k-cn v PohnXw \bn v Bephm-bn I_-d-S- -s ]pwy-]n-xm- - m. Ch aq v t]cpw BI-am\ kpdn-bm\n k`m _ -Øn k o-h-cmbn \ne-sim- hcpw ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mh-bm hmgn- -s - -h-cp-am-wv. Npcp- -Øn Bephm Xr p- Øv ]f-fn-bpss skan-\m-cnbpw `cn sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-am (1966 hsc) ]. ]m{xnb ok mcm hmgn- -s - -h am{x-am-wv. ^nen-t mkv tam sxtbm-^n-temkv tbmpn ae- -c-k-`-bn sa{xm-t m-en-øm-bmbn hmgn- -s tam sxtbm-^ntemkv, hb-en- -d-ºn Xncp-ta-\n v tijw A -am-en-bpss sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bm-bn. ap Kman-I-sf-t mse ]. At ymjym knwlm-k-\-hp-ambn kpoh _ -Øn Xncp-ta\n Ign p h p. k`-bn-ep-b am tømωm knwlm-k\ hmz-hp-ambn _ -s {]iv\-ß-fn ae- c t\xr-xz-øns \S-]-Sn-Isf tnmzyw snbvx-h-cpss IqsS Ct±-l-hp-ap- m-bn-cp- p (s]-cp-º-ffn Xncp-ta\n ae- -c-bpss Im \q m v t]pv 228). At{]w B_qZn tam Xntam-Øn-tbm-kn\v Bep-hm-bn kzoi-cww \ Ip- -Xn\pw IS-hn tum. ]utemkv tam AØm-\m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n v Bephm skan-\m-cn-bn [q] {]m \ \S-Øp- - Xn-\pw, tim bw t\xr-xz-øns FXn v Ah-K-Wn v tam sxtbm-^n-temkv {]h Øn- p. F m ]n osv tim bw t\xr-xz-øns kzm[o-\-øn s]sp-ibpw k`m Xe-h- \m aps- -s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. 1997 Xncp-ta\n Imew snbvxp. At±-l-Øns A ym- `n-emj {]Imcw ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn I_-d-S- -s -S-W-sa Bhiyw tzh-temi (tijw 15 mwt]pn... )

hnizmk kwc- -I 12 Imew snbvx A`n-hµy IS-hn ]utemkv tam AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bp-ss hn ]{Xw sszh-øn\p kvxpxn {InkvXm_vZw 1902 sx{io t{lmbn 9 mw XobXnbv v sim w 1078 hr niw 7 mw XobXn ]nxr-]p{x ]cn-ip- m-flmhmw {XnssXI sszh-øns Xncp-\m-a-Øn At ym- Jym-bpsS «olm-bv -SpØ knwlm-k-\-øn-t hmgp c m-asø At_Zv aninlm F tamtdm tam C m-øn-tbmkv ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss A[n-Im-c-Ønepƒs ae- c A -amen tim bw CS-h-I-I-fpsS 71 hb pw ]utemkv F v {]txyi \ma-hp-ap am AØm-\m-tkymkv sat{xm-t m-eoø ]q Æ-amb kpt_m-[- tømspw kza-\- m-sebpw Fgp-Xn-h hn ]-{Xw. 1. \ΩpsS ssiihw apx BN-cn- p-h-cp- -Xmb bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n hnizm-k- Øn {]-Imcw \ΩpsS Bfl-i-co-c-ßsf sszh-xn-cp-k- n-[n-bn ]c-am-\-µ-øn\pw ]ns Db ns ic-w-øn ]cn-ip- - m-cpss kwk -Øn-tebv pw `c-ta-ev]n- p p. 2. \ap v {]mbw A[n-I-cn- p-ibpw tzl-kujyw Ipd- p-h-cn-ibpw snøp- -XpsIm v kz -{]-b-xv\-øm kºm-zn- n- p- Xpw \ΩpsS kzmx-{ ob A[n-Im-c-Øn\v `c-ta n- -s v c n- p-t]m-cp- -Xp-amb kzøp- -fpss `c-whpw D]-tbm-Khpw \ΩpsS Ime-tijw C -{]-Imcw thw-sa v hy -s -SpØn Hcp hn {Xw Fgp-tX- Xv bp -sa p sszhw Ct mƒ \sω Hm Ω-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- -Xn-\m CXn\p Imc-W-am-b-Xm-Ip- p. 3. Xmsg tn Øn-cn- p F ] ni {]Im-c-ap ÿmhc kzøp- -fn 5 apx 20 hsc \º-cp-Ifpw _n ] ni {]Im-c-ap PwKa kzøp-ifpw \ΩpsS kz hpw ]Xn- \m-bncw cq]m hne-h-cp- Xpw F ] n-i-bn-ep Bdm-bncw cq]m hne-h-cp H v apx \mep hsc kzøp- ƒ A -amen CS-h-I-I-fpsS tae- y- -\m-bn-cp v Imew snbvx \ΩpsS ktlm-z-c _. Kohdp-Kokv am Iqdn-temkv sa{xm-t m-eo-ømbpss kz hpw sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bm \ΩpsS {]txyi `c-w-øn-\mbn Fev]n- -s - n- p- Xpw tijw c m-bncw cq]m-bpss kzøv \ΩpsS kz w {Zhyw snehv snbvxv AXn-t\mSv tn Øv ]Wn-bn- n- p- Xpw Ch-I-sf mw Ct mƒ \ΩpsS {]txyi ssih-i-ønepw kzmx- { y-ønepw `c-w-ønepw Ccn- p- -Xm-Ip- p. 4. _n ] n-i-bn H p apx aq p hsc \º-cp-I-fmbn tn Øn- p- Xpw \ΩpsS Ime-tijw hn. At ymjym knwlm-k-\-øn-te v Ab- p-sim-sp- p- -Xn-te- mbn \ΩpsS ]n Km-ansb G n- m CXn ]d-bp A[n-Im-cn-I-tfmSp BRvPm-]n- n- p- -Xp-amb hi-iƒ v ]pdsa _n ] n-i-bn \memw \º-cmbn tn Øn- p kzøv \mw aev]m-\n-cp p ]Tn- n- n-cp tim -bsø kpdn-bm\n knω-\m-cnbv pw F ] n-ibn F mw \º-cmbn tn Øn- p- Xv ]pø ]pc-bv ]pc-bnsw \ΩpsS P CSh-I-bmb ]d-hq sndnb ] n-bn \ΩpsS Hm Ω \ne-\n p- -Xn-\mbn B ] n- m-cy-øn-te v \mw Zm\w snbvxn-cn- p- p. 5. F ] n-i-bn H mw \ºcv Xr p- Øv ]pc-bn-s-øn-en-cn- p AtXmSv tn v tzh-cm-[-\bv pw hnzym-`ym-k-øn-\p-ambn D m- -s - n- p si n-s-ßfpw Hcp {]txy- IX {SÃns aqe-ÿm-\-am-bn-cn- -W-sa v \mw Xocp-am-\n- n-cn- p- Xpw B {Skv ns D]-tbm-K-Øn\pw {]tbm-p-\-øn-\p-ambn \memw hip- n hnh-cn- p hi-iƒ HgnsI-bp F m ÿmhc PwKa kzøp- fpw \mw hn p-sim-sp-øn-cn- p- -Xp-am-Ip- p. 6. {SÃns `c-w-i Øm- - mcpw ÿesø `mc-hm-ln-i-fp-ambn Zb-dm- m-cmb c v t] thw-sa v \ap v B{Klw D -Xn-\m AXn-te v Ahn-iz-kvX- m-sc v \ap v t_m y-s - n-cn- p hmiøm-\øv ] n CS-h-I-bn Imcp-Nnd ]p q-kns ai Koh-dp-Kokv dºm-s\bpw Cu Zb-dm-bn ÿnc-hmkw snbvx Imcy-`-cWw \S- Øn-s m msa v \ΩpsS ap ]msi kω-xn- n-cn- p- p. AI- -dºv ] n CS-h-Ibn ss]\m-e v Ipcys ai butk^v siωm-i-s\bpw \nb-an- p-ibpw A[n- Imcw simsp- p-ibpw snbvxn-cp- p. 7. Cu Zb-dmbv v th Xmb Nne ]Wn-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw a pw snbvxn- p- Xv ss]\m- SØv ]utemkv dºm Cu Zb-dm-bn Xm-a-kn- p- -Xn\mbn hcp p F n AbmfpsS \ymb-amb Nne-hp-Iƒ a `mc-hm-ln-i-fp-ts-xp-t]mse Xs {SÃn \n pw \StØ Xpw `mc-hm-ln-i-fmb ap `mc-hm-ln-i-fp-ts-xp-t]mse Xs {SÃn \n pw \StØ Xpw `mc-hm-ln-i-fmb ap Bdmw-h-Ip- n ]d- -h XΩn `c-w-im-cy-sø- n A`n-{]m-t`Zw D m-bm Cu ]utemkv dºm Dƒs -ss-bp aq p-t]-cn `qan- ]- - m-cpss A-`n{]m-b-{]-Imcw Imcy-ßƒ \S-tØ- -Xp-am-Ip- p. 8. Ch-cpsS Ime-ti-jtam Cu Npa-X-e-bn \n pw Ah kze-b-ambn amd-d-itbm Ahsc amt n hcn-itbm snøp-tºmtgm ÿesø `mc-hm-ln-iƒ taenepw hnizkvx- m-cmb Zb-dm- m-cmbn Ccn- -W-sa v \ap v B{K-l-ap- -Xn-\m A qdv cq]- bn Ipd-bmØ {SÃn-tebv v Zm\w snøp Zb-dm- m-cn tbmky- m-cmb a v c v Zb-dm- m-tctbm Bdmw hip- n ]d-bp hcpss ]n Km-an-I-fmbn \nb-an- p- -Xn\v ]Ømw hip- n ]d-bp Bƒ v kzmx-{ yhpw _m y-xbpw D -Xm-Ip- p. 9. ap hip- n ]d-bp ]utemkv dºm ÿeøv h v Xma-kn-bv mø ] w a v `mc-hm-ln-iƒ XΩn `n m-`n-{]mbw D m-bm AXm-Xp-Im-esØ A -amen alm CS-h-I-bpsS sa{xm-t m-eoøm Ah Isf Adn-bn v At±-l-Øns A`n-{]mbw t]mse Imcy-ßƒ \S-tØ XmIp- p. 10. Bdmw hip- n ]d-bp `c-w-i Øm- - msc A[n-Im-cØn \n pw am p- - Xn\pw Ggmw hip- n ]d-bp ]utemkv dºm\v CXn-\m simsp-øn-cn-bv p Ah-Imiw C m-xm- p- -Xn\pw hnizmk hn]-co-x-amtbm ÿm\ `rjvsn\v Imc-W-amb a v h kwk-xn-i-fptam ASn-ÿm-\-am n A -amen CS-h-I-bpsS sa{xm-t m-eo-ømbv v A[n-Im-c-ap- m-bn-cn-bv p- Xpw ta ]d hn[-øn-ep axn-bmb ImcWw IqSmsX At±-l-Ønt\m a m s - n-eptam Cu A[n-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn- m ]msn- m-ø-xp-am-ip- p. 11. Cu {SÃns Dt±-i-{]-Imcw icn-bmbn \S-Øp- pt m F v ]cn-tim-[n-bv p- - Xn\pw s]mxpth tae-t\z-jww snøp- -Xn\pw A --amen alm CS-h-I-bpsS AXmXp ImesØ sa{xm-t m-eo-ømbv pw s]mxp-tbm-k-øn\pw A[n-Im-chpw Npa-X-ebpw D - Xm-Ip- p. 12. Cu {SÃns Dt±iw {][m-\-ambn Zb-dm- m-cpss t]mj-w-øn\pw Cu kap-zm-b- Øn-epƒs hnzym-`ym-k-øn-\mbn Du Zb-dm-bn Xma-kn-bv p-ibpw `mc-hm-ln-i-fpss A\p-k-c-W-Øn Iogn Ccn-bv p-ibpw snøp siωm-i am v ax-kw-_- - amb Adnhv h n- n-bv p- -Xn\pw BIp- p. 13. {SÃv apx-en-s A`n-hr- nbpw AXmXp ImesØ `mc-hm-ln-i-fpss A`n-{]m-bhpw A\p-k-cn v siωm-i- m-c- msx Cu kap-zm-b-øn-epƒs hnzym n-i-fpss ax-kw- _- hpw A msxbpap Bh-iy-Øn-tebv v IqSn {SÃv apx-ens BZmbw D]- tbm-kn- p- -Xn\v ]{ mw hip v XS- -am-bn-øo-cp- -X-. 14. {SÃns Dt±i \nhr-øn pw ap ]-d- -h-cpss D]-Po-h-\-Øn\pw Nne-hm-Ip- Xv Ign- p- m-im-hp _m n BZm-bhpw Cu {SÃns [\-ti-j-c-w-øn-te-bv mbn Bsc- nepw h kw`m-h-\-iƒ snøp- -Xm-bn-cp- m Ahbpw {SÃns {]tbm-p-\-øn- \mbn kvxmh-c-kz-øp- -fn-t Dd- n-t - -Xm-Ip- p. 15. taen Bsc- nepw \qdp cq]-bn Ipd-bmsX {SÃn-te v Zm\w snbvxm Ahsc hnti-jm ] n-bn Hm p- Xp IqSmsX hm jni dnt m ns Hcp {]Xn hoxw Ah pw tbmky-amb hn[-øn B {SÃn-te v [\-k-lmbw snøp ] n- m pw Ab- p-sim-sp-t - -Xm-Wv. 16. Cu ip -ap At ym-jym-bpss aq m-asø ]t{xm-sk tamtdm tam C m- hb-en- -d-ºn Koh-dp-Kokv am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss hn ]{Xw ]nxm-hn\pw ]p{x-\pw, ]cn-ip- m-flm-hn\pw kvxpxn, A -amen `{Zm-k\ CS-h-I-bpsS klmb sa{xm-\mb Ip -Øp-\mSv Xmeq- v, Beph ]Ip-Xn, Beph Ic-bn Beph Xr p- Øp skan-\m-cn-bn Ccn pw hb-en- -d-ºn ss]\m-søv bmt m-_mb kndn-b {InkvXy sshzo-i-hrøn \mev]- Øn-sb p hb-kmb Koh-dp-Kokv am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eoø Bb \mw Acn-bØn Hcp \q n Ccp-]-Øn-aq- m-am v anyp-\-amkw Ggmw-Xo-bXn Fgp-Xn-h hn ]-{Xw. \mw IØ-\m Bbn-cn- p-tºmƒ hb-en- -d-ºn ss]\m-søv txmakv h Kokv IØ-\m F t]cn Xmsg ] n-i-bn H mw \º-cmbn hnh-cn- p hkvxp 1114- se A -amen cpn-kv{sm-^nkphi 2289- mw \º B[m-c-Øm kup\yw kn n- n- p- Xpw c mw \º hkvxp-h-i-iƒ 1118- se A -amen cpn-kv{sm-^o-kphi 1942; 11- mw Xob-Xn-bnse Sn hi 3771- Dw 3772- Dw \º B[m-c-ß-fm Xodp-Iƒ kn n pw ]m - m-c-\n \n v 1118- Sn cpn-kv{sm-^o-kp-hi 2855- mw \º-cmbn Hgn-hp- Ipdn hmßnbpw \ap p ssih-i-s - n-cn- p- -Xp-am-Ip- p. ] ni H mw \º hkvxphn \ΩpsS DS-a-ÿ-X-bnepw amt\-pvsa nepw am AØ-t\-jykv Cw ojv sslkviqƒ ]Wn-I-gn p \S-Øn-h-cp- Xpw ] ni c mw \º hkvxp-hn Zl-WvUßƒ snøn- p-ibpw s]mxp-p-t\m-]-im-c-øn-\p-th n Nne ]pxnb ÿm]-\-ßƒ D m- p-hm {iaw snbvxp hcp- -Xp-am-Wv. ] ni c p \º hkvxp- -fnepw \mw kam-cw-`n- n- p sslkviqƒ si n-s-ßƒ apx-embn taen D m-ip F m ÿm]- \-ßfpw CXns Bh-iym w Sn t]cn \mw kºm-zn- p a p kzøp- fpw ] ni hkvxph-i-ifpw \ΩpsS Ime-tijw AXns ssih-iw, `cww apx-em-bhsb kw_- n v Hcp hyhÿ snbvxp-h-bv -W-sa v \ap v A`n-{]m-b-am-b-Xn- \m Cu hn ]{Xw Fgp-Xp- Xpw CXnse hyh-ÿm-\p-k-cww \ΩpsS Imem-\- cw apx {]h Øn- m-\p- -Xp-am-Wv. \ΩpsS Ime-Øn-\p-tijw ] ni hkvxp-h-i- Ifpw Sn sslkv qƒ si ns-ßƒ apx-em-bxpw Sn t]cn \mw kºm-zn- n- p- -Xmbn ImWp kie kzøp- fpw AXmXp ImeØv hn. At ymjym knwlm-k-\øn hmw-cp-fp ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bm hmgn- -s Sp Xpw kzoi-cn- -s -Sp- Xpw Bb A -amen `{Zm-k\ CS-h-I-bpsS sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-am-cpss DSa Sn sslkviqƒ apx-emb ÿm]-\-ß-fpss AXm-Xp-Imew `c-wm-xn-]- m-cmbn hcp sa{xm- m Sn {SÃns Dt±ißsf ap \n-dp-ønbpw \nb-am-\p-k-c-whpw s]mxppt\m]-im-c-øn\v A\p-cq-]-ambpw `cww \n hnlv\w \n -ln- p-hm-\p- Xpw ] ni hkvxp- -fn \n pw e`n- p BZm-b-ß-fn Sn hkvxp- -ƒ pth n hcp snehv Bh-iy-ßfpw k m Ichpw \o n _m n hcp kwjybpw Sn ÿm]- \-ß-fpsS A`n-hr- n-i-c-amb {]h Ø-\-ßƒIIv D]-tbm-Kn- m-\p- -Xp-am-Wv. ta hnh-c-{]-imcw AXmXv ImeØv `c-w-`m-c-ta-ev p sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-am v ] ni hkvxp- -fnepw Sn ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw CXnse Bh-iym w Rm h kzøp- fpw B n- n-cp- m AXp-I-fnepw ÿm]n v bmsxmcp Imc-W-ßfpw D `-hn- n- p- -Xnt\m h IS-_m- y-x-ifpw Dƒs -Sp-Øp- -Xnt\m Ah-Im-itam kzmx-{ ytam C m-øxpw Sn sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-am-cp-ts-tbm, kap-zm-b-øn-t -tbm, CS-h-I-bp-tStbm bmsxm-cp-hn-[-amb IS-_m- y-x-ifpw Sn hkvxp-h-i-i-fntem ÿm]-\-ß-fntem Hcp hn[-ønepw _m[n- p- -X- m-øxpw BIp- p. Cu _n n-\m Npa-X-s -Sp-Øp sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-a - msx Cu \m p-im t m \ΩpsS IpSpw-_- m t m Sn kzøp- -fn-t bmsxm-cp-hn-[-amb Ah-Im-im-[n-Im-c-ßfpw D m-bn-cn- p- -X-. ta hnhcn hyh-ÿ-iƒ pƒs v G p-ibpw {]h Øn- p-ibpwsnø-w-sa v \ΩpsS ]n Km-an-I-fmbn hcp Sn sa{xm-t m-eo-ø-\m-tcmspw \mw At]- n- p-sim v \ΩpsS ]q Æ a\-t mspw B{K-l-tØmSpw IqSn Cu hn ]{Xw Fgp-Xp- Xpw CXnse GXm- \ptam apgp-h-\ptam hyh-ÿ-iƒ am p- -Xn\pw Aÿn-c-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn\pw \ap v ]q Æ A[n-Im-c-ap- Xpw A{]-Im-c-sam- pw {]h Øn- msx \mw ac-w-a-s-bp- -Xmbm Cu hn ]-{X-Ønse hyh-ÿ-iƒ Du n-x-øn hcp- -Xp-am-Ip- p. F v Sn Koh-dp-Kokv am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eoø H v km n-iƒ: 1 \mb-tømsv Ic ss]\m-søv ]utem ]utemkv IØ-\m H v 2 tabv m- p-ic aßm- -ºn n ]d-h n txmam Ae-Ivk-{ -tbmkv IØ-\m H v Ibv]S: snß-a-\m- p-ic Ad-bv ho n IrjvW tkm]n-\m-y \mb H v Sn Koh-dp-Kokv am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øsb Rm t\cn- -dnbpw H v A -amen k_v cpn-kv{sm B. cma ]n H v A -amen bmt m-_mb ] n-ta-s-bn h v 1123 anyp\w 7 mw Xob-Xn ]I 31-5\v Sn sa{xm-t m-eoø lmp-cmbn kω-xn- p. 1123- mw B v hi c mw ]pkvxiw H mw hmeyw 75 axp 77 hsc hi-ß-fn 19- mw \º-cmbn cpn-ã snbvxn-cn- p- p. Øn-tbmkv ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss Hm Ω I n 25- mw Xob-Xn pw \ΩpsSw Kpcp-`q-X-\mb bpbm ow am Iqdn-temkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss Hm Ω Nnßw 20- mw Xob-Xnbpw Zbdm ÿm]-i-\mb Koh-dp-Kokv Iqdn-temkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss Hm Ω Ip`w 25- mw Xob-Xnbpw \ΩpsS Kpcp- - m Cucmfn A{_lmw Iio-im-bpsS Hm Ω Xpemw 22- mw XobXnbpw ]md-bv aømbn Iio-im-bpsS Hm Ω Xpemw 22- mw Xob- Xnbpw ]md-bv aømbn Iio-im-bpsS Hm Ω [\p 23- mw Xob-Xnbpw Aco- ZmhoZv Iio-im-bpsS Hm Ω Nnßw 30- mw Xob-Xnbpw \ΩpsS ]nxmhv Koh dp-ko-kns Hm Ω-a-Icw 20- mw Xob-Xnbpw \ΩpsS amxmhv A -Øns Hm Ω anyp\w 27- mw Xob- Xnbpw Zb-dm-bn Ip m-\bv v ]Ww G ]n- n- p- -h-cmb ss]\m-søv butk^v Iio-im-bpsS Hm Ω I n 9 mw Xob-Xnbpw Cucmfn h n-bpss Hm Ω ao\w 25- mw XobXnbpw BI-bm B p-txmdpw ta -d Xob-Xn-I-fn `mc-hm-ln-iƒ Ip m\ \S-tØ- -Xm-Ip- p. am ]utemkv AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eoøm H v km n-iƒ: 1. ]d-hq sndnb ] n-bn hnimcn N -c-h-øq v Xcn-bXv sim p-h n IØ-\m 2. Ipf-ßc C n-b- amøp 3. ap -søm n Ipamcn ]utem hdoxv 4. Aºq- aømbn h n Ce- n- Hutk^v h n ssi S k v cpn-kv{sm IrjvW-]n Xmsg ssisøm- n- n-cn- p Bƒ h p amx-kn-bv p- -Xmb ]d-hq k v Unkv{Sn-IvSn tn ]d-hq {]hr-øn-bn ]d-hq-ød apdn-bn sndn-b-]- n-bn sh v 1078 mw am v hr n-i-amkw 7 mw XobXn ]I 9 awn ka-bøv lmp-cm- -s - p. ]utemkv F v \ma-t[-b-ap am AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eoø 1078- mw am v hr n-i-amkw 7 \p IrjvW-]n-, ]d-hq k v cpn-kv{sm Xmsg ssisøm- n- n-cn- p Bƒ FgpXns msp- n-cn- p ta Sn ] n-bn sh v kω-xn- n-cn- - p. ]utemkv F v \ma-t[-b-ap am AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{xmt m-eoøm H v 1078- -m-am v hr n-i-ambw 7 mw XobXn ]d-hq k v cpn-kv{sm, Bdmw ]pkvxiw H mw hmeyw H v apx 7 hsc hiøv H mw \º-cmbn cpn-kv{sm snbvxp Sponsored by: Mor adai Study Center http://moradaistudycenter.cjb.net

hnizmk kwc- -I 13 ]cn-ip- -\m-b henb Xncp-ta\n Bep-hm-bn \n pw ]pd-s -Sp-hn A y-i \ Sponsored by: Mor adai Study Center sszh-ir-]-bm ae- -c-bp-tsbpw {]txy-im A -amen `{Zm-k\ CS-h-I-bp-tSbpw ]utemkv am AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bn \n pw \ΩpsS... ] n-bnse hnim-cnbpw tziøv ] - m-cpw, ssi mcpw tijw P\-ßfpw IqSn- -s - m \nßƒ v hmgvhv {]nb a -sf, \ΩpsS I Ømhmb.tb-ip-an-in-lm-bpsS hm -ey-in- y-\mb C Uym-bpsS At m-kvx-e-\mb ]cn-ip am txmam «olm-bm ae- c h v hnip k` ÿm]n- - Xns 19- mw ixm_vzn ASpØ \mfp-i-fn ]q Øn-bm-Ip- -Xns\ \mw kvacn- n-cn- p- - Xm-W-t m. C Uym cmjv{so-b-ambn kzmx{ yw {]m]n- -tijw GXm v 5 kwh- cw Ign- n-cp C m-eøv \ΩpsS At m-kvx-eni k`-bpss hf -bpss km y-x-iƒ \mw ]cn-]q Æ {]Xym-itbmSp IqSn [cn- p-i-gn- n- p-ap- v. \ap v e`y-am-bn-cn- p Ahkcw btym-nnxw th ] -Xn-I-fnepw am -ß-fnepw IqSn {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øp-hm \mw AXn-bmbn AImw- n- p- p. F m AXn-\pfvf \ΩpsS hr -X-bpsS Ign-hp- Iƒ hfsc ]cn-an-x-am-bn-cn- p hnhcw \nßsf Adn-bn- p- -txm-ssm w Xs k`m-a- -fmb \nßƒ p Hmtcm-cp-Ø p-ap I Ø-hy-ß-sfbpw Ign-hp-I-tfbpw ] n \nßƒ kv{xo ]pcpj t`z-sat\y Nn n-t - -Xm-sW v \mw BZym-ambn A\p-kva-cn- n- p-ibpw snbvxp-sim- p- p. \ΩpsS hr -X-bn \n p owhpw ico-cm-kzm-ÿyhpw ]q m-[niw h n- n-cn- p- p. C v \ΩpsS 85- mw P -Zn-\-am-Wv. Ign 84 kwh- -c-ßƒ p- n \mw t\cn p ImWp-Ibpw Adn-bn- p-i-bpw, CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw snbvxn- p \ΩpsS ]q o-icpw ka-im-eo-\-cp-am-bn-cp At\-Icpw Al-temIw ]ncn p Ign- p. sszh-\n-tbm-k-øm \mw C p-hsc FØn-bn-cp- p. k`m tkh-\-øn\p th n \ΩpsS 10- -m-asø hb- n timdptbm ] -hpw, 30- -m-asø hb- n I»oim ] hpw Zb-tdm-bq-tdmbpw 41-mw-asØ hb- n sa{xm ÿm\hpw 1093- -am p XpSßn ae- c sa{xm-t m-eoø ÿm\hpw \sω `c-ta n- p-hm sszh-hnfn Xncp-hn-jvS-am-bn. Cu Hmtcm ]Z-hn-bnepw ÿmevxxpw kzm{i-btam tkz tbm \Ωn {]_-e-s -SmsX sszh-\-s-øn- n\v hnt[-b-ambn h Øn- -W-sa- p e yw sh p \mw Bflm -ambn s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp- p-sh v hcn-inepw a\pjy kl-p-amb ]e Ipd-hp-Ifpw \Ωn h p-t]m-bn- p-s p Xv hnkva-cn- m-hp- -X-. sszhw Xncp-hn-jvS-ambn \sω G n- n- p Xme v \ΩpsS k`m-a- -fmb \nß-fm-sw v \mw hniz-kn- p- p. \nß-sf- n sszh-xn-cp-ap-ºmsi IW p ]d-tb- - Xmb Ah-k-c-Øn \nßƒ {]mb-t`-z-sat\y kv{xo]p-cpj hyxym-ktam IqSmsX H n\pw ap -Xm-bpw, Adp-]-Xm-bpw, \qdmbpw ^ew ]pd-s -Sp-hn v ImWp-am-dm-I-W-sa- p-amwv \mw Ct mƒ {]m n- p- -Xv. a\p-jy-bp v km[m-cw 70 F pw, {]bm-k-tømsp IqSn 80 F pw k o Ø-\- m-c ]d-bp-tºmƒ \ΩpsS hr -X-bn \mw kwxr-]vx-\m-ip-ibpw AXp \nanøw \mw Imcp-Wy-hm-\mb k -i- s\ al-xz-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snøp- p. \ΩpsS Xncp-k-`-bpsS hf bv v k`m-a- -fmb Hmtcm hy nbpw Bflo-b-ambn hftc Xv A\p-hm-cy-am-Ip- p. hy n-iƒ sszhni shfn w {]hm-in- n-t - Xpw B {]Im-i-Øm A\y {]Imiw {]m]n- m-\p- -Xp-am-Ip- p. Zo]-Øn \n v Zo]w simfp- Øm-sa- - msx A -Im-c-Øn \n v {]Imiw DZn- p-hm km y-a- -t m. BI-bm \mw ]e-t m-gmbn {]bw-k-ß-fmepw kw`m-j-w-ß-fmepw Iev]-\-I-fmepw apºv \nßsf {]t_m-[n- n- n- p- -Xns\ XpS pw Ah Øn pw Dd- n pw Cu Ah-k-c-Øn \nßƒ p \ Ip ktµiw CXm-Ip p. \Ωp-sS hn. k`-bpss hnizm-km-nm-c-ßfpw IqZm-i-Ifpw Ip -a- -hbpw \nxy-c- bv v D]-bp- -amb am -ßfpw BIp- p. Ahsb \nßƒ apdpsi ]nsn- p-ibpw AN- -e-ambn Dd p \n p-ibpw snø-ww. {]hrøn IqSmØ hnizmkw NØ-Xm-Ip p F -dn-bp-ibpw \nßfpss kxy-hn-izmkw F mbvt mgpw Pohn-X-Øn {]mtbm-kn-i-am- p-ibpw sntø Xpw AXym-h-iy-am-Ip- p. inc p IqSmØ ico-c-øn\v Poh-\p- m-i-bn- -t m. ainlm aw-hm-f\pw Xe-bpw, Xncpk` aw-hm- nbpw ico-c-hp-a-t{x. \ΩpsS Zriy-amb {InkvXob k`-bpss Zriy-amb Xebm-bn-cn- p- Xv ]. ]t{xmkv At m-kvtxm-es ]n Km-an-bmbn hn. At ymjym knwlmk-\-øn hmw-cp-fp hn. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sim p am{x-am-wv. ss«ln- I-hpw, ImtXm-en-I-hp-am.b GI hnip kb` \Ωp-sSXp Xs. inc- m-ip k`m Xehs\ \ncm-i-cn- p-sim v ico-c-am-ip Xe-bn AwKXzw ]men- p- -Xn\v {]Ir-Xn-tbm, \nb-a-tam, kz`mh \oxntbm A\p-h-Zn- p- -X-. CXp \ΩpsS Hcp hnizmk kxyw Xs BIp- p. CXns\ ]cn-c- n- p- -Xn\v \ΩpsS `cw Imehpw Bbp- ns \ `mkhpw sne-hn-ts- -Xmbn h n- p- v. Aß-s\-bp \oxn-bpss t]mcm- -Øn C p-hsc sszh- Ir] \ΩpSw IqsS-bp- m-bn-cp- p-sh v \nßƒ Hm Øp-sIm- -Ww. B kwcw`w C v C y-bpss _lp-am-\-s kp{]ow timsxn apºm-si-bn-cn- p-i-bm-w-t m. Ahn-sSbpw kxyw Xs {]Xy- -am-ip-sa v \ap v kam-iz-kn- mw. sx n-t m-bn-cn- p \ΩpsS ktlm-z-c-ßƒ v ]nxm-hmb sszhw t\ hgn shfn-s -Sp-Øn-s m-sp- p-sa pw k`-bn ]p\-ssciyw D m-ip-sa pw \ap v {]Xym-in- mw. ss]x \S-t - p hgn-bn Ahs\ A`y-kn- n- -W-sa- pw, sszh-`bw m\-øns Bcw-`-am-Ip- p-sh- pw, hniz-kn- p-sim v \ΩpsS CS-h-I-I-fn \S-Øns m- n-cp kt -kviqƒ {]h Ø-\-ß-fn \nßƒ kzm PmK-cq-V-cmbn XpS-c-W-sa v \mw {]txyiw {]t_m-[n- n- p- p. \ΩpsS bph-p-\-ß-fpss D]-cn-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn\v CX-Ip Hcp timtf-pns A`mhw ]cn-l-cn- p- -Xn\v \ΩpsS CS-h-I-bn s timx-aw-k-eøv Hcp H mw t{kuv timtfpv A\p-h-Zn- p In p- -Xn\p th n c p sim w apºv \mw Xncp-hn-Xm-Iq k -Iem-im-e-bn Hc-t] ka n {]Imcw CubnsS bqwn-th-gvkn n kn n-t v A\p-h- Zn- n- p- -Xmbn \ap v Adnhp In n-bn- p- v. AXn-te p th 50 G ÿew Xncp- sim n Kh sa v A\p-h-Zn p X n- p-ap- v. Cu Imcy-ßƒ \ΩpsS hr -X-bnse ]cn- {i-a-^-e-am-wv. AXv ]q Æ-ambn \nd-th- p- -Xn\v \ΩpsS CS-h-I-bnepw Ab CS-h-Ibnepw D F m ] n- mcpw hy n-ifpw kulm ±-ambpw, ipjvim- n-tbmsp IqSnbpw HsØm-cp-an v kl-i-cn v ]cn-{i-an- -W-sa v \mw {]txyiw B{K-ln- p-ibpw A`y n- p-ibpw B m-]n- p-ibpw snøp- p. {]nb-sc, C mew temi-n-cn-{x-øn Hcp hnπ-h-l- -am-wv. temi-k-am-[m\w Hcp Xpem-kn-se- -t]mse Xqßn BSp- p. ka-xz-øn-t bpw, kzmx-{ y-øn-t bpw t]cn IΩyq-Wnkw XpS-ßnb hnπ-h-z i-]q Æ-ß-fmb {]kvxm-\-ßƒ aptj\ `c-w-iq-s-ßƒ Xs tnmzyw snø-s -Sp- -h-bmbn Xo n-cn- p- p. D -h\pw C m-ø-h\pw XΩnepw, sxmgn-em-fnbpw apx-em-fnbpw XΩnepw, ka-xz-kzm-x-{ y-hm-z-ßfpw a -c-ßfpw Ifn-bm- Sp- p. Cu kzmx-{ y-hmzw IpSpw-_-ß-fn On{Zw P\n- n- p- p. {InkvXp-\m-Y Iev]n- -cp-fn-bn- p kvt\l ktµiw C q- ad p If-bp- p. \ Ab m Bsc pw sndn-b-h-tcmsv s]cp-am-td- Xv Fß-s\-bm-sW pw D]-a-Iƒ hgn aninlm Xºp-cm Iev]n- n- p- -Xns\ \nßƒ Cu Ime-L- -Øn {]txyiw kvacn- -Ww. sszh-amb I Øm-hns\bpw \nß-fpss Ab m-c-t\bpw ]q Æ-ambn kvt\ln- -W-sa- p- -Xm-Wt m F m Iev]-\-I-fp-sSbpw kmcw. kvt\lhpw XymKhpw F{X AKm-Zhpw \njv -b-f- -hp-am-bncn- -W-sa v tbip-{inkvxp Xs {Iqip-a-c-W-am-Ip {]hr-øn-sim p Xs \ap v ImWn p X n-cn- p- p. {InkvXob kvt\lw sim - msx temi-øn kam-[m\w \ne- \n Øp-hm km[n- p- -X-. \n hym-p-amb ]c-kv]c kvt\lw \nd Bflm-thmSp IqSn \nßƒ Pohn- -Ww. B kvt\l-po-hnxw \nßƒ pw Ab hm-kn-iƒ pw k pjvsnbpw kam-[m-\hpw ssih-cp-øp- -Xm-Ip- p. Aßs\ `qtem-iøv F m-bn-søpw {InkvXp am w Adn-b-s -Sp-Ibpw snøs! hm -ey-ap- -h-sc, \ΩpsS IpSpw-_-ßsf \nßƒ kvt\l-tømss ]cn-]m-e-n- Ww. IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ Hcp-an p IqSn, Iev]n- -s - n-cn- p {]m -\-Iƒ Znh-khpw \S-Øp-I-bpw, k` \n -bn- n- p s\mb-ºp-iƒ \n hnlv\w BN-cn- p-ibpw snbvxpsim- -Ww. IpSpw_ \nb-{ -W-Øn-epw, ss]x-ßsf A`y-kn- n- p- -Xn-epw, kv{xoiƒ p {]txyi Npa-X-ebpw kui-cy-ßfpw Hm Øv F m kv{xoifpw s]cp-amd-ww. kv{xo IpSpw-_-Øns Dd-hpw, D p-am-sw v {]txyiw [cn- n-cn- -Ww. simøns\ \K-c-Ønse Ieym-W-hn-cp- n \ΩpsS I Øm-hns AΩ hln ÿm\w \nanøw hncp- p-im pw ho p-im pw e`n kar- nbpw kt m-jhpw \nßƒ pw amxr-ibm-bn-cn- -s. a\p-jy hnb t m-sp-iqsn A w ` n- -W-sa- p- Xv sszh-i-ev]-\-bm- Ip- p. bmsxmcp sxmgnepw lo\-a-. tkh-\hpw kvt\lhpw ap ap \n Øn Bflm ambn A zm-\n- p Gh\pw, sxmgn F p-x-s -bm-bn-cp- mepw Xs sxmgn-ens amlm-fl-yhpw t{ijvt-xbpw A\p-`-h-t_m-[y-am-Ip- -Xm-Wv. \ΩpsS ] - m Xncp-k-`-bnse the- mcpw Imh m-cp-am-sw- -dn-b-ww. AhcpsS kºmzyw I Øm-hns Xncp-k-`mw-K-ß-fpsS ]pjvsna Bbn-cn- -s. sshzoi hnzym- `ym-k-øn\v ASp-Ø-Im-eØv \ΩpsS Cu Bephm skan-\m-cn-bn \ΩpsS klm-b-i- \mb ktlm-z-c Koh Kokv am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss t\xr-xz-øn Hc- y-b-\-im-e, hn`-kv -Xbpw ]cn-]m-i-x-bp-ap aev]m- msc \nb-an v \mw Bcw-`n- n- p- v. sszh-hn-fn-bp hnzym n-iƒ AXn [mcm-f-ambn h p-iq-sp-am-dm-i-s. ae- c k`bv v Hcp `c-w-l-s-\-bp- m- p- -Xn-\p \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Btem-N-\-bn-en- p-i-bm-wv. AsX mw Xøm-dm-Ip-tºmƒ k`m-hn-i-k-\-øn-\p ] -Xn-Iƒ AXn Dƒs -Sp-sa p {]Xo- n- mw. a\p-jy, \o aæm-ip- p. \o aæn-te p XncnsI tncpw F I Ør-h-N\w F m a\p-jy-\nepw \nhr-øn-bm-ti- -Xm-Ip- p. ac-ww, Db v, \ymb-hn[n F n-h-sb- - nbp Nn \ap v Ft mgpw th -Xm-W-t m. Ah-km\ \ymb-hn-[n-bpss \mfn sim mw DØ-a\pw hniz-kvx-\p-amb Zmkm... Hcp- -s - n-cn- p ku`m-ky-ß-fn-te v {]th-in p simƒi F \ΩpsS {kjvsm-hns B\-µ-I-c-amb kt m-j-i_vzw tiƒ m \mapw \nßfpw kzm Hcp-ßn-bn-cn- p- -h-cm-bn-cn- -Ww. \ΩpsS _e-lo-\-xbv p-th n \nßƒ {]txyiw {]m n- p-ibpw snbvho. hm ey a -sf, hnip- -cmb A{_lmw Ckvlm- v, bmt m_v XpS-ßnb \ΩpsS ]q ni ]nxm- - mcpw, k Kpcp-P-\-ß-fpw, t{]jnx kwl-hpw, kie ]cn-ip- - mcpw, ip n-a-xn-i-fpw, {]txy-im am txmωm «olm-bpw, am Koh okv kl-zm-bpw, Xobv -SpØ am C m-øn-tbm-kpw, sszh-am-xm-hmb hnip I\y-Im-a-dn-bapw acn- t]m-b-hcpw Poh-\p- -hcpw hcp-hm-\n-cn- p- -h-cp-amb Gh-cp-apƒs -Sp \ΩpsS hn. k`-sb- p-dn v A`n-hm-RvO-bp- -h-cm-sw v \mw hniz-kn- -Ww. sszh-amb I Ømhv Xs Xncp-c- -Øm hos -Sp-Øn- p k`-bpss c -bv pw, \ne-\n-ev]n-\pw, hf pw, Ah-sc- m-h-cp-tsbpw a y-ÿ-{]m \ tim -bm-bn-cn- s! \ΩpsS ktlm- Z-c- m-cpw, hm -ey-ap- -h-cpta \nßƒ F m-h-cpw, F m-fpw, \ap- p-th n {]m n- n. I Øm-hmb tbip-an-inlm Xs heøp Xrss \o n \nßsf Hmtcm-cp-Ø-tcbpw, \nß-fpss IpSpw-_-ß-tf-bpw, \nßƒ p k -tøbpw A\p-{K-ln- p-am-dm-is! hnip- nbpw al-xz-hp-ap {XntbI kxy-ssz-h-am-ip ]nxm-hns kvt\l-hpw, ]p{xs Ir]- bpw, ]cn-ip dqlm-bpss kw_- hpw kl-hm-khpw \nß-sf- m-h-tcm-spw-iqss kzm D m-bn-cn- s! BIm-i-ß-fn-en-cn- p Rß-fpsS _mhm... \ -\n-d adn-b-ta... Bep-hm-bnse \ΩpsS ]nxm- - m (13 mwt]pn \n pw XpS... ) t\xrxzw AwKo-I-cn- msx Xr p- Øv ]f-fn-bpss hst ap Øv I_-d-S- n. Bephm skan-\m-cn-bpss DS-a-ÿX Ah-Im-i-s -Sp ImtXm-en m I n v skan-\m-cn-bpss tatem Xr p- sø ]f-fn-tatem Ncn-{X-]-c-ambpw [m Ωn-I-ambpw bmsxmcp Ah-Imihpw kn n- n- n-. tikp-iƒ XpS-cp kml-n-cy-øn e`n- n-cn- p XmXvIm-enI Imhen-s\, skan-\m-cn-bpss DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn- p- Xv ZpjvS-em-t mss am{x-amwv. Bep-hm-bnse henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t]cpw hnip {]Jym-]-\-Øn-\mbn ImtXmen m ] w ]cn-k-wn- p- p-s pw Bb-Xns\ \ymbo-i-cn- m ItØm-en k`-bpss \ne-]m-sns (I-tØm-en k`-bnse Nne FXn am ]m- m-amsc ]n osv HutZym-KnI enãn Dƒs -Sp-Øn-sb v tej-i ]d-bp- p.) ]n _ew txsp {io. hn]n-t\msv Hcp hm v. tim Ãm-t\m- nƒ k`-bpss hnip- - m-cmb sk v {KnK-dn, sk v tpm {IntkmÃw F n-h-cpss F n-h-cpss Xncp-ti-jn- p-iƒ F. Un. 1204 ImtXm-enIk` A\-[n-Ir-X-ambn ssih-i-s -SpØn høn- m-\n kq n- n-cp- p. \q m- p-iƒ v tijw F. Un. 2004 tdmw kµ in tim Ãm-t\m- nƒ k`m Xe-h ]. _ Ø-temam {]Ya _mhmbv v, ]. tpm t]mƒ c m-a am ]m m ]cn-ip- - m-cpss Xncp-ti-jn- p-iƒ ssiam-dnb kw`hpw D m-bn p- v. ItØm-en k` Im nb Cu amxri Bephm skan- \m-cn-bp-tsbpw ]f-fn-bp-tsbpw Imcy-Øn Xm -fpss I n v Ah-ew-_n- m-hp- -Xm- Wv. bmt m-_mb k`mw-k-ßƒ ]nxr-kva-c-w-bp-f-fhcmb-xn-\m-em-wv, GXv {]Xn-_- - ß-tfbpw AXn-Po-hn v Bep-hm-bn I_-d-S-ßnb aq v ]nxm- - m-cpss Xr -_-dp-iƒ apøn A\p-{Klw {]m]n- m F m-h jhpw IS- p-h-cp- Xv t]meo-kns simsnb a -\-ß-tfm, ImtXm-en m I n- m-cpss Ak`y h jtam H pw CXn\v XS- -am-in-. ImcWw Cu hnip ]nxm- - m hkn- Xpw hkn- p- Xpw et m-]-e w P\-a-\- p- I-fn-emWv A msx Aw_-c-Npw-_n-I-fmb Ac-a-\-I-fn-e-. CXv kzøn\v th n-bp-ff X -a-. Bbn-cp-s - n bmt m-_mb k`mw-k-ßƒ ]nsn- -S-t - n-bn-cp- Xv aqhm- p- ]p-g, simc- n, aæpøn XpS-ßnb `{Zm-k\ ti{µ-ß-fm-bn-cp- p. Ahn-sS-sbm pw t]mimsx Bep-hm-bn-te v kxy-hn-izm-kn-iƒ hcp p F n AXns ]n n-ep-ff clkyw hnip- -\mb hen-b-xn-cp-ta-\n-tbm-spw, ]pwy-t«m-i-cmb IS-hn hb-en- -d-ºn Xncp-ta-\n-amtcm-Sp-ff \n Ωe hnizmkw H p am{x-am-wv. ]. At ymjym knwlm-k\ ` n-bn Pohn F m ]nxm- - m-cp-tsbpw Pohn-Xhpw ktµ-ihpw Hgn-hm n I_ hcp-am\w am{xw e yw h v \S-Øp tikp-ifpw X -ßfpw ImtXm-en m hn`mkw Ah-km-\n- n- -Ww. ]. At ymjym knwlm-k-\ ` -cmbn Pohn ]nxm- - m kºm-zn Bephm skan-\m-cnbpw A\p-_ ÿm]-\-ß-fp-tsbpw bym Ah-Im-in-Iƒ,]. At ymjym knwlm-k-\-hp-ambn k oh _ -Øn XpS-cp ae- -c-bnse bmt m-_mb kpdnbm\n {InkvXm\n k` H p am{x-am-wv. http://moradaistudycenter.cjb.net

hnizmk kwc- -I 14 IS-hn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hn ]{Xw Xr p- Øv skan-\m-cn-bpss hnizm-k-tcj ^m. tp _v ]utemkv, klhnimcn Xr p- Øv sk v tacokv bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n ]ffn kpdn-bm\n k`-bpss Ncn-{X-Øn Ign ]Xn- m- p-i-fn-embn G hpw henb hnizmk]ou A\p-`-hn- Xv Bep-hm-bn-em-Wv. Bephm Xr p- Øv skan-\mcn AXns Bcw`w apx ]. At ymjym knwlm-k-\-øns Iogn-ep-ff A -amen `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-en-øm-bp-ssbpw A -amen `{Zm-k\ s]mxp-tbm-k-øns bpw `c-w-ønepw, \nb-{ -W-Øn-ep-am-bn-cp- p. F m C v Xr p- Øv skan-\m-cnbpw CS-hI ]f-fnbpw A\p-_ ÿm]-\- ßfpw ae- -c-k-`-bpss s]mxp-kz-ømbn ImWn- p hymp-tc-j- Ifpw, Ak-Xy-{]-kvXm-h-\-Ifpw kzimcy am[ya cwkøv {]Xy- s -Sp- p. Xr p- Øv ]f-fnbpw ÿm]-\-ßfpw kam-cw-`n- -t mƒ Cu e y-ßƒ ]pwy-s ]q oi ]nxm- - m v \nt»jw D m-bn-cp- n F Xv Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jn-Iƒ pw kxy-ssz-hsø Bcm-[n- p- -h pw a\- n-em-ipw. CXn\v G hpw _e-ta-ip hkvxpx ]pwy-t«m-i-\mb IS-hn ]utemkv tam AØm-\m-tkymkv Xncpta\n FgpXn Xøm-dm- nb hn ]-{X-am-Wv. Cu hn ]{Xw Xr p- Øv skan-\m-cn-bpss hnizm-k-tc-jbpw am m- m m-bp-am-wv. CXv \ntj-[n- p- h pw CXnse kxy-ßƒ hf-s m-sn v kzm -Xbv v th n hymjym-\n- p- -h pw ]pwy-hm-\mb Xncp-ta-\nbpw Ncn-{Xhpw Ncn-{X-Øn {]h Øn- p sszhhpw Hcn- epw am v \ Ip- n-. ]pwy-s ]nxm-hmb IS-hn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hn {Xw Bcw-`n- p- Xp Xs ]. At ymjym knwlm-k-\-søbpw, ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm Xncp-a-\- n-s bpw t]cv ]d- m-wv. A ym-jym-bpss «olm-bv -SpØ knwlm-k-\-øn-t hmgp c m-asø A_vtZZv aninl F tamdm tam C m-øn-tbmkv ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss A[n- Im-c-Øn-epƒs ae- -c, A -am-en- -tim- bw CS-h-I-bpsS 71 hb pw ]utemkv F {]txyi \ma-ap-ff tam AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-enøm ]q Æ-amb kpt_m-[-tømspw kza-\- m-sebpw Fgp-Xn-h hn ]-{Xw. kpt_m-[-ap-f-f-h v am{xw a\- n-em-ip Imcy-ßƒ BWv ]nxmhv CXvsIm v Dt±-in- p- -Xv. ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss A[n-Im-c-Øn Dƒs A -amen `{Zmk-\-Øns sa{xm-t m-en-øm-bm-bn-cp p Xms\ v IS-hn Xncp-ta\n kω-xn v G p ]dbp- p. A msx kzx{ k`-bpss sa{xm-t m-enøm Bbn- hn ]{Xw Xøm-dm- n-bxv. 6 mw JWvUn-I-bn hniz-kvx- m-sc v \ap v t_m[y-s - n-cn- p hmi-øm-\øv ]ffn CS-h-I-bn ImcpNnd ]p q-kns ai Koh Kokv dºm-s\bpw Cu Zb-dm-bn ÿnc-hmkw snbvxp Imcy-`-cWw \S-Øn-sIm-f-fm-sa v \ΩpsS ap ]msi kω-xn- n-cn- p- p. AI- -dºv ]ffn CS-h-I-bn ss]\m-søv Ipcy-Xns ai butk^v siωm-»- t\bpw \nb-an- p-ibpw A[n-Imcw simsp- p-ibpw snbvxn-cn- p- p. ImcpNnd Koh Kokv dºm IS-hn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ImeØpw ]n osv A - Im-e-tØbv pw Cu hniz-kvxx shfn-s -Sp-Øn. 1910 Nnßw 29 mw XobXn sim p-]-d- ºn ]utemkv tam Iqdn-temkv sa{xm-t m-enøm ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhmbv v FgpXn ka n i aqtkm (D-`-b-k-ΩX ]{Xw) bv v H mw km n-bmbn \n v H n- Xv hmi- Øm\Øv ]f-fn-bn Koh Kokv dºm-\m-wv. F m ]n osv h -t»cn sa{xm- s `mktøbv v Iqdp-am-dnb Imcp-Nnd dºm\v sa{xm I n-bpss c mw ImtXm-en m BIm km[n- p.- AXv Xs hnizkvxx shfn-s -Sp-tØ- n-søv shfn-s -Sp-Øn-b-Xns {]Xn-^e-am-bn-cp- n-cn- -Ww. IS-hn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ime-tijw A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Øns sa{xmt m-enøm BIm-sa- p-ff Xs a\- n-en-cn v \S- msx Ip n- m- n ss]\m-søv sim v]u-temkv dºms\ `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-enømbmbn Xnc-s -SpØv ]. A_vZp-ff ]m{xn-b okv _mhm hmgn- -Xn-ep-ff \ncm-im-t_m-[-amtwm Iqdp-am- -Øn\v ]n nse tntxm-hn-imcw F v Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jn-Iƒ ]Tn- -Ww. 7 mw JWvUn-I-bn Zbdm ]Wn-Iƒ \S-Ønb sim p-]u-temkv dºm-s\- p-dn v tzh-temi hmkn-i-fp-tsbpw ]nwn-bm-f- m-cp-tsbpw Iq m-bva-bpss i_vz-amb ae- ck`m amkn-i-bn IqSn Ak-`yhpw Ak-ln-jvW-Xbpw IpØn-\n-d Bephm kvs]jy ]Xn v Ic- m mbn A -Sn- n-cn- p p! CXns apjy ]{Xm-[n-]cpw tzhtemi \neb hnzzm- mcpw Xß-fpsS D -bn m txm n-eqss As - n Xpcp-ºn ]S-hmfn-eqsS e yw hbv p- Xv bmt m-_m-b- m-cpss ]pwy-]n-xm- - m ]Wn-I-gn- n- Xpw B ]pwym-flm- -fpss A y hn{ia ÿm\-hp-amb Bephm Xr p- Øv skan-\m-cnbpw, ]f-fnbpw a pw ssih-i-øn-em- m-\m-wv. sa{xm I n hn`m-k- m F m Ip m\- I-fnepw kvacn- p ]. At ymjy ]m{xn-b okv _mh hmgn t{ijvt _tk-en-tbmkv txmakv {]Y-a ImtXm-en m _mhm Xncp-ta-\nsb kwt_m-[\ snøp `mkøv txmakv {]Y-a F v kxy-t_m-[-an- m-sx-bpw, \oxn-t_m-[-an- m-sx-bpw, aueni [ Ω-Øns Awiw t]mse-bp-an- m-sxbpw Fgp-Xn-hn- Xv kwkvimc iq\y-amb \S-]-Sn-bm-bn-t m-bn. _p n cm -k- msc Dƒs m-f-fp p F -h-im-i-s -Sp-Ibpw tum bpss ]n _-etømss Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n h-ln- p-ibpw snøp A`n-h-µy am-cpss (AtXm \nirjvs Pohn-I-tfm?) aeo-ak \mhn \n pw hnj-en]vx Xpen-I-bn \n pw AS v hogp CØcw Ak-ln-jvWX \nd kwt_m-[-\-isf ]nxr-iq\yw F v ]d-bmsx hø. sa{xm I n k`-bnse IS-emkv kwl-s-\-iƒ ]pd-s -Sp-hn- p hmtdm-e-i-fn Nnet mƒ CØcw ]cm-a i-ßƒ ImWm-dp- v. sa{xm I n-i-fpss HutZym-KnI {]kn- o-ic-w-øn, bmt m-_mb k`-bpss F m-amb t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _mhm-sb, Hcp ktlm- Zcn k`m- y- -\m-bn-t mepw ImWm km[n- m-ø-hæw Po Æn a\- p-i-fpss DS-a- I-fmbn Xcw-Xm-WXp aqew kaq-l-a- y-øn A]-lm-ky-cm-bXv sa{xm I n k`m t\xr-xz-am-wv. ae- c k`m amkni ImWn p X amxri {]Imcw tam ZnZn-tamkv {]Ya ImtXm-en m _mhmsb ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a F v am{xw kwt_m-[\ snbvxm axn-sb nepw bmt m-_mb k`mw-k-ßƒ A{]-Imcw {]h Øn- m-øxv tam ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a _mhmsb Hcp ktlm-zcn kaq-l-øns tae y- -\mbn ImWp- -Xp-aqehpw kwkvimc kº- -Xbpw sim mwv. sa{xm I n k`m amknim {]h Ø-I t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _mhmsb A]-am-\n- -Xn\v ]c-ky-ambn am v ]d-bm-\p-ff am\y-x-sb- nepw ImWn-t - -Xm-Wv. ]Wn- -c- s ]Wn-Iƒ ae- -c-k`m amkn-i-bpss FUn- ]Zw hln- p ]Wn- -c- -\mwv sa{xm I n- m Bephm skan-\m-cn v ta D -bn- p hnhmz timem-l-e-ßƒ v Xncn-sIm-fp- Øm \nbp- -\m-b-xv. Xs Bi-b-ßƒ v ]n _-e-ta-im ]Wn- -c- Nne aps- \ymb-ßƒ D -bn- p- p- v. A ]d-bp- Xv ae- c k`-bpss {][m\ tzhm-e-bßƒ bmt m-_m-b- m ssihiw h n-cn- p p F m-wv. CS-hI ]f-fn-i-sf-bmwv A Dt±-in- p- -sx- n CS-h-I-]-ffn CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fp-tS-Xm-sW pw Ah I n-if- m-ø-xn-\m {]txyi DØ-chv ]pd-s -Sp-hn- m-\m-hn m F p-amwv _lp. kp{]ow timsxn ]d- n-cn- p- -Xv. A s k` Hcn-SØpw ]f-fn-iƒ ]Wn-bn- n- n-. CS-hI ]ffn-iƒ AXmXp {]tz-isø CS-h-Imw-K-ßƒ tnmc-\o-cm n ]Wn-X-Xm-Wv. CS-hI]ffn ]d-bp- p- v. ]utemkv dºm Zb-dm-bn Xma-kn-bv m hcp p F n Abm-fpsS Nne-hp-Iƒ ap `m-c-hm-ln-i-fp-ts-xp-t]mse {SÃn \n pw \S-tØ- Xpw `c-w-im-cy-sø- n A`n-{]mb t`z-ap- m-bm Cu ]utemkv dºm Dƒs -ss-bp-ff aq v t]cn `qcn-]- - m-cpss A`n-{]mb {]Imcw Imcy-ßƒ \S-tØ- -Xm-Ip- p. CXn \n pw hen-b-xncp-ta-\nbv v Cu ÿm]-\-øn D m-bn-cp {]m[m\yw hy -am-wv. 9 mw JWvUn-I-bn ap hip- p-i-fn ]d-bp ]utemkv dºm ÿeøv h v Xma-kn- m-ø-] w a v `mc-hm-ln-iƒ XΩn `n m-`n-{]mbw D m-bm AXmXp ImeØv A -amen alm-c-s-h-i-bpss sa{xm-t m-enøm Ah Isf Adn-bn v At±-l-Øns A`n-{]mbw t]mse Imcy-ßƒ \S-tØ- -Xm-bp- v. 10 mw JWvUnI Cu hn ]-{X-Øns G hpw {][m-\-s JWvUn-I-bm-Wv. Bdmw hip- n ]d-bp `cw I Øm- - msc A[n-Im-c-Øn \n pw am p- -Xn\pw Ggmw hip- n ]d-bp ]utemkv dºm\v CXn-\m simsp-øn-cn- p Ah-Imiw C m-xm- p- -Xn\pw hnizm-k-hn-]-co-x-am-tbm, ÿm\-{`-jvsn\v Imc-W-amb a v h kwk-xn-i-fptam ASn-ÿm-\-am n A -amen CS-h-I-bpsS sa{xm-t m-en-ømbv v A[n-Im-c-ap- m-bn-cn- p- Xpw ta ]-d hn[-øn-ep-ff axn-bmb ImcWw IqSmsX At±-l-Ønt\m a m s - n-eptam Cu A[n-Im-cw D]-tbm-Kn- m ]msn- m-ø-xm-ip- p. 11 mw JWvUnI Cu {SÃns Dt±-i-{]-Imcw icn-bmbn \S-Øp- pt m F v ]cntim-[n- p- -Xn\pw s]mxpth tae-t\z-jww snøp- -Xn\pw A -amen alm CS-h-I-bpsS AXm-Xp-Im-esØ sa{xm-t m-en-ømbv pw s]mxp-tbm-k-øn\pw A[n-Im-chpw Npa-X-ebpw Df-f-Xm-Ip- p. Cu aq v hip- n \n pw Xr p- Øv skan-\m-cnbpw {SÃpw ae- -c-k-`-bpss s]mxp-kz-ø-. ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss A[n-Im-c-Øn Iogn-ep-ff A -amen `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-en-øm-bv pw, ]n Km-an-Iƒ pw, A -amen `{Zm-k\ ]ffn s]mxptbm-k-øn\pw am{x-amwv F v kv]jvshpw hy -hp-am-wv. hn ]{Xw hy -am- p- Xv ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bm hmgn- -s A -amen (`-{Zm-k-\) sa{xm-t m-en-ømbv pw alm-c-s-h-i-bpss s]mxp-tbm-k-øn\pw am{x-amwv Cu ÿm]-\-øns A[n-Imc Ah- Im-i-ßƒ F m-wv. hn ]{Xw FgpXn Xøm-dm- p-tºmƒ IS-hn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ko\nb sa{xm-t m-en-ømbpw AXn-ep-]cn ae- c sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bp-am-bn-cp ]pen-t m- n tpmk^v tam Zoh- m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-en-ømbvt m k`m- `m-c-hm-ln-iƒt m (k`m {SÃn, sshzni {SÃn, Bflmb {SÃn) Hcp ÿm\tam Ah-Imi A[n-Im-c-ßtfm ]cma in- n- n-, simsp-øn- p-an-. AXp-sIm v Cu ÿm]\w ae- -c-bpss s]mxp-kzøv A, ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss Iogn-ep-ff A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Øns bpw `{Zm-k\ sa{xmt m-en-øm-bp-ts-bp-am-wv. Xr p- Øv skan-\m-cnbpw A\p-_ ÿm]-\-ßfpw aqutemi (tz-h-tem-iw)- Øn-cn- p- -h-cpss s]mxp-kz-ø adn v ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhbm hmgn v \nb-an v A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Ønse F m CS-h-I-]-f-fn-Ifpw bym -Øn (]-{X- -S-em-kn A ) AwKo-I-cn- p sa{xm-t m-en-ømbv v Ah-Im-i-s - -Xm-Wv. Hcp thz-hn-]-co-xn-bp-tstbm aps- -s sa{xm-t m-en-øm-bp-sstbm hmt m, Fgp- Øp-I-tfm, k`m PohnX \mƒh-gn-bnse enjn-x-ßƒt m skan-\m-cn-bpss Ah-Imißƒt m, A[n-Im-c-ßƒt m am w hcp-øp-hm km[n- p-i-bn- m. kz w ]nxm-hns\-t mepw am n ]d-bp, ]utcm-lnxyw X hsc Xffn ]d-bp kaqlw ]d-bp- Xv kxy-hn-izm-kn-iƒ v Hcn- epw hniz-kn- p-hm km[n- p-i-bn- m. IS-hn Xncp-ta-\nbpsS hn ]{Xw AXp-sIm- mwv hnizm-k-tc-j-iq-sn-bm-ip- -Xv. k` hf -Xns ^e-ambn Bep-hm-bn kpdn-bm-\n- m-cpss FÆw IqSn-h-cn- Ibpw snbvx-xp-aqew sk -ta-cokv ]ffn Hcp CS-hI ]ffn B p-ibpw Hcp km[mcw CS-h-I-bpsS Bflob Bh-iy-ßƒ (i-h-kw-kvim-c-apƒs -ss) Cu ]f-fn-bn \n pw \SØn simsp- p-ibpw snbvxp. AXv C pw XpS v hcp- p. t\àhgn sxän-t m-sbm-cps \Ãn-Sbm \o c n-t Ww LmX-I-\mam ZpjvS-\nÂ \n pw Sponsored by: Mor adai Study Center ho mtkm-]pcw \nco- -I CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fpsS kzømwv F Xncn- -dn-hn-eqss, sa{xm I n ]f-fn-iƒ tzh-temiw ImtXm-en- m-bpss t]cn FgpXn \ I-W-sa- pw, ]f-fn-iq-zmi thf-i-fn Xmt m ssiam ip{iqj F IqZm-i-{Iaw h - p-t _mh \nh Øn p h -Xp-sam pw ]Wn- - -c- -\-dn-bn m F pt m? IS-hn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hn ]{Xw sa{xm I n v A\p-Iq-e-a- m-ø-xn-\m ]Wn- -c- ]d-bp- p, k`m a -fpss ]Ww sim v \n Ωn- p ÿm]-\-ßƒ hn ]{X {]Imcw ssiam w ]msn m F v. tam amxyqkv c m-a _mhm, \m p-im-cpss ]Ww ]ncn v \n Ωn timtf-pp-iƒ ImtXm-en m ] -tim ]-td v amt\-pvsa n\v hn Xpw, At±-l-Øns hn ]-{X-{]-Imcw imkvxmw-tim {SÃv `cww tzh-temi `c-w-k-an-xn v e`n- m- Xpw A -\-dn- nt? ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mh sa{xm Im-tXm-en m ÿm\- ßƒ \ Inb t{ijvt _mhmsb FhnsS \nt m ] w G Bƒ Fs ms hnti-jn- n- p- Xv A ]Xzw BWv. timx-aw-kew a- -\n- -c- -]-cp-ae ]nxm- - msc s]mxpkz-øm- p- Xv \ Xv ]t Ah-cpsS ]mx-]n- p-s-cm-\p-ff hnthiw ]Wn- -c- -\p- p- Iptam?. a -\n- c _mh, ae- -c-bpss s]mxp-]n-xmhv BsW A s Xncn- -dnhv Ip w-ip-fsø hnime am\- -\mb lnkv- -tãm-dn-b IØ-\m-tcm-Sp-IqSn H p ]d-t - -Ww. `mc-x-øns ]c-tam- X \oxn ]ot-øns hn[n-\ymbw ewln- p- Xv BcmsW v F m-h pw Adnbmw ]. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss ]c-am- y- X AwKo-Icn am txm-ωm- knw-lm-k\w Be- m-cniw F v ]d tims-xn-hn[n AwKo-I-cn- m ]Wn- -c- Xøm-dmtWm? ]Wn- -c- s tnmzy-ßƒ _pa-dmßv t]mse tzh-tem-i-tø v Xs -bmwv asßn FØp- -Xv. ]Wn- -c- Xs ]mc ]Wn-Iƒ XpS-c-s. Bcpw kz -a ^m. CS-b-\m ae- -c-bn I n a -c-ßƒ Bcw-`n- p- -Xn\v apºv ÿm]n-x-am-b-xn-\m Bephm skan-\m-cnbpw ]f-fnbpw ae- -c-bpss s]mxp-kz-ømwv F p ^m. CS-b-\m hmzn- p- p. A s hmzw icn-bmb A -Øn Df-f-Xm-sW- n 1880 \v apºv ÿm]n- X-amb ]gb skan-\mcn, ]cp-ae skan-\mcn XpS-ßn-b-h-bpw, I n a -c-ßƒ Bcw-`n- -Xn-\p-tijw ÿm]n-x-amb simc- n kotbm skan-\m-cn sa{xm- m-cpss Imep-am w aqew bmt m-_m-b- m v \jvs-amb aqhm- p-]pg, Xriq XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn ^m. CS-b-\m-ens \ne-]msv Adn-bm B{K-l-ap- v. ]. At ymjym knwlm-k-\-øns t]cn B[mcw \S ]cp-ae skan-\m-cnbpw, ]. At ymjym ]m{x-b m knwlmk\ ` n-bn Pohn NmØp-cp-Øn tam {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I_-dnSw ÿnxn-sn-øp ]f-fn-bp-tsbpw DS-a-ÿ-Xm-h-Imiw kw_- n pw sa{xm I n t\xr- Xz-Øns \ne-]m-sn-xmtwm? ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-tb-Ip-dn v ]d-bp-tºm-gpw, Fgp-Xp- -tºmgpw, ]Tn- n- p-tºm-gpw, ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n ta ÿm\w kzoi-cn Xv ]. ]mt{xmkv XrXo-b ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bn \n m-sw v a\- q w ]d-bm-xn-cn- p- Xv F msw v ^m. CS-b-\m At\z-jn- -Ww. At mƒ a\- n-emipw Cu ]pwy-]n-xm- - m (tijw 17- mw t]pn... ) http://moradaistudycenter.cjb.net

- hnizmk kwc- -I 15 Xr p Øv skan\mcn Imcyw Xs ho pw Hm ØtUmIvkv k`bv v Xr p Øv skan\mcnbpss ssihimhimiw Hm ØtUmIvkv sshzni {SÃn dh. ^m. tpm kv F{_lmw tim\m v I n hg ns Bcw`ImeØv Bephm Xr p Øv skan\mcnbpss NpaXe hln ncp h ]m{xob okv ] w tn Xn\m skan\mcnbpss \nb{ Ww bmt m_mb k`bv v e`n p F dh: ^m: aømbn CSb\mens hmzw hnhcan mbvabmwv. skan\mcn ÿm]i sa{xmt meoømbpss hn ]{X{]ImcamWv skan\mcn bmt m_mb k`bv v e`n Xv. I n hg ns Bcw`ImeØv Xr p Øv skan\mcnbpss NpaXe hln v AhnsS Xmakn ncp Xv Ip n m n sim p ]utemkv dºm (]cnip henb Xncpta\n) Bbncp p skan\mcn ÿm]i\mb IShn ]utemkv am AØm\mtkymkv sa{xmt meoøm, skan\mcn `cwøn\mbn cq]oicn ap wk{sãnse Hcp AwKsa \nebn AhImis hy n\nebn BWv At±lw AhnsS Xmakn Xpw, skan\mcnbpss NpaXe hln ncp Xpw. Fs am\ykplrøv {io. Fw. Ipcy txmakv AhImis Sp Xpt]mse ImcpNnd KnhdpKokv dºm (c mw ImtXmen m _mh) HcmfpsS am{xw {]bxv\^ea Bephm Xr p Øv skan\mcn. skan\mcn \n ΩmWØn\v Ip n m n sim p ]utemkv dºm Gsd {]bxv\n n p v. dºm F \nebn hs ]dhq sk v txmakv ] nbn \n pw BZyambn e`n ssiapøv XpIbn H ss]k t]mepw kz BhiyØn\v FSp msx apgph\pw, Bephm ] n v I p sh n phm BWv D]tbmKn Xv. sim p ]utemkv dºm s\ Ipdn v A amen `{Zmk\ ] n {]Xn]pcpj tbmkw 1909 Nnßw 15 \v ]cnip A p ]m{xnb okv _mhmbv v \ Inb At] bn ]dbp Xv ""sim p ]utemkv dºm sszhoi Xo WXtbmsS `n mc s\t mse ] nifn k cn v hfsc {]bmks v ]Ww ]ncn v skan\mcn si ns Øns ]Wn an hmdpw ]q Ønbm n'' F mwv. 1900 se CShI ]{XnI 99 100 t]ppifn ]d ncn p Xv ""Cu ] nbpss ]Wn sim p ]utemkv dºm \SØn hcp p''sb mwv. Bephm Xr p Øv skan\mcnbpw ] nbpw a pw bmt m_mb k`bpssxmwv F kxyw Hm ØtUmIvkv k`m sshzoi {SÃn _lpam\s tpm kv F{_mlmw tim\m v kωxn ncn pibmwv. ""skan\mcnbpss ssihi msc Hgnhm m\mbn tikp simsp phm\pw ]m{xnb okv hn`mkw asn ImWn n ' F v At±lw skan\mcnsb Ipdn p tej\øn ]d ncn p Xv. ssihi msc Hgnhm m tikp simsp p Xv DSaÿ BWt m. At mƒ DSaÿ bmt m_mb k`bpw ssihi m Hm ØtUmivkv k`bpamwv. Hm ØtUmIvkv k`bv v GXm\pw h jsø ssihim himiw am{xsabp p. skan\mcn X Øns XpS w apxse bmt m_mb k` ]dbp XmWv Cu Imcyw. Ct msg nepw dh: ^m: tpm kv F{_mlmw tim\m v CXv kωxn pisb nepw snbvxpht m? sszhw At±lsØ sim v Cu kxyw ]dbn n XmWv. ]cnip At ymjym knwlmk\tømsv F mehpw Iqdnepw hnt[bxzønepw ae c k`sb \ne\ndpøphm [ocambn t\xrxzw \n IpIbpw AXn\mbn ]cnip ]utemkv am AØm\mtkymkv henb Xncpta\n Dƒs ss bmt m_mb kpdnbm\n k`bnse ]nxm mtcmssmøv ap \ncbn \n v {]h Øn pibpw snbvx tim\m v amø aev]ms ]n Xeapd mc\mb dh: ^m: tpm kv A{_mlØns ]cnip At ymjym knwlmk\ hncp \S]SnIfpsS {]mb nø ]cnlmcambn mwv Bephm Xr p Øv skan\mcn bmt m_mb k`bpssxmwv F v kxyw At±lsØ sim v ]dbn n ncn p Xv. A s A cmflmhn \n pamwv Cu kxyw shfns SpØs ncn p Xv. Bephm Xr p Øv skan\mcnbpw ] nbpw kzøp fpw k`bpss s]mxpkzøv A. AXv ]cnip At ymjym knwlmk\øn Iognep A amen `{Zmk\Ønt Xv am{xamwv. skan\mcnbpw ] nbpw a pw A amen `{ZmkØns Xp Bbncn phm th nbmwv skan\mcn ÿm]i\mb IShn ]utemkv am AØm\mtkymkv Xncpta\n ae c sa{xmt meoøm Dƒs ss k`m `mchmlni-ƒ v Hcp A[nImchpw AhImihpw \ ImsX `{Zmk\ {SÃv cq]oicn Xv. 1912 se h n WtIkn Ccp hn`mktømspw k`m kzøp fpss enãv ka n phm tim bw Pn m timsxn Bhiys p. _mh I nbpw sa{xm I nbpw timsxnbn ka n k`m kzøp fpss ] nibn Bephm Xr p Øv skan\mcn, Xncph\ ]pcw sk v tpm v ] n XpSßnbh H pw Dƒs SpØnbncp n. Bephm Xr p Øv skan\mcnbpw kzøp fpw ]q Æambpw `{Zmk\Ønt Xv BbXn\m BWv Ccphn`mKhpw k`mkzøns ] nibn \n pw Hgnhm nbxv. AXpt]mse Xncph\ ]pcw sk v tpm v ] nbpw kzøp fpw k` bpssx. adn Xncph\ ]pcw CShIbpsSXmWv. AXpsIm mwt m Xncph\ ]pcw ] n kzøp ƒ ssiøs m Hm ØtUmIvkv k` t\xrxzw {ian t mƒ CShI H si mbn AXns\ FXn ØXv 1912 k`bpss A mxncp Bephm Xr p Øv skan\m cnbpw kzøp fpw Ct mƒ Fßs\ k`bpssxmbn? ]cnip ZoZntamkv ImtXmen m _mh Dƒs ssbp Xphsc Xr p Øv skan\mcnbn t]meokv _µnifm nsb v ]d v tcmjw sim p Xn A an. AhImian mønsøv A[nImcw ÿm]n phm {ian XpsIm mwv A{]Imcw _µnifm nbxp F n Xs bpw. ^nen mkv am txtbm^ntemkv sa{xmt meoøm A amen `{Zmk\Øns `cw NpaXe hln ncp t mƒ, Bephm Xr p Øv skan\mcn ÿm]i\mb IShn ]utemkv am AØm\mtkymkv Xncpta\n Xs IpSpw_hnlnXØn \n pw skan\mcn bv v \ Inb hs ]dhqcnep sxßn txm w hn pibp mbn. A amen `{Zmk\] n {]Xn]pcpjtbmKw hnfn p Iq n B tbmkxocpam\{]imcamwv hkvxp hn ]\ \SØnbXv. Bephm Xr p Øv skan\mcnbpw kzøp fpw k`bpssxmbncp psh n k`m amt\pnwkv IΩ nbpss Xocpam\{]Imcat hn ]\ \StØ Xv? A msx `{Zmk\ s]mxptbmkxocpam\ {]Imca t m. CXn\ w Bephm Xr p Øv skan\mcnbnepw kzøp fnepw k`bv v bmsxmcp AhImihpw C. AXv XnI pw A amen `{Zmk\ {SÃv t{]m nbmwv F mwv. k`m `cwls\ {]Imca, adn v {SÃv hyhÿ{]imcw {SÃv KpWt`m fmb ]cnip At ymjym knwlmk\øn Iognep A amen `{Zmk\ ] n {]Xn]pcpjtbmKXocpam\ {]ImcamWv Xr p Øv skan\mcnbpw kzøp fpw `cn s ts Xv. skan\mcn ÿm]isa{xmt meoømbpss hn ]{XsØ Ipdn pw {SÃns\ Ipdn pw A sø k`m t\xrxzøn\v t_m[w D mbncp Xn\m BWv B hkvxp hn ]\bn k`m t\xrxzw CSs]SmXncp Xv. skan\mcn ÿm]i sa{xmt meoømbpss hn ]{Xw \nba]cambn AwKoIcn s p Ign ncn pibmwv. hn ]{XØns {]k n \ s p F Hm ØtUmIvkv hmzw \ne\n pibn. 1958 se tbmpnt mss hn ]{Xw Zp _eambnt mbn F Hm ØtUmIvkv hmzw \nc IamWv. Hcp cpnkvt{suv {]am Ww a p Hcp cpnkvtsuv {]amwøntem timsxn hn[nbntem am{xsa d±m s SpIbp p. ]m{xnb okv _mhbpsstbm ImtXmen m _mhbpss GsX nepw Iev]\ sim v k m {]amwßƒ H pw d±m s SpIbn. Xr p Øv skan\mcn kw_ n hn ]{Xw AwKoIcn mxncn phm\mbn sa{xm t meoømam v hn ]{Xw FgpXphm sjh: ]n.si. ]utemkv Iqc AhImia sb v Hcp anã Fw.kn. h Kokv FgpXnbXmbn I p. Hm ØtUmIvkv k`mwkamb At±lw kz w k`bpss `cwls\ hmbn nt C m F v txm p p. Hcn hmbn ncp p F n C{]Imcw hnhct Sv FgpXpIbn mbncp p. B `cwls\ A\pkcn v sa{xmt meoømam v hn ]{Xw FgpXmw. Ht sd timsxn hn[niƒ Nq n ImWn v bmt m_mb k`bv v Xr p Øv skan \mcnbn {]thi\w A\phZ\oba F v ÿm]n phm Hm ØtUmIvkv ] w {ian p p v. bmt m_mb k`bnse sa{xmt meoømamscbpw sshzoisc bpw A ambscbpw Bephm ] nbnepw ]nxm mcpss I_dpapdnbnepw {]thin p Xns\ XSbcp sx ]e timsxn hn[nifpw D v. Ds v Hm ØtUmIvkp k` AhImis Sp timsxn hn[niƒ \ne\n s Xs bmwv 1978 P\phcn 18 \v A`nhµy txmakv am Znh mtkymkv Xncpta\nbv v (t{ijvt ImtXmen _mh) Bephm Xr p Øv skan \mcn ] nbn k m {]thi\w \ InbXv am Znh mtkymkv Xncpta\nbpsSbpw s]cpº n KnhdpKokv am {KotKmdntbmkv Xncpta\nbpsSbpw km n yøn IShn tum: ]utemkv am AØm\mtkymkv Xncpta\n v skan\mcn ] nbn hn. _en A n phm\pw Xncpta\nam v aq v t] pw ]nxm mcpss I_dn [q]{]m \ \SØphm\pw k m A\phmZw \ InbXv, bmt m_mb k`bv v AhImiap Xn \m BWv AhImian mønsøp {]thi\w \ IWsa v Bhiys v `ojwnbpw kω ±hpw \SØnbmsem pw Hcp k mcpw AXv A\phZn m t]mip n. Hm ØtUm Ivkv I n AhImis Sp timsxn hn[nifpw \ntcm[\hpw D mbncp n pw AXp ewln v sa{xmt meoømam Xr p Øv skan\mcnbn {]thin Xn\pw, Ahsc {]thin n Xn\pw Xncpta\nam pw k mcn\pw FXncmbn \ntcm[\ewl\øn\pw timsxnbe yøn\pw F p sim v Hm ØtUmIvkv k` A v tikv ^b snbvxn? ]cnip At ymjym knwlmk\tømsp Iqdnepw hnizmkønepw bmt m_mb k`sb tabn v `cn ]cnip ]utemkv am AØm\mtkymkv henb Xncpta\nbpsS Hm Ωs]cp mfnt\ms\p_ n v Ign c v h jßfnembn t{ijvt ImtXmen m tam _tkentbmkv txmakv {]Ya _mhm Xncpta\nbv pw a p sa{xmt meoømam pw hnizmkn Iƒ pw ]nxm mcpss I_dn [q]{]m \ \SØphm k m A\phmZw \ InbXp thm v _m v e yam nbmwv F v Hm ØtUmIvkv {]NcWw hkvxpxiƒ v \nc møxmwv. bym Øn bp.un.f^v. k m thm v _m v e yam nbmwv bmt m_mb k`bv v Xr p Øv skan\mcnbn {]thi\w \ntj[n p Xv. skan\mcn ÿm]i\mb IShn ]utemkv am AØm\mtkymkv Xncpta\nbpsS hn ]{X{]Imcw Bephm Xr p Øp skan\mcnbpw ] nbpw kzøp fpw ]cnip At ymjym knwlmk\øn Iognep A amen `{Zmk\ sa{xmt meoømbv pw CShI] niƒ pw am{xw AhImis XmWv. Cu hkvxpx t_m yambxn\m BWv Cu k m t{ijvt ImtXmen m tam _tkentbmkv txmakv {]Ya _mhmbv v Xs ap KmanIfmb sa{xmt meoømamcpss I_dn [q]{]m \ \SØphm A\p hmzw \ InbXv. k mcns Cu \S]Sn \oxn\ntj [hpw \ntcm[\ewl\hpw timsxn hn[nifpss ewl\hpw BsW n F n\pw GXn\pw tikv simsp pibpw simsp n pibpw tikn\mbn sim nbn B^okv Xpd pibpw timsxn hn[nifn apdpsi ]nsn pibpw snøp Hm ØtUmIvkv k` F psim v k m \S]Sn v FXncmbn tikv ^b snøp n? t\àhgn sxän-t m-sbm-cps... (16- mw t]pn \n p XpS...) Bcpw sa{xm I n v kz -a m F v. t\ hgn sx n-t m-tbm-c-pw- -bm-t m_v IØ-\m sa{xm I n- m-cpss ]m mxy I -\m v \n v Bep-hm-bn-te v si n Cd- s - -bm-fmwv bmt m_v IØ-\m. Ct±lw Ahn-hm-ln-X-\m-sW v ]d-b-s -Sp- p. Nph p Ip m-b-øn-\p-th- n-bmimw ta ]-d IØ-\m ae- c k`m amkn-i-bn Zp K w han- p Hcp hmtdme ]S- p-hn- n- p- v. ]pibpw Icn-bp-sams ]nsn `qx-ime Pohn- X-Øn \ns m-gn-hmbn ]m mxy I -\ms {][m\ ip{iq-ji thjw si n-b-t mƒ Bep-hmbv v AkvtX- n-bpss t]mãn Hcp \nb-a\w icn-bm n In n. Bep-hm-bnse-Øn-b-t mƒ I Xv ]. At ymjym knwlm-k\ ` -cmb ]cn-ip ]nxm- - m ]Sp- Øp-b Ønb Xr p- Øv skan-\mcn! Cu IØ-\m v Hcp Nph Ip mbw \ Im aæpøn ]nxm-thm, aqhm- p-]pg ]nxm-thm, aptºm v hc-ww. sa{xm I n-bnse sa{xm- m v Hcp \ Iq v Bbn-cn- pw. A`n. bmt m_v IØ-\m! Sn IØ-\m X n-hn- n-cn- p hnh-c-tzm-j-ßƒ ]cn-ip ]nxm- - m an- -s. IS-a- -tøbpw time-t -cn-bn-tebpw CS-h-I-I-fnse sa{xm ] - m-cmb km[mcw hnizm-kn-iƒ tzh-temi t\xr-xz-øns h -\m-]-c-amb \ne-]m-sp-iƒ a\- n-em- n-b-xns ^e-am-bmwv amxyqkv tam tkth-dn-tbmkv FXn Øn- p-t]mepw {]kvxpx ]f-fn-iƒ Xpd- m-\n-s-bm-b-xv. time-t -cn-bnse [\m-vy\pw sa{xm I n- m-c-\p-amb {]ap-j tzh-temi ]nxm- - m-cpss FXn- -h-k-wn v ]ffn Xpd- m ap ssi FSp- Ø-Xpw, At±-l-Øns Ime-tijw time-t cn ]ffn AS- n- m ap n- n-d-ßn-bxpw Bcm-sW v bmt m_v IØ-\m v Adn-bn t]mepw! temi-øp-ff F m k -I-emim-e-I-fn \n pw Kth-jW _ncpzw t\sn-bm-epw, hi-xn-cn-hn- msx ]pe-`y-ßƒ ]pe- ºp CØcw NpSp tnmdp-hm-cp km[-\-ßƒ (tum. bqlm-t\m tam anen-tøm-knt\msv IS- m-sv) Dƒs m-f-fp tzh-temi k`-bnse Hcp kmzm IØ-\m-cmWv t{ijvt _mhmbptsbpw hnizmk kwc- W ka-nxn-bp-tsbpw sa{xm -t bpw hnzym-`ymk Imcyw Hm Øv `mc-s -Sp- Xv! tzh-tem-isø Iqen- m bym CS-b- m-c m-ø-xn-\m Ah BSp-Isf Dt]- n v I \msp -hgn \S- p- p. kz BSp-Isf Xncp-h-\- -]p-cøv sim p-t]m-bn, t]meo-kns a -\-ta m hn n v ] \ {X tlm -en Ib-dnbn-cp v hn{i-an CS-b- msc Bcm-bmepw H -s -Sp-Øn-t m-ipw. bmt m-_- hgn-sx- nt mb BSp-I-sf-b At\z-jn-t - -Xv, hgn-sx- n-t mb tzh-temi CS-b- m-scbs{x! t{ijvt _mhmbv v P\-ßsf \bn- m-\-dn-bmw, AXv I v ]Tn-t - -XmWv F v ]d- Xv \nß-fpss \nbp ImtXm-en- -bm-wv. N{µ-\p-Zn- p- -Xp-I v D -Øn Iqhnbn v Hcp Imcy-hp-an- m! bmt m-_- s\ Hm Øv \nco- -I\pw {]m n p t]mip- p. t\ hgn sx n-t m-tbm-co-b-p-sø, \ n-sbm \o, LmX-I-\mam ZpjvS-\n \n pw, c nt -Ww. Bep-hm-bnse henb Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSbpw IS-hn Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSbpw hb-e- d-ºn Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSbpw {]m \ CXn\v apjm- -c-am-i-s. hm Ww: Nne hnhcw si Bflmb {]h Ø-I ]dbpw t]mse, bmt m- _mb k`mw-k-ßsf hnl-sn-x F v tam ZnZn-tamkv {]Y-a _mhm ae- c k`m amkn- I-bn hnti-jn- n- n-cn- p- p. Bim-\- -c-sam v ]ng- m...! Sponsored by: Mor adai Study Center http://moradaistudycenter.cjb.net

hnizmk kwc- -I 16 Beph Xr p- Øv ] n CS-hI ] n ]cn-ip ]t{xmkv XrXo-b ]m{xn-b okv _mh-bm ÿm]n- -s A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Øn At±-l-Øm hmgn-bv -s v \nban- -s `{Zm-k-\-Øns {]Ya sa{xm-t m-eoø Aºm v Koh okv am Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta\n sim -h jw 1064 Ipw`w 18 mw XobXn I n v {]Ya _en-b n v ]cn-ip sszh-am-xm-hns \ma- Øn Cu tzhm-ebw ÿm]n- p. Cu tzhm-e-b-øns bym t]cv St. Mary s Syrian Orthodox Church F m-wv. 1971- Bcw- `n Ct m-gsø k`m hg- n\v ap ]p ] n-bpss Letterpad, amtam-zokm Ipdn, hnhml Ipdn XpS-ßnbh ]cn-tim-[n- m C mcyw hy- -am-ip- -Xm-Wv. ]n osv `c-w-ta A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Øns IS-hn ]utemkv am AØ-\m-tk-ymkv sa{xm-t m-eoø 1078- BWv ] nbpss sxt -`m-køv Xr p- Øv skan-\mcn ÿm-]n- -Xv. AXm-bXv ] n ÿm]n v 14 h j-øn\v tij-amwv skan-\mcn ÿm]n- -Xv. CXn \n pw skan-\m-cnbmwv BZyw ÿm]n Xv F Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ] -Øns hmzw sx mwv F v a\- n- em- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. GXv hnizmkøn s] h v th nbmwv Cu skan\mcnbn hkvxp hiifpw F At±lØns hn {XØnse 1Dw 2Dw JWvUnIbn ]d ncn p Imcyßƒ a\]q w Hgnhm n {]kn oicn ae c k`m amkni kxysø h n pibt snbvxncn p Xv? skan-\mcn ÿm]n- -Xn\v tij-amwv Cu ] nsb Xr p- Øv skan-\mcn ] n F v Adn-b-s p XpS-ßn-b-Xv. 1971- Bcw-`n k`m hg- ns\ XpS mwv Cu ] nsb Ac-a\ ] n, IØo-{U ] n, sa{xm-t m-eo-ø Nm F o t]cp-iƒ Hm ØtUmIvkv ] w {]N-cn- n p XpS-ßn-b-Xv. A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Øns hb-en- -d-ºn Koh okv am {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ImeØv skan-\mcn si nsw c v \nebmbn Db Øp-Ibpw c mw \ne-bn sk-an-\mcn Nm ]Wn-bp-Ibpw snbvxn- p- - Xm-Wv. (1977- ] n ]q n-b-xn\v tijw Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ] w Cu Nm -en-emwv h jß-tfmfw Bcm-[\ \S-Øn-bn-cp- -Xv). `{Zm-k-\-Ønse ]e sshzn-i pw Cu Nm -en h mwv ] w simsp-øn- p- -Xpw. ]cn-ip- -\mb Bep-hm-bnse henb Xncp-ta\n ]utemk am AØ-\m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ImeØv At ym-jym {]Xn-\n[n bqlm-t\m am naokv sa{xm-t m-eo-ø-bpss {][m\ Im Ωn-I-X-z-Øn-emWv Cu tzhm-e-b-øns aqtdm IqZmi \S-Ø-s - -Xv. Bcw-`-Imew apx `{Zm-k\ ] n {]Xn-]p-cpj tbmk-ßƒ pw AJne ae- c ] n {]Xn-]p-cpj tbmk-ßƒ pw Cu ] n-bn \n pw {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ ]s -Sp-Øn- p- -Xm-Wv. Ign 30- ]cw h jsø Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpss A -amen `{Zm-k\ ] n {]Xn-]p-cpj tbmk-ß-fp-tsbpw ae- c Atkm-kn-tb-j bpw (2002 se ]cp-ae tkmkn-tb-j Hgn-sI) ]s -SpØ {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fpsS ] ni ]cn-tim-[n- m Cu ] nsb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn v aæm-d-{]m-bn-e- \pw kn.-]n. sndn-bm, Fw.-kn. h okv, ]n.-kn. tpm F n-h ]s -Sp-Øn- p- Xv \nßƒ v t_m -y-am-ipw. 29 h jw aæm-d-{]m-bn-e- `{Zmk\ sk{i- dn Bbn-cp- nt? 32 h jw sxc-s -Sp- -s amt\-pnwkv IΩ n AwKhpw h nwkv IΩ n AwKhpw Bbn-cp- nt? \mfn-xp-hsc hnim-cn-bp-ss iºfw `{Zm-k\ Hm^o-kn AS p t]mcp- -Xns tcj-iƒ `{Zm-k\ Hm^o-kn e`-y-am-w-t m. Fw.-H. tpmw- hnim-cn-b-bn-cp- -tºmƒ {]kn- n-i-cn Ub-d-IvSdn CXv CS-h-I- - n-bm-sw- -Xn\v Bh-i-y-amb sxfn-h-t? Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k` amt\-pnwkv IΩ n AwK-amb txma v h okv ae- c k`mzo]w amkn-i-bn CXv CS-hI ] n-bm-sw v FgpXnbn- p- Xv \nßƒ hmbn- n- nt? {io. txma v h o-kns CS-hI ] n GXm-sW v At±lw Xs hni-zo-i-cn- s. O.S. 980/73 ti n AU-z-t v IΩo-j-W h v ]cn-tim-[n v Xn -s -Sp-Ønb tcj-i-fn ] n-bpss s]mxp-tbmk Ubdn, IΩ n Xocp-am\ cpn-ã, hnhml cpn-ã, amtam-zokm cpn-ã, CS-h-Imw-K-ambn tncp- -Xn-\p At] m ^mdw, CS-hI cpn-ã F nh ImWm-hp- -Xm-Wv. ticfm sslt m-s-xn-bpss ih-kw-kvimcw kw_- n- DØc-hn ] n-bn kq n- n-cn- p CS-hI cpn-ã ]cn-tim-[n v Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp- phm Pn m If-IvSsd A[n-Im-c-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- Xv \nßƒ v Adn-hn- m-ø-xmtwm? ] nbpss CS-hI cpn-ã-dn t]cp- -h-cpss ih-kw-kvimcw am{xta ] n skan-tø-cnbn \S-Ømhq F _lp-am-\-s sslt m-s-xn-bpss \ne-hn-ep DØ-c-hns ewl- \-at CS-hI cpn-ã-dn t]cn- møhcpss ih-kw-kvimcw \nßƒ \S-Øn-s m nc-n- p- -Xv. Cu ] n-bpss Np p-]mspw Xma-kn- p 100- ]cw ho p-im Ign Hcp \q m- n ]cw h j-ß-fmbn Cu ] n-bn-s-h-i- m-c-s - n at Xv CS-h-I- m-cm-sw v Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`bv v -sx-fn-bn- mtam? {]kvxpx ti n sxtbm-^n-temkv Xncp-ta- \nbpw, aæm-d-{]m-bn-e- \pw FgpXn simspø kx-y-hm-mvaqew A\p-k-cn v ChnsS B pw h v {]m n mhp- Xpw Xßƒ Btcbpw XS- -s -Sp-Øp-I-bn m F pw FgpXn simspøn p v. {]kvxpx timsxn DØ-c-hn\v hncp- -am-bn- mwv Ct mƒ AhnsS {]m n- m hcp ta - - m-tcbpw, sshzn-i-tcbpw, P\-ß-tfbpw XS- -s -Sp-Øphm \nßƒ {ian- p- -Xv. Ign c v Zim-_vZ-ambn Hm Ø-tUm-Ivk-`-bpsS ssih-i- Øn-emWv Xr p- Øv skan-\mcn F \nß-fpss hmzw AXn\p apºv 100 h j- m-etømfw ]m{xn-b okv ] -Øns ssih-i-øn-em-bn-cp- nt? ssih-im-h-im-i- Øns t]cn \nßƒ D -bn- p Ah-Imi hmzw XnI pw sx m-wv. Hcp tamjw hkvxp t]meokv Is -Sp-Øm ssih-i- m-c-\mb tamjvsm-hn\v simsp- ptam AtXm bym DS-a-ÿ\v \ Iptam? t{ijvti-tcbpw {]th-in- n- msx ] n-bn kq n- n-cn- p CS-hI cpn-ã ]cn-tim-[n v ih-kw-kvimcw \S-Øp- -Xn\v, If-IvSsd A[n- Im-c-s -Sp-Øp-I-bmWv timsxn snbvx-xv. Cu DØ-c-h-\p-k-cn- m-wt m C pw Hm ØtUmIvkv ] sø sshzn-i pw skan-tø-cn-bn {]th-in- m-\m-hmsx ihkwkvimcw \SØn hcp- -Xv. 1958- se k`m tbmpn-t mss hb-en- -d-ºn Koh okv am {KntKm-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eoø ae- c k`-bpss A -amen `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-eo- Ø-bm-bn-Øo p F Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ] sø hmzw XnI pw sx m-wv. 1953- apx A -amen `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-eo-ø-bmbn XpS-cp At±lw 1958- \v tijw am{x-amwv A -amen `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-eo-ø-bm-bn-øo -sx hmzw XnI pw Aÿm-\-Øm-Wv. 1958\v apºp-hsc Hm Ø-tUm-Ivkv k-`-bpss A -amen `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-eo-ø-am Bcmbn-cp- p-sh v sxfn-bn- m-\m-ip-tam. k`m-k-am-[m-\sø XpS v 1911- \v apºp Ahÿ-bn-te v XncnsI t]mbn F \nß-fpss hmzw AwKo-I-cn- p- p. F mwv 1911\v ap ]p Ah-ÿ? ]cn-ip ]m{xn-bm okv _mhm-bpss Iogn-ep GI k`. AXt kx-yw. 1912- ImtXm-en-t v ÿm]n v AXns ]n mse t]mb hnl-sn-x v CXnt Ah-Imiw C m-sx-bmbn F -Xt kx-yw? A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Øns ÿm]\ Imew apx Ct m-gsø k`m hg- n\v apºv hsc Cu `{Zm-k\w `cn sa{xm-t m-eo-ø- m F mw i aqk ka n- n- p- Xpw A[n-Im-c-]{Xw kzoicn- n- p- Xpw ]cn- -ip ]m{xnb okv _mhmamcn \n m-wv. I n hg ns\ XpS v c v hn`mkambncp ImeØv Ac \q m-t mfw ]m{xn-bm okv ] -Øns t\xr-ÿm\w hln hnizmk kwc- -I F -dn-b-s -Sp ]utemkv am AØ-\m-tk-ymkv henb Xncp-ta-\nsb hnl-snx hn`m-k-øns Koh okv Zzn-Xo-b _mhm-bp-tsbpw ]mºmsn Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSbpw H w ]cn-ip- -\mbn {]J-ym-]n- p-hm \nßƒ {ian- p- Xv F v ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. Sponsored by: Mor adai Study Center X -, Beph Xr p- Øv ] n-bn I_-d-S-ßn-bn- p ]q ni ]nxm- - m ]Tn- n- Xv ]n Xp-S-cp Rßƒ v B I_dnS-ßƒ hn psimsp phmt\m, RßfpsS CShI ] n Dt] n phmt\m Hcn epw km[n- p-i-bn-. A -amen `{Zm-k\w H -t\m- -Øn ÿm]\w: 1876- tamdm am C m-øn-tbmkv ]t{-xmkv XrXo-b ]m{xn-b okv _mh. {]Ya sa{xm-t m-eoø Aºm v Koh-dp- okv am Iqdo-temkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øsb ]cn. ]t{xmkv XrXo-b ]m{xn-b okv _mh hmgn v \nb-an- m- n. (1052 hr ni amkw apx 1066 Ipw`w 25- mw XobXn hsc). At±lw Bephm ] n Ccn- p 20- -Hmfw F ÿew Be-ßmSv cmpm-hn \n pw kºm-zn- p. c m-asø sa{xm-t m-eoø IS-hn ]utemkv am AØm-\m-tk-ymkv sa{xm-t m-eoø ]cn. ]t{xmkv XrXo-b ]m{xn-b okv _mh-bm hmgn- p-ibpw \nb-an- -s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. 1078- At±lw ] n v kao-]-øp ]d-ºn Hcp knω-\mcn ÿm]n- p- -Xn\v {]mcw` \S-]n-Sn-Iƒ Bcw-`n- p. At±lw Xs IpSpw_ kz-ømbn e`n hs- ]d-hq-cp Imb \nehpw sxßn txm pw A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Øn-\mbn hn p-sim-sp-øp. (1066 Ipw`w 26 apx 1907 \hw-_ 2 hsc) aq masø sa{xm-t m-eoø ss]\m-søv ]utemkv am AØ-\m-tk-ymkv sa{xm-t m-eoø ]cn-ip A_vZp ]m{xn-b okv _mh-bm hmgn p \nb-an- m- n. At±lw Im -\msv, Nh ]msw, apxn-c- msw, Noc- S F n-hn-s-ß-fn `{Zm-k-\-Øn\v hkvxp- ƒ kºm-zn- p. (1910 Pq 8 apx 1953 Pm\p-hcn 25 hsc) At±-l-Øns ImeØv Bephm Xr p- Øv skan-\mcn ]m{xn-bm okv ] -Øns Bÿm-\-am-bn-cp- p. \mem-asø sa{xm-t m-eoø hb-en- -d-ºn Koh okv am {KntKm-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eoø ]cn. At{]w {]Ya ]m{xn-bm okv _mh-bm hmgn p \nb-an- m- n. At±lw s\sp-ºm-t»cn am AØ-t\-j-ykv sslkviqƒ NpW-ßw-th-en-bn-ep hkvxp- ƒ, sk-an-\mcn si n-sßƒ, kndn-b tlmã, Fw.-Pn. {] v, `{Zmk\ {]kn- o-i-c-w-amb k`m N{µnI F nh `{Zm-k-\-Øn\v t\sn-s m-spøp. (1953 P\p-hcn 26 apx 1996 \hw-_ 6 hsc) A m-asø sa{xm-t m-eoø 1964- k`m-k-am-[m-\sø XpS v ]cn-ip bm-t m_v XrXo-b ]m{xn-bm okv _mh-bm hmgn-bv -s HutK {]Y-a Im-tXm-en m _mhbm hmgn-bv -s -Sp- Ibpw ]cn-ip ]m{xn-bm o-kv _mh-bm AwKo-I-cn- -s -Sp-Ibpw snbvx ^oent mkv am Xntbm-^n-temkv Xncp-ta\n A[n-Im-c-ta- p. k`m hg- ns\ XpS v At±lw A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Øn ]m{xn-bm okv ] - m-c\pw tim -bøv Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ] - m-c\pw Bbn Xo p. DZm: ]m{xn-bm okv _mh-bpss C U-y-bnse {]Xn- \n[n At{]w A_qZn Xntam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hnk Iym k snøn- p- Xp kw_- n v At±-l-Øns \ne-]m-sv. At±lw ap Km-an-Iƒ kºm-zn hs- ]d-hqcn-ep sxßn txm pw Imb \ne-ßfpw hn p. NpW-ßƒth-en-bnep hkvxp- fpw hn p. apxn-c- m-ssø ÿew apgp-h\pw \jvs-s -Sp-Øn. At±lsØ 8.9.1975- se 385/75- mw \º Iev]\ {]Imcw ]cn-ip ]m{xn-bm ok _mh k`-bn \n pw aps- n. Bdm-asØ sa{xm-t m-eoø sndp-h- n txmakv am Zoh- m-tkmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øsb ]cn-ip bmt m_v XrXo-b ]m{xn-b okv _mh hmgn p \nb-an- m- n. 1975 apx A -amen `{Zmk\ sa{xm-t m-eoø F \ne-bn `{Zm-k\ ÿm]-\-imew apx-ep ap Km-an-IfpsS ]mx- ]n p-s v `{Zm-k-\sØ `cn p hcp- p. P\-kw-Jy: samøw \mev e tømfw sshzn-i : dn -b snbvx-h Dƒs ss 218 ] niƒ: 202 (Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpss ImtXm-en-t v sk -dp-iƒ Dƒs -Sm-sX) CXn Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ] w P\-ßƒ: 10291 ] n-iƒ: 21 (Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ImtXm-en-t v sk dpiƒ Dƒs -ss). sshzn-i : 21 dn -b snbvx-h Dƒs ss At mƒ `{Zm-k\ Bÿm\w tihew 3% am{x-ap- -h-cp-ts-xmtwm? http://moradaistudycenter.cjb.net

hnizmk kwc- -I 17 Bephm kl-\-k-acw k`m-n-cn-{x-ønse cpx-tcj ^m. Gen-bmkv txm{º Ime-b-h-\nIbv v Df-fn ad- p-t]mb Bephm ka-c-øns [oc-tbm- m-hm-bn-cp p hµy ^m. Sn. si. Gen-bmkv Bephm Xr p- Øv skan-\mcn ]ffn tkmhn-\n-b-dn {]kn- o-i-cn tej-\w. Sponsored by: Mor adai Study Center Bep-hm-bn \S Ncn-{X-{]-kn- -amb t{k v am pw D]-hm-k-b- hpw kw`h _lp-e-amb Cu L w Bcw-`n- p- Xv Hcp arx-tzl kwkvi-c-w-hp-ambn _ - s - m-wv. Bephm Xr p- Øv sk v tacokv ] n CS-h-I-bn s tx\p- {io. ss]en-bpss ih-kw-kvim-c-am-bn-cp p AXv. At±lw k`-bv pw, `{Zm-k-\-Øn-\pw, {]txy- In v Xr p- Øv CS-h-I-]- nbv pw kvxpxy l-amb tkh-\-ßƒ \n -ln- n- p Bfm- Wv. CS-hI ] n-bpss {SÃn-bmbn At±lw Zo L-Imew {]h Øn- n- p- v. 1977 \hw- _, Unkw-_ amk-ß-fn-em-bn-cp p CtXm-S-\p-_- n- p kw`-h-ßƒ \S- -Xv. \hw- _ 25- mw XobXn Bephm ] n knan-tø-cn-bn arx-tzlw kwkvi-cn- p- -Xn\v ] nbnse Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ] - m XS w krjvsn- -XmWv s]s - p- mb Imc-Ww. ]m{xnb okv ] sø sa{xm-t m-eo-ø- m t m, sshzo-i t m Bephm ] n-bn {]thin- p- -Xn-t\m, I Ω-ßƒ \S-Øp- -Xnt\m A v bmsxm-cp-hn[ \nb-a-x-s- hpw D mbn-cp- n-. F m Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ] - m v Iq p-\n v DtZym-K-ÿ AXn\v XS w krjvsn- p. Aßns\ txmakv am Zoh- m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eoø At\Iw sshzo-icp-tsbpw P\-ß-fp-tSbpw km n- y-øn Bephm t]meokv tãj\p ap hiw \Sp-tdm- Un h v, skan-tø-cn-bn h v \S-tØ A y-i Ω-ßƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw sshzo-isc IqSmsX {io. ss]en-bpss arx-tzlw Bephm ] n skan-tø-cn-bn AS w snøp- Ibpw snbvxp. CXn-\n-S-bm- nb A[n-Ir-X-cpsS ] -]m-x-]-c-amb \ne-]m-sn {]Xn-tj-[n- pw, Bcm- [\m kzmx{ yw t\sn-sb-sp- p- -Xn\v th nbpw Xm\pw ` -P-\-ßfpw ASp-Ø-Zn-hkw ] n-bn {]th-in- p- -Xm-sW v am Zoh- m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eoø {]Jym-]n- p. AtX-Øp-S v Unkw-_ 3 mw XobXn ] n-bpss Hcp In. ao. Np -f-hn 144- mw hip- p- {]-Im-c-ap \ntcm-[-\m \S- n-em- n. ]nt - p-xs (Un-kw-_ 4) sa{xm-t m-eo-ømbpw Ht sd sshzo-icpw Bbn-c- -W- n\v hnizm-kn-ifpw bp. kn. timf-pn\v kao-]-ap sk v tacokv ] n-bn \n pw PmY-bmbn Bep-hm-]- n-bn-te v am v snbvxp. F m t]meokv A[n-Ir-X PmY XS- p. \ntcm-[nx taj-e-bn Dƒs -SmØ ]d-hq Ih-e-bn h m-bn-cp p CXv. 93 sshzo-icpw 83 kv{xoifpw 84 ]pcp-j- mcpw A v AdÃv hcn- p-i-bp- m-bn. ]Øv Znh-k-tØ v ]pd-s -Sp-hn- n-cp \ntcm-[-\m Unkw-_ 5 mw XobXn cmhn-se, t]meo-k-[n-ir-x Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ] -Øns Zpkzm-[o-\-Øn\p hg-ßn, ] n-bn \ntcm-[-\m ]n h-en- v, Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ] -Øn\v am{x-ambn Bcm-[-\bv v Ah-kcw A\p-h-Zn- p. Cu hnhcw Adn v Bcm-[-\-bvs -Ønb ]m{xnb okv ] - m-cmb CS-h-I- msc t]meokv a ±n- p-ibpw AdÃv snbvxp Bephm t]meokv tãj-\n-te p sim p-t]m-ip-ibpw snbvxp. Ccp-\q-dn-tesd t] A v AdÃv hcn- p. CX-dn v am Zoh- m-tkymkv Xncp-ta\n Bep-hm-bn-se-Øn. \ntcm-[-\m \ne-hn-en- m-xn-cns ] n-bn Bcm-[-\-bv mbn FØnb A`n. Xncp-ta-\n-tbbpw IqsS-bp- mbn-cp a v H ]-Xp-t]-scbpw t]meokv XS v emøn-s m v ITn-\-ambn {]l-cn- p- Ibpw AdÃv snbvxp IÃ-Un-bn-em- p-ibpw snbvxp. sa{xm-t m-eo-ømsb ssihn-eßp-i-fn v t]meokv tãj-\nse hs- p-`m-k-øp apdn-bn GI-\mbn B n. a v H ]Xv t]sc kao-]-øp Hcp apdn-bn-ep-am- n. ^m. Hutk^v ]møn-bv, ^m. tpm v Hme- p-c, ^m. tpm v hdp-kokv ]c-øp-h-b-en, ^m. Gen-bmkv txm{º, kn. tpmbn s\ n- p-t, {io. Sn. ]n. h n, {io. Nn - p n F n-h Ad-Ãn-em-b-h-cn Dƒs - Sp- p. sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss Ad-Ãp-hm Ø Im pxo t]mse ]c- p. tãj ]cn-kcøv XSn- p-iq-snb hnizm-kn-isf t]meokv ]e-hpcp a ±n v HmSn- p-i-bp- m-bn. hnh-c-adn v FØnb IS-hn tum. ]utemkv am AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eoø Xs ktlm-zc sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss Iøm-aw-h- p Zb-\ob Zriyw kln- m-\m-hmsx s]m n- -c cwkw lrz-b-kv] in-bm-bn. Bep-hm-bnepw ]cn-k-cøpw D hnzym-`ymk ÿm]- \-ßƒ v A v Ah[n \ Ip-I-bp- m-bn. hnzym n-iƒ Ad-Ãn {]Xn-tj-[n v {]IS\w \S-Øn. am Zoh- m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øbv v t]meo-kns \nc-h[n ]ou-\-ßƒ Gevt - n-h- p. At±-l-Øns s\ nepw hb- nepw \nc-h[n XhW XmV\w Gev]n- p. BPm- \p-_m-lp- -fmb c v tim Ã-_nƒam BWv Cu A{Iaw {]h Øn- -Xv. At±-l-Øns thz-\-]q- p \ne-hnfn XpS -bmbn tãj ]cn-k-cøv apgp-h tiƒ m-am-bn-cp- p. Un. Fkv.-]n., Un.-ssh.-F-kv.-]n. XpS-ßnb D X DtZym-K-ÿ- m-cpss Adn-thm-Sp-Iq- Sn-bmWv Cu ]ou\w \S- -Xv. A sø ticfm B`y- c a{ n-bpss \n t±-i-a-\p-kcn pw At±lw Bep-hmbv v ]pd-s - n p-s - p hm Ø ti pw t]meo-k-[n-ir-x sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss ssihn-e-ßp-iƒ Agn- p-am- n. Cu kw`-h-ß-fpss `mk-ambn Bephm \K-c-Øn H msi ho pw \ntcm-[-\m ]pd-s -Sp-hn- p. Bephm \K-c-Øns hnhn[ `mk-ß-fn XSn- p-iq-snb Bbn-c- -W- n\v P\-ßƒ AXn At\Iw sshzo-icpw kv{xoifpw Ip n-ifpw Dƒs -Sp- p- -t]m-eo-kns AXn-{Iq-chpw ss]im-nn-i-hp-amb \cth- -bv n-c-bm-b-xmwv XpS p-\-s kw`-hw. AdÃv hm Ø ti v hnhn[ `mk-ß-fn \n v Bephm \K-c-Øn-te v {]h-ln P\ kl-{kßsf I v t]meokv kw`o-x-cm-bncn- mw. {Sm^n v XS- pw, \K-cm-Xn Øn-bn h- p-xs _ p-iƒ Xncn- p-hn- pw, \K-c- Øn-\p- n hml\ KXm-KXw XS- -s -Sp-Ønbpw P\-ß-fpsS hchv {]Xn-tcm-[n-bv phm t]meokv {ian- p-i-bp- m-bn. XSn- p-iq-snb P\w ]d-hq Ih-e-bnepw ss_]m v PwKvj-\nepw kwl-sn v Xß-fpsS Bflob ]nxm-hns\ XS-hn \n v kzx-{ -am- -Wsa v A[n-Ir-X-tcm-S-t]- n-bv p-hm hºn PmY-bmbn t]meokv tãj e y-am n \oßn. XnI pw kam-[m-\-]-c-am-bn-cp p B apt - w. At\Iw sshzo-i AS w Bbnc- -W- n\v hcp Cu P\-\Xn {io. ]n.-]n. X - s t\xr-xz-øn-em-wv \oßn-b-xv. PmY kam-cw-`n- p Xn\p-apºv {io. X - tãj-\n-seøn D X t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿ- m-cpambn kwkm-cn v Hcp [mc-w-bn-seøn ssisim-spøp ]ncn- p. CXn\v Ad-Ãn-embn tãj-\n-em- -s - n-cp ap ]-d H ]Xv t]cpw Zrkm- n-i-fm-wv. XnI pw kam-[m-\- ]-c-am-bn-cn pw {]I-S-\-sa- pw, ]ºv Ih-e-hsc PmYbv v \oßm-sa- pw, AXn-\- pdw IS- m Adkv v snbvxp am p-sa- pw Bbn-cp p [mc-w. Cu [mc-w-bp-ambn {io. X - tãj-\n \n v t]mb-xn\v tijw t]meo-kp-tzym-kvÿ- m \S-Ønb AXn\oNamb Hcp KqVm-tem-N-\-bpsS ^e-am-bmwv ]n osv \S emøn- m v. Cu DtZym-Kÿ- m emøn- m v \S-Øp- -Xn\pw AXn-\p ÿm\w \n Æ-bn- p- -Xn\pw t]meokv ]n - p-iƒ GtXXp t]mbn p-iƒ Bbn-cn- -W-sa pw XΩn Btem-Nn v \n -bn- p- Xpw ta ]-d H ]-Xp-t] t\cn v a\- n-em- n-sb- nepw hnhcw shfnbn Adn-bn- p- -Xn\v am -an- msx Ah XnI pw \n -lm-b-cm-bn-cp- p. {io. X - - \p-am-bp- mb [mc-wbv v LS-I-hn-cp- -am-bn-cp p t]meo-kns Cu \S-]-Sn. {io. X - t\mspw ]m{xn-b okv hn`m-k-tømspw i{xpx ]pe Øn-bn-cp Un.-ssh.-F-kv.-]n. dm p Hcp t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp p CXn\v ap ssi-sb-sp-ø-xv. Abmƒ A v ^o Uv Nm Pv hln- n-cp- n-. A v ^o Uv Nm Pv D m-bn-cp DtZym-K-ÿ Cu t]meokv \S-]-Sn v A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp- n-. BbXn-\m Xm m-en-i-ambn ^o Uv Iam v Gs -Sp-Øp-sIm- mwv ta ]-d DtZym-K-ÿ {Iqc-amb a ±-\-Øn-eqsS Xs sshcmkyw t]m n-b-xv. Su lm-fn\v kao-]-ap dbn th Hmh {_nuvpv `mk-amwv t]meokv emøn- m Pn\v sxc-s -Sp-Ø-Xv. {]kvxpx `mkøv FØp P\- q- sø hf v B{I-an- pi F - Xm-bn-cp p t]meokv Bhn-jv -cn X{ w. t]meokv tk\bv v ad- p-\n p- -Xn\v Bh-iy-amb kml-n-cy-am-bn-cp- t m AhnsS D m-bn-cp- -Xv. m v II Sn.-_n.-bpsS tk n- -epw, ]cn-k-c-øpw, t]mtãm-^o-kns ]cn-k-c-øpw, Su lm-fns ap `m-k-øpw, tdmun\v ]Sn m-dp-h-i-øp FSp- p-i-fpss kao-]øpw BWv {][m-\-ambn t]meokv \ne-bp-d- n- -Xv. kao-]-øp timtf-pns ]m iz-ønepw t]meokv \n n-cp- p. B `mkøv ]Xn-hp-t]m-se-bp sshzypxn shfn- hpw D m-bn-cp- n-. t]meokv Hcp- nb Cu siwn-bpss a y-øn-te- mwv A m- -Im-cm-hr-X-am-bn-cp B ÿm\-tø-bv v- -PmY sns -Øn-b-Xv. PmY-bpsS ap Wn t]mãm-^okv `mkøp FØn-b-t m-tgbv pw t]meokv Np p-]m-sp-\n pw bmsxmcp ap -dn-bn- p-an- msx ]m p-h- v, \ncm-bp-[-cm-bn, \n -lm-b-cm-bn, im -ambn k -cn- n-cp km[p-p-\-ßsf AXn ss]im-nn-i-amb hn[w B -Sn- p-ibpw {Iqc-ambn a ±n- p-ibpw snbvxp. ap \n-c-bn-ep- m-bn-cp {io. ]n. ]n. X - s\ t]meokv sxc- p-]n-sn v AXn {Iqc-am-b-hn[w a ±n- p-i-bp- m-bn. At\Iw sshzo-icpw kv{xoifpw ]pcp-j- mcpw a ±-\-Øn-\n-c-bm-bn. ]e-cp-tsbpw ssiim-ep-iƒ HSn- p. Xe s]mfn- p, NXhpw apdnhpw G phow-hsc tdmun-en v ASn p. ]ecpw ]c w ]m p. Ht -sd-t Hmh {_nuvpn \n pw Xmtgbv v NmSn. Aßn-s\bpw Xw G p-i-bp- m-bn. apdn-th- -hcpw AwK-`wKw h -h-cp-ambn At\Iw t]sc Bep-hm, s]cp-ºm-hq, A -am-en, Fd-Wm-Ipfw XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fnse Bip-]-{Xn-I-fn {]th-in- n- p- -Xn\v `Ko-c-Y-bRvPw Xs th n-h- p. CØ-c-Ønep AXn-\o-N-amb a ±-\w, Xß-fpsS hnizmkw \ne-\n Øp- -Xn\v th n kln kw`hw tax-xc cmjv{s-amb `mc-x-øns Ncn-{X-Øn A[nIw D m-hn-. Ad-Ãn-emb sa{xm-t m-eo-ø-tbbpw IqsS-bp- -h-tcbpw cm{xn-bn Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv apn-kvt{s v apºmsi lmpcm- n. dnam v snbvx-x-\p-k-cn v Pbn-en-em- n. IqsS-bp- -hsc ]nt v hn -b- p. F nepw sa{xm-t m-eo-øsb tamnn- n- n-. At±lw Pbn-en h- p-xs \ncmlm-c-b w Bcw-`n- p. XpS v At±-l-Øns Btcm-Ky-\ne tami-am-b-t mƒ Fd-Wm- Ipfw P\-d Aip-]-{Xn-bn-te v am n. Cu kw`-h-ß-tfm-s-\p-_- n v hnizm-k-kw-c- - W-k-acw kwÿm\ hym]-i-c-ambn kwl-sn- n- -s - p. Fd-Wm-Ipfw sk v ]ot gvkv ] n-bn ASn-b- n-c-ambn IqSnb AJne ae- c tbmkw A{_lmw am oan-kv sa{xmt m-eoø {]kn-u pw, ^m. Geymkv txm{º sk{i- -dn-bp-ambn sxc-s -SpØ B Iu kn-emwv ka-c-øn\v t\xrxzw \ In-b-Xv. ]n - nw-kv, {]I-S-\-ßƒ, {]Xntj[ tbmk-ßƒ, t]meokv tãj [ Æ-Iƒ BZn-bmbn hnhn[ ka-c-ap-d-iƒ kwÿm\ hy]-i-ambn kwl-sn- n- -s - p. CXns `mk-ambn \S h\nxm am v Bephm \K-csØ {]I-º\w sim n- p. If- IvS-td v ]n - nw-kv, P\p-hcn 8\v tim -b-øp-\n pw Bep-hm-bn-te v \S-Ønb t{k v am v, P\p-hcn 12\v At\-Im-bn-c-ßsf AdÃv snbvx-xv. Ah v If-a-ticn t]meokv Iymºn Ign-tb nh Xv apx-em-bh FSp-Øp-]-d-tb kw`-h-ß-fm-wv. Bcm-[\m kzmx-{ y-øn\v th n-bp Cu kacw HØp-Xo s -Øn- p- -Xn\pw {]iv\- ßƒ cay-ambn ]cn-l-cn- p- -Xn\pw ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ CXn-\n-Sbv v \S- p-i-bp- m-bn. ticfm Kh sa v \ntbm-kn Im_n-\ v k v IΩ- n-bp-ambn B Iu kn-ens h m- ƒ Xncp-h-\- -]p-cøpw Fd-Wm-Ip-fØpw h v ]e-h w N -Iƒ \S-Øn. Hm ØtUmIvkv hn`m-k-øns ]nsn-hm-in-aqew {]kvxpx IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-Iƒ Fßp-saßpw FØn-bn-. Cu ka-c-øn-\m-[m-c-amb ASn-ÿm\{]iv\-ßƒ v Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn ]cn-lcn- m\pw \ymb-amb Bcm-[\m kzmx{ yw e`y-am- p- -Xn\pw kacw HØp-Xo n-se- Øn- p- -Xn\pw Dt±-in v CXc ss{ikvxh k`m hn`m-k-ß-fnse tae- y- - m-c-s-ßnb Hcp _nj v Iu kn cq]o-ir-x-am-bn. Ah Ccp hn`m-k-øn-sebpw t\xm- -fp-ambn kwkm-cn- pw, {]iv\-ßƒ ]Tn pw Nne ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ \n t±-in- p-i-bp- m-bn. ]m{xnb okv hn`m-k-øn\pw Bephm ] n-bn Bcm-[-\bv v Ah-kcw \ ti- -Xm-sW v AXn Ah \n t±-in- n-cp- p. AXv \S- m- p- -Xns apt m-sn-bmbn ]m{xn-b okv hn`m-k-øn\v Bcm-[-\bv v Kh sa v If-sam-cp- n. 1978 P\p-hcn 18- mw XobXn Bephm ] n-bn IS-hn tum. ]utemkv am AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eoø hn. Ip m\ A n- p-ibpw Koh-dp-Kokv am {KotKm-dn-tbm-kv, D]-hm-k-a-\p-jvTn- ncp am Zoh- mtkymkv F o sa{xm-t m-eo-ø- mcpw ^m. tpm v h Kokv ]c-øp-h-b-enepw AXn kw_- n- pibpw snbvxp. F m-hcpw _n. Ip m\ A\p-`-hn- p-ibpw ap Km-an-Ifmb ]pwy-]n-xm- - m-cpss I_-dn-S-ß-fn [q]-{]m \ \S-Øp-Ibpw snbvxp. \ntcm- [-\m \ne-hn-ep- m-bn-cp-s - nepw, hnizm-kn-i-fmb P\-k-l-{k-ßƒ \ntcm-[nx tajebv v Np p-ambn \n v Chbv v km yw hln- p. Zoh- m-tkymkv sa{xm-t m-eoø 44 Znh-k-ambn A\p-jvTn p h n-cp D]-hmkw A{_lmw am oaokv sa{xm-t m-eoø \ Inb \mc-ßm-\ocv IpSn p sim v Ah-km-\n- n- p. XpS v, NnIn- pw hn{i-a- Øn\pambn A`n-hµy sa{xm-t m-eoø Bep-hm-bn-ep G. hn. Fw. n\n- n GXm\pw BgvN-Iƒ sne-h-gn- p. Beqhm kw`-h-ß-sf- n ]m{xn-b okv hn`mkw kn nwkv PUvPnsb-s m v PqUo-jy At\z-jWw \S-Ø-W-sa v Bhiyw D -bn p F nepw, Kh sa v Bb-Xn\v apxn-cmsx Hcp dn. PUvPnsb IΩo-j-\mbn \nb-an p XSn-X- p-ibm-wp- m-b-xv. A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Ønse sshzo-i Cu At\z-jW IΩo-js\ _lnjvi-cn- p. kxy-hn-izmk kwc- -W-tØm-S-\p-_- n v t]møm-\n- msv {]tz-i-øp-\-s kw`-hßƒ FSp-Øp-]-d-tb- -h-bm-wv. AhnsS t]meokv AXn-cq- -amb P\-a ±-\-amwv Agn- p-hn- -Xv. hosp-iƒtxmdpw Ibdn Cdßn kxy-hn-izm-kn-isf a ±n- Xpw kv{xop-\-ßsf `oj-wn-s -Sp-Øn-bXpw a pw B {]tz-i-ßƒ `oi-c-amb ÿnxn-hn-ti-j-amwv hcp-øn- Xo Ø-Xv. kxy-hn-izm-kn-i-fmb At\Iw t]sc A\ym-b-ambn AdÃv snbvxpw, ]oun- n pw t]meokv `oi-c-hmgvn \S-Øn-sb v ]d-bmw. ]e `h-\-ß-fn \n pw IpSpw-_-\m- Y- m v t]meokv a ±-\sø `b v hn v \nevt Ah-ÿ-t]mepw kwpm-x-am-bn. http://moradaistudycenter.cjb.net

hnizm-k-kw-c- -I CSp n `{Zm-k\w kvs]jy G{]n 2008 CSp n `{Zm-k\w bmym y-ambn Hcp P\-X-bpsS Bfl-km- mxvimcw ]cn-ip ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss A\p-{Kl Iev]\ e`n p t{ijvt _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sim v `{Zm-k\ Npa-X-e-tb p ho pw ]p\-cp- o-hn- n- p CSp n `{Zm-k-\-Øn\v F m A\p-{K-l-ßfpw Biwk-Ifpw t\ p-sim v BI-am\ kpdn-bm\n k`-bpss Xe-h tamdm tam C m- Øn-tbmkv kmjm {]Y-a _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sim v Iev]\ ]pd-s -Sp-hn- p. 2002- se `c-w-l-s-\-bpss ASn-ÿm-\-Øn ]pxn-b-xmbn cq]w-sim- p `{Zm-k-\- Øns Npa-Xe t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sim v Gs -Sp-Øp. I - \: bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n k`bv p 1979 D m-bn-cp- Xpw ]n osv {]h Ø\w \ne- p-t]m-b-xp-amb CSp n `{Zm-k\w ]p\ Po-hn- n- -s - p. 24 03 2008 Xn -fmgvn I - \ sk v tpm v bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n ]f-fn-bn tn CSp n taj-e-bnse ]ffn {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fpsS tbmk-øn h v t{ijvt ImtXm-en B_q tam _tk-en-tbmkv txmakv {]Y-a _mhm Xncpa-\- p- sim v CSp n `{Zm-k-\-Øns `cw Npa-Xe Gs -Sp-Øp. bmt m-_mb kpdnbm\n k`-bpss tim -bw, I -\msv `{Zm-k-\-ß-tfmSv tn v {]h Øn- p-h- n-cp 15 ]f-fn-i-fmwv CSp n `{Zm-k-\-Øn Dƒs -Sp- -Xv. shcn. dh. h Kokv tpm timsd- n-kvtim- m ] n- m- n kzmkxw Biw-kn tbmk-øn ]cn-ip At ymjym knwlm-k-\-tømspw AXn `mkytamss hmw-cp-fp ]cn-ip ]m{xn-b okv _mh-tbm-spw, k`-bpss `mc-x-ønse Xe-h t{ijvt ImtXm-en- m-_m-h-tbmspw ]cn-ip knwlm-k-\-øn Iogn Dd- p-\n p F m sa{xm-t men-øm-am-tcmspw CSp n `{Zm-k-\-Øn-ep-ff hnt[- b-xzhpw A\pk-c-Whpw hy -am- p ` n {]tabw dh. ^m. F. Fw. ]utemkv Ah-X-cn- n- p. t\m okv I \ shcn. dh. Ipcym-t mkv timsd- nkvtim m t]møm-\n- hmbn- p. CSp n `{Zm-k-\-Øns {]k- nsb kw_- n v t{ijvt ImtXm-en m B_q tam _tk-en-tbmkv txmakv {]Y-a _mhm Xncpa-\- p-sim v A y {]kwkw \SØn DZvt_m-[n- n- p. tim bw I -\msv `{Zm-k-\-ß-fpsS Iogn CSp n Pn -bn {]h Øn- p-sim- n-cp F m tzhm-e-b-ßfpw C\n apx CSp n `{Zmk-\-Øn Iogn Bbn-cn- p-sa pw G{]n H p apx Cu tzhm-e-b-ß-fpambn _ -s F m Imcy-ßfpw CSp n `{Zm-k-\-Øn-s Npa-X-e-bn \S-Øs -Sp-sa pw t{ijvt _mhm Iev]n- p. `{Zm-k\ `c-w-{i-ao-i-cww kw_- n v F nkvtim- kp -l-tzm-kns sk{i- dn A`n-hµy tpmk^v tam {KntKm-dn-tbmkv sa{xm-s m-enøm kwkm-cn- p. A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Øns ssltd v taj-e-bpss sa{xm-s m-enøm A`n-hµy amxyqkv tam At{]w Xncp-a-\- p-sim v A\p-{Kl {]`m-jww \S-Øn. kap-zmb sk{i dn Xºp tpm v XpI-e Biw-k-Iƒ A n v kwkm-cn- p. tbmk-øn h v `{Zm-k\ sk{i- -dn-bmbn dh. ^m. ]n. hn. tpm ] n- m- n, Aflmb tpmbn v sk{i- -dn-bmbn sjh. ]n. hn. tpm ]p -a- w, 15 AwK `{Zm-k\ Iu kn AwK-ßƒ F n-hsc t{ijvt _mhm \nb-an- p. `{Zm-k-\-Øns Xm m-eni Hm^okv I - \ sk v tpm v bmt m- _mb ]f-fn-tbm-s-\p-_- n v {]h Øn- p- -Xn\pw Xocp-am-\n- p. IpSn-tb P\-X-bpsS Nnc-Ime kz]v\w ]qh-wn-bp-tºmƒ CSp n `{Zm-k-\-Øns cq]o-i-c-ww. Hcp P\-X-bpsS kt m-j-ønt bpw Bfl kwxr]vxn-bp-ssbpw ]q Øn-I-c-W-Øns \nan-j-ß-fmwv kωm-\n- p- -Xv. 1979 cq]n-i-cn- -s -Sp-Ibpw ]n osv {]h Ø\w \ne Xp-amb Cu `{Zm-k-\-Øns {]h Ø-\-ßƒ G{]n amk-tømss ho pw ]p\- Pohn -s -Sp- p. ]. k`bpss BsI-bp-ff hf -bn ] m-fn-i-fm-im Cu IpSn-tb P\-Xbv pw Ahkcw ssih n-cn- p- p. Xß-fpsS ap `{Zm-k\ Bÿm-\ßfp-am-bp-ff Zqcw CXphsc Chsc Ae- n-bn-cp- p. Hcp sndnb Iq w P\-ßƒ am{x-amwv Cu `{Zm-k-\- Øns Iogn hcp- -Xv. IqSp-Xepw A zm-\n-bv p I j-i-\pw, I j-i-sxm-gnem-fnifpw CS-Ø-c- mcpw BWv Cu sndnb Iq -Øn Df-f-Xv. Ah v ]. k`tbm-sp-ff IS- m-spw, kvt\l-hpw, hnizm-k-hp-amwv Cu coxn-bn \ne-\n m Chsc t{]cn- n- n- p-f-f-xv. ap t]m v Cu `{Zm-k-\-Øns hf sb e y-am n hen-sbmcp XymK-Øn\v Cu P\w Xøm-dm-tI- n-bn-cn- p- p. ssiih-zni-bn-ep-ff Cu `{Zm-k\w F mw ]pxn-b-xmbn Is -tø nbncn- p- p. sa{xm-t men-øm, `{Zm-k\mÿm\w, sshzo-i, hcp-am\ {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ Ch-sb mw CXn s]spw. GXv {]Xn-k- n-i-sfbpw t\cn-sp-hm-\p-ff C m-i n Ch v D v F -Xn kwi-b-an-. Cu `{Zm-k\sØ klm-bn- p-i-sb- Xv Hmtcm k`m hnizm-kn-bp-ssbpw IS-a-bm-Wv. hntz-i-øp-ff ktlm-z-c-ßƒ k`m hf bn apjy ] mwv hln- p- -Xv. ASpØ ImeØv D mb k`-bpss ]e ] -Xn- Ifpw Ch-cpsS kl-i-c-w-tøm-ss-bmwv \S- p- -Xv. CSp- n-bpss Imcy-Ønepw {]txyi ]cn-k-w\ F m hn`mkw P\-ß-fn \n pw D m-h-ww. CSp n `{Zm-k\ cq]o-i-c-w-øn\v Zo L \mfmbn XymK-ßƒ kln- -h At\-I-cp- v. Ah-cpsS {]h Ø-\-ß-fpsS {]Xn-^ew IqSn-bmWv Cu `{Zm-k\w. tim bw I -\msv `{Zm-k-\-Ønse ]e sshzn-icpw Cu {]tz-iøv h v Bflnb ip{iqj \nh Øn- n-cp p. Ah-cpsS tkh\ßƒ BZ-c-thmsS am{xta kvacn- m km[n- q. Ing- {]tz-iøv F m {]Xn-Iqe Ah-ÿ-I-sfbpw t\cn v kxy hnizm-k-øn Dd p \n sshzo-it{ij-t-cpw, hnizm-kn-ifpw D v. ]. k`tbmsv Ah-cpsS hnizmkw AXn-c- -Xm-Wv. hµy ] n- m- n h Kokv timd- nkvtim- mbpw, t]møm-\n- Ipdn-bm-t mkv timsd- n-kvtim- -mbpw, sjh. ]n. hn. tpm ]p -a- hpw AS- -ap-ff t\xm- - m `{Zm-k\ cq]o-i-c-ww kw_- n v kln XymK-ßƒ A\-h[n-bm-Wv. Ch-scbpw Cu `mkøv ip{iq-j-sn-øp sshzo-i-scbpw A`n-\-µ-\-Øns ]qs - p-iƒ Adn-bn- p- p. tim bw `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-enøm A`n. txmakv tam Xntam-Øn-tbmkv, I -\msv `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-enøm A`n. amxyqkv tam Cuhm-\n-tbmkv F o ]nxm- - m C{Xbpw Imew Cu tajebnse P\-ßsf IcpXn t]m n-cp p F - Xns sxfn-hm-wv, IØn-]m-dXSsØ ]pxnb ]f-fnbpss ÿehpw, hmfm-sn-bnse sk dpw F mw. ]pxnb `{Zm-k-\-ß-fpsS cq]o-i-c-w-øn-eqss k` hfcpsa v k`mw-k-ß-tfm-ssm w t{ijvt _mhmbpw hniz-kn- p- p. CSp n `{Zmk-\w ]p\ Pohn- n- p- -Xn\v _mhm Xncp-a-\n F m ]n p-wbpw \ In-bn-cp- p. k`-bpss hf sb Ipdn- p-ff _mhm Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS, Zqc-Im-gvN-bpsS {]Xn^e\w IqSnbmWv Cu `{Zm-k-\w. CSp n `{Zm-k\w cq]o-i-cn- -s -Sp-tºmƒ hnkva- -cn- -s -Sp-hm km[n- mø aq v ]nxm- - m-cmwv Imew snbvx ]pwy-t«m-i-\mb t{ijt _tk-entbmkv ]utemkv ZznXo-b _mhm, ]pwy-t«mi\mb s]cp-º-ffn Koh Kokv tam {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n, ]pwy-t«mi\mb ^oen-t m-kv tam Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n, ]cn-ip- -\mb ]utemkv ZznXo-b _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sim v tim -b- Øns Ing- {]tz-iøv kxy-hn-izm-k-nisf H n- n- p- -Xn\v A oww ]cn- {i-an- p-. -In-g- {]tz-i-ø-mwv ]. ]nxmhv Xs sshzo-i-hrøn XpS-ßn-bXv. ]pwy-t«m-i-\mb s]cp-º-ffn Xncp-ta-\n-bpw, Ct m-gsø \ΩpsS _mhm Xncp-ta- \nbpw sa{xm-t m-enø ÿm\w G v h -Xn\v tijw Ing- {]tz-isø \ΩpsS hnizm-kn-iƒ v DW v ]I p. Ct mƒ Cu {]tz-i-øp-ff ]e tzhm-e-b-ßfpw s]cp-º-ffn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kz w t]cn-emwv DS-ºSn snø-s - n-cn- p- -Xv. B t{ijt BNm-cy-\n-ep-ff AN- -e-amb hnizm-k-øns {]Xn-^-e-\-am-bn-cp- p Cu DS-º-Sn-Iƒ. CSp n `{Zm-k-\-Øns BZysØ sa{xm-t m-enøm A`n. ^oen-t mkv tam Chm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bm-bncp p. A m-eøv Cu {]tz-iøv IpSn-tbdn ]m Ø P\-ßƒ v C sø t]mse kmº-øni ÿxn C m-bn-cp- p. Hcp `{Zmk\w \bn- p-sim v t]mip-hm ]e {]Xn-_- -ßfpw t\cn-ts- n-h BZy-ImeØv, Cu {]tz-iøv h v XymK-]q -amb tkh\w snbvx B ]pwy ]nxm-hns\ Hcn- epw hnkva-cn-bv m-hp- -X-. ]pxnb `{Zm-k\w F m hnj-a-ß-sf-bpw, {]Xn- _- -ß-sfbpw XcWw snbvxv sszhoi kvt\l-øn AXn-jvTn-X-ambn ap t]m v t]mip-hm km[n- s F v {]m n- mw. sjh. _n_n G{_lmw IS-hpw-`mKw

hnizmk kwc- -I CSp n kvs]jy CSp n `{Zm-k\w apt m v `{Zm-k\ sk{i- dn ^m. tpm ] n- m- n tim bw I -\msv `{Zm-k-\-ß-fnse CSp n Pn -bnse ] n- Iƒ tn v CSp n `{Zm-k\w \ne-hn h -t mƒ bmt m- _mb kpdn-bm\n k` AXns hf -bn Hcp ]Sn-IqSn apt m v ]n n- n-cn- p- p. ae- -c-bpss bmt m_v _p Zm\ Bb t{ijvt _mh Xncp-a-\- ns al-\ob t\xr-xz-øn ]. kpdn-bm\n k` AXns Zp LS L ßƒ ]n n v [rx-k-xn-bn apt -dp- Xv Btcbpw hnkva-bn n pw. ]pxnb A\p-Kr-loX sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-am, ]pxnb `{Zm-k-\-ßƒ, ]pxnb CS-h-I-Iƒ, ]pxnb ÿm]-\-ßƒ F mw ka-\z-bn- n- p-sim v ]pø Ipcn-in ]Sp-Øp-b Ønb ]m{xn-b m sk XpS-ßn-bh F mw k`-bpss hf hnfn- -dn-bn- p- p. CSp n `{Zm-k\w {]h Ø\w Bcw-`n- p-tºmƒ CXns ta K-Xn-sb- p-dn v ]e pw Bi- -Iƒ D v. H m-a-xmbn ÿe-hm-kn-i-fmb sshzn-i-cpss Zu e-`y-xbpw c m-a-xmbn kmº-øni ]cn-an-xnbpw BWv Nq n- m-wn- s Sp -Xv. ÿe-hm-kn-i-fmb sshzn-isc \nb-an v Cu taj-e-sb hf Øp- -Xn amxr-`-{zm-k-\-ßƒ th {X {i n- n-cp- n F Xv {]txyiw {]kvxm-hy-am-wv. \h-ssh- Zn-I Ah-cpsS BZy-Im-e-ip-{iqj ssltd- n \n -ln- Ww F Xv Aen-JnX \nba-am-bn-cp- p. Cu If-cn-b-`ymkw Pq_n-en-Iƒ ]n n-sp-tºmƒ ]e tzhm-e-b-ßfpw ]cn-nb-k-º- -cmb sshzn-i-cpss A`mhw A\p-`-hn- -dn- p. amxr-`-{zm-k-\-ønse hnzym-k- º- cpw Ign-hp- -h-cp-amb sshzn-isc ]pd-øp ]e tzhm-e-b-ß-fn-te pw ÿew am n-b-t mƒ a p ]e `{Zm-k-\-ß-fnepw A[n-I-am-bn-cp sshzn-isc Ctßm v kzoi-cnt - -Xmbn hcn-ibpw Ahsc ssltd- p-ta-j-e-bnse tzhm-e-b-ß-fn amdn-amdn \nban- p-ibpw snbvxxv Iq\n-t Ipcp-t]mse Bbn-Øo p. Xo -bmbpw ]pxnb `{Zmk\ cq]o-i-cww Cu Zpc-h-ÿbv v ]cn-lmcw BIp-sa- -Xn kwi-b-an-. api-fn ]d Imc-W-ß-fm Xs ]e tzhm-e-b-ßfpw ]nt m- m-h-ÿ-bn BWv. amxr-`-{zm-k-\-øn \n p kmº-øni klmbw FSp-Øp-]-d-b-Ø- -h-bm-wv. AXp-sIm- mwv Chn-SpsØ _lp-`q-cn-] w tzhm-e-b-ß-fnepw Bcm-[\ aps w IqSmsX \S- p- -Xv. _me-]o-v-iƒ XcWw sntø Cu Ime-L- -Øn amxr-`-{zm-k-\-ß-fpss Cu kmº-øni klmbw A p-h j-tø- p-iqsn XpS p \ Ip-hm Ahn-SpsØ `c-w-k-an-xn-iƒ Xocp-am-\n- m Xo -bmbpw AXv Bizm-k-I-c-am-Wv. snbvxp h n-cp Hcp Imcyw Ipd- p-im-e-tø- p-iqsn XpS-cp- -Xn-\m AhnsS kmº-øni \jvstam ]pxnb [\-k-am-l-c-wtam th n-h-cp- n-. ssz\w-zn\ Imcy-ß-fn amxr-`-{zm-k-\-ß-fpss klmbw Ds - n Xo -bmbpw Cu Ime-b-f-hp-sIm v CSp n `{Zm-k-\-Øn\v Hcp Bÿm-\hpw Ac-a-\bpw D m- p-hm IqSp-X Ffp- -am-ipw. ]cn-ip- -k-`-bnse F m sa{xm-t m-eoøm Xncp-ta-\n-am-cp-tSbpw A\p-{K-lhpw Bio hm-zhpw hnizm-kn-i-tf-h-cp-ssbpw {]m -\bpw kl-i-c-whpw Ds - n Cu at\m-l-c-tz-iøv bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n k`bv v Ncn{Xw Ipdn v t\ ßƒ si m-\m- Ipw. F m hnizm-kn-i-fp-tsbpw ASn-b- n-c-{i- bpw Icp-Xepw Cu taj-ebv v D m-ipsa v {]Xym-in- p- p. hf-cm shºp CSp n `{Zm-k\w sjh. ]n. hn. tpm `{Zm-k\ tpmbn v sk{i- dn btlmh-bmb sszhw `qan-bn hnb s m-gp n A w ` n- p-hm a\p-jy\v Iev]-\-sIm-SpØv `qan-bn-em- n. a\p-jy Xnßn- m ÿe-ß-fn Ah-\m-h-iy-amb kui-cy-ßƒ F m- {I-ao-I-cn- -t mƒ AXp-]- -W-ß-fm-bn-am-dn. Aßs\ a\p-jy ]pxnb ÿe-ßƒi- p-]n-sn- v IpSn-tbdn ]m p-hm XpS-ßn. Aßs\ h\-tøbpw h\y-po-hn-i-sfbpw `b-an- msx \nxy-hr- Øn- p-th n tim -b-øp-\n- pw, ]mºm-sn-bn \n- pw, ]membn \n- pw, Im n-c- - n-bn \n- pw, timx-aw-k-e-øp-\n- pw, s]cp-ºm-hq \n pw, aqhm- p-]p-g-bn \n pw Hs IpSn-tb-dn- ]m Ø-h-cpsS ]n X-e-ap-d-bmWv C v Xan-gv\m-Sn-t\mSv tn v InS- p Ipa-fn, I - -\, s\sp- w XpSßnb CSp n dh\yp Pn -bpss ssltd- n D -h. \nxy-hr-øn- p-th n IpSntb-dn-b-hcmsW- nepw Xß-fpsS ]q o-i-hn-izm-k-hpw, BNm-c-ßfpw ssihn-smsx C pw Ah kq n- p- p. B kap-l-ønse ss{ikvx-h-cmwv F pw ssltd- p-{]-tz-i-ßfpss F m hn[-øn-ep-ap ]ptcm-k-xn pw t\xrxzw simsp-øn- p- -Xv. ]cn. bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n k`-bpss A -amen, I -\m-sv, tim bw F o `{Zm-k-\-ß-fn-embn At ymjym ` -cmb Hcp henb P\-k-aqlw Xs -bp- v. Cu P\- k-aq-l-øns Bflo-Ihpw, `uxo-i-hp-amb ]ptcm-k-xnsb IcpXn 1980 Cu aq v taje-bn-sebpw ] n-i-sf-tn Øv CSp n `{Zm-k\w cq]o-i-cn- p. AXns Npa-Xe Imew snbvx ]d- - n A`n. ]oent mkv tam Cuhm-\n-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-øbv v \ Ip- I-bp- m-bn. tcmk {Kÿ-\mb Xncp-ta-\n v A\p-Iq-e-a- mø Imem-h-ÿ-bn Cu `{Zmk-\sØ apt m v sim p-t]m-ip-hm km[n- msx h -t mƒ sa{xm I n-i-fpss IpX-{ -ßƒ sim p- mb {]iv\-ßƒ. ]. k`-bm-ip \ui BSn De- p-sim- n-cp- -Xmb kml-n-cy-øn Cu `{Zm-k-\-Øns `mhnsb] n IqSp-X Btem-Nn- msx ]pxnb sa{xm-t m-eoø hmgn- -s -Sp- -Xp-hsc ]gb `{Zm-k-\-ß-fn tn v \n m Xocp-am-\-ap- m-bn. A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Øns ssltd v taj-e-bnse ] n-i-fnƒ B `{Zm-k-\-Øn- \n p sshzn-i-cm-bn-cp- -Xn-\m-epw, kwl-s-\m-i- n-bpss DØa DZm-l-c-W-amb A - amen `{Zm-k-\-Øns sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpw, C sø kpdn-bm\n k`-bpss 2 mw bmt m- _p Zm-\mbpw Bb t{ijvt-im-txm-en m tam _t -en-tbmkv txma-kv {]-Y-a _mhm Xncp-a-\- nse t{ijvt-am-b ip{iq-j-bm A -amen `{Zm-k-\-Øns ssltd- p-ta-j-ebn ]. k` hf p ] -en v Hcp sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss Npa-X-e-bn Hcp `{Zm-k\w F \ne-bn {]h Øn- p hcp p. 1964se k`-tbm-pn- n\v apºv tim bw, I -\msv `{Zm-k-\-ß-fpsS ssltd- vta-je-bn sa{xm I n-iƒ v Imep-Ip-Øp-hm t]mepw ÿew D m-bn-cp- n-. Cu Ime- L- -Øn bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bnepw AtX At ym-jym-`- -cmb Bfp-Iƒ GXm v 20-sesd ] n-iƒ h v Bcm-[-\-\-S-Øn-bn-cp- p. k`m-tbm-pn- n-s\-xp-s v ChnsS tkh\w A\p-jvTn- p-sim- n-cp- -h-cmb ko\n-b sshzo-i \m n-tebv v am -s -Sp-Ibpw tzh-temi skan-\m-cn-bn \n pw ]pd-øp-h- -h-cmb bph sshzo-i ta ]-d ] n- I-fn Npa-X-e-G p-ibpw snbvxp. A v ssltd- n \ap v ÿnc-xm-a-k- m-cmbn ] n- m- n A - mcpw t]møm-\n- A -\psa D m-bn-cp- p- p. ho pw Fgp-]- Xp-I-fnse sa{xm I- n-i-fpss kzx-{ -k-`m-hmzsø XpS v ]cn-ip- -k-`-bn ]nf p- m-b-t mƒ ta ]-d c v IpSpw-_-ß-fnse sshzo-i tkh\w A\p-jvTn I - -\, I p-ta-sv, IØn- m-d-ø-sw, sndp-txmwn F n-hn-s-ß-fn-tebpw, sim p-i-cn- -cp-hn-bn I q- -d-ºn FtÃ v hi-bmb ] nbpw Hgn v a v F m tzhm-e-b-ßfpw F p-am-{x-a CSp n `{Zm-k\w Hcp P\-X-bpsS Bfl-km- mxvimcw 2008 G{]n CSp n `{Zm-k\w ]qh-wn-bp p Ipdn-bm-t mkv tim - -F- n-kvtim t]møm-\n- 1982 \v apºv ]cn. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss Iev]-\-{]-Imcw CSp n `{Zm-k\w \ne-hn h n-cp- p-sh- nepw A[nIw Bbpkv C msx \n p-t]m-hp-i-bm-bn-cp- p. 1982 ]cn. ]m{xnb okv _mhm-bpss Iev]-\-{]-Imcw Imew snbvx _tk-entbmkv ]utemkv _mhm-bpss ImeØv ho pw ]g-b-xp-t]mse Imew snbvx s]cp-º n Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Iogn tim bw `{Zmk-\-Øn tn v t]mim Iev]n- p-i-bp- m-bn. tim bw `{Zm-k-\-Øn 11 ] n-iƒ am{xta ssltd v taj-e-bn D m-bn-cp- p- p. Cu ] n-i-fn I - \ sk v tpm PPv ] n-bpw, I p-tasv sk v tacokv ] nbpw 1064 ] n- I-fn Dƒs ]g-b-]- n-i-fm-wv. _m n-bp ] n-iƒ k`tbm-pn p \n Ah-k-c-Øn Hcp-an v tn v t]mhp-ibpw ]n osv 1974 ho pw k`bn `n -X-bp- m-b-t mƒ \ΩpsS hnizm-kn-iƒ IqSn \n n-cp ] n-bn \n v ]ncn v thsd sim v ] n-iƒ (]p- p-ta sjuv) h v hn. Ip m\ A n p h p. amk-øn Hcp XhW c p XhW F o {Ia-Øn BZy-Im-eØv \S-Øp-Ibpw ]n osv \ ] n-iƒ ]Wn-I-gn- n- p-ibpw snbvxp. Ct mƒ F m ] n-bnepw \mev XhW aps-ßmsx \S v hcp- p. tim bw `{Zm-k-\-Øn \n v sshzo-isc Ab- p- Ibpw ChnsS \n pw iºfw AS- p- -Xn Ipdhv hcp- -Xv, `{Zm-k-\-Øn \n pw sshzo-i v simspøv klm-bn- p-sim- n-cp- p. F m F m ] n-i-fnepw \mep-xhw h. Ip m\ \S- p p F - msx a p ]ptcm-k-a-\-ß-sfm pw \S-Øm km[n- n- n-. Hcp sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss km\n[yw Ipd-hm-b-Xp-sIm v ssltd v taj-e-bnse CS-h-I-Iƒ apc-sn v t]mbn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. F m Hm Ø-tUm-Ivkp-Im v `{Zm-k-\-am n \ \ ] n-i-fp- m-bn, \ ÿm]-\-ßƒ F n-ßs\ ta p-ta A`n-hr n {]m]n- p-sim- n-cn- p- p. CXn \n pw Hcp A`n-hr n \ap v D m-i-w-sa- n CSp n `{Zm-k\w ho pw \ne-hn hc-w-sa v Rßƒ B{K-ln- p. ssltd v taj-e-bn ÿnc- Xm-a-k- m-cmb ] n- m- n shcn. dh. h Kokv tpm tim -F- n-kvtim t]møm- \n- Ipdn-bm-t mkv tim -F- n-kvtim-, ] n- m- n tp - -, tpm, ]p a w ]n.-hn.-tpm, I - -\-] n CS-hmwKw AUz. si.-hn. tpmk^v apx-em-b-h tn v hey- s t\xr-xz-øn Imew snbvx _mhm-bpss Imew apx CSp n `{Zm-k-\-Øn\v th n ]cn-{i-an v sim n-cp- p. sjh-. {io. ]n.-hn. tpm ]p -a w Cu `{Zm-k-\-Øn-\pth n hfsc XymK-ßƒ kln v {]h Øn- n- p-s v \µn-tbmss Hm p- p. \nc- -c-amb A`y -\bpw At]- bpw aqew Ct m-gsø t{ijvt _mhm Xncpta-\n-bpw, kp -l-tzmkv sk{i- -dn, A`n-hµy {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpw Cu Imcy- Øn Xm cyw ImWn- p-ibpw ]cn-lm-c-ap- m n Xcm-sa v ]d v Rß-sf Bizkn- n- p-ibpw snbvxn- p- -Xm-Ip- p. AXn {]-Imcw k`m-am-t\-pnwkv IΩ- n, h nwkv IΩ- n, kn\-uv, kap-zm-b-{sãn, kap-zm-b-sk-{i- dn F m-hcpw tn v Xncp-am-\n- -Xns shfn- -Øn CSp n `{Zm-k\w ]p\ Po-hn- n- m Xncp-am-\n- p. tim bw `{Zm-k-\-Iu knepw ] n-{]-xn-]p-cp-j-tbm-khpw `{Zm-k-\-sa-{Xm-t meoø Xntam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nbpw tn v CSp n `{Zm-k-\-Øn-\v, ]q Æ- ]n pw tcjm-aqew {ijvt ImtXm-en- m-_m-hm-xn-cp-ta-\n v Fgp-Xn-s m-sp- p-ibpw snbvxp. X qew Imcy-ßƒ Ffp- -Øn apt m v \oßm klm-bn- p. AX-\p-k-cn v t{ijvt _mhm-bpss Iev]-\-{]-Imcw 2008 am v amkw 24 mw XobXn Xn -fmgvn I - \ sk v tpm Pv ] n-bn h v t{ijvt _mhm-bpss A y- -X-bnepw A`n-hµy {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw A`n-hµy tam At{]w Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw kap-zmb sk{i- dn {io. Xºp-tPm Pv XpI-e F n-h-cpss km n- y-øn CSp n `{Zm-k-\-Øn\v ]pxnb `mchm-ln-isf Xnc-s -SpØv CSp n `{Zm-k\w \ne-hn h -Xmbn _mhm Iev]n- p-i-bp- m-bn. CXn-s, HutZym-KnI {]Jym-]\w 2008 G{]n 16 XobXn _p[-\mgvn I - \ ] n-bn h v ssltd v taj-e-bnse F m hnizm-kn-i-fpss km n- y-øn {]Jym- ]n- m-sa v _mhm Iev]n- p-i-bpw, {]m \tbmss tbmkw ]ncn-bp-ibpw snbvxp. tim bw `{Zm-k-\-Øn Dƒs - n-cp ] n-iƒ CSp n `{Zm-k-\-Øn\v hn p X A`n-hµy Xntam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-Spw, tim bw `{Zm-k-\-Øn-t\mSpw \µnbpw IS- mspw Adn-bn- p- txmssm w, tim bw `{Zm-k-\-Øn \n p klm-b-k-l-i-c-w-ßƒ CSp n `{Zm-k-\-Øn\v snbvxv Xc-W-sa v Xm -cy-s -Sp- p. sszh-ir-]-bm CSp n `{Zm-k\w hf v ] -en- m \ΩpsS k`-bnse F m BfloI hnizo-kn-ifpw {]m n- p-ibpw F m-hn[ klm-b-k-l-i-c-w-ßfpw {]Xo- n- p sim- p-ibpw snøp- p. ]ocp-ta- nse Im n-tøm w Dƒs -ss-bp ki-expw sa{xm-i- n-iƒ ssih-i-am n sa{xm I- n-i-tfmsp a -Sn- p-hm i n-bn- m-xn-cp At ym-jym-`- -cmb P\-ßƒ ssltd- ns hnhn[ `mk-ß-fn ]p p-ta ] n-i-fp- m n Bcm-[-\-\-S-Øn. Aßs\ ]p p-ta- -]- n-ifpw IØn v bmt m-_mb k`sb ]oun- n sa{xm I- n-iƒ Ah-k-c-Øn-s\mØv Db v CSp p `{Zm-k\w D m- p-ibpw AXn\v sa{xmt m-eo-ømsb \nb-an- p-ibpw snbvxp. k -kw-k-]-cn-xym-kn-bm-bn-cp B sa{xm-t meoøm _ n bm{x snbvxv bmt m-_mb ImcpsS hosp-iƒ Ib-dn-bndßn IjvSs v Xs k`sb hf Øn henb i n-bm- n-b-t mƒ bmt m-_mb hnizm-kn-iƒ AhcpsS apºn H pw C mø Ah-ÿ-bn-em-bn. I -\m-sns klm-b-sa-{xm txma v AØm-\m-tkymkv Imep-am-dn-b-Xn-s\-Xp-S v \tωm-sp-iqss \n n-cp sndp-txm-wn, IØn- md F n-h-s-ß-fnse ] n-ifpw \ap v \jvs-am-bn. Ahn-tSbpw At ym-jym-`- sjuv]- n-iƒ \n Ωn v Bcm-[\ \S-Øp- p. AtXm-sSm- w-xs Cu {]tz-i-ß-fn-se mw at\m-l-c-ß-fmb doøp-]- n-iƒ ÿm]n- p-ibpw \ΩpsS P\-Øn\v BIr-jvS-amb {]tem- `-\-ßƒ hgn CS-h-I-Iƒ hen- -s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snøp- p. IqSmsX tdmω ItØm-en m k` CSp n cq]-x-cq-]o-i-cn- p-ibpw am amxyp B\n- p-gn-im- n-ens\ _nj- mbn \nb-an- p-ibpw snbvxp. taev]-d- -km-l-n-cy-øm Cu {]tz-i-ß-fnse \ΩpsS k` \mam-h-ti-j-am-im- Xn-cn- -W-sa- n AhnsS Hcp `{Zm-k\w cq]o-i-cn- p-i-bpw, tkh\w am{xw e y-ap Hcp sa{xm-t m-eoøm AhnsS D m-ip-ibpw thww. Cu hkvxp-x-iƒ A\p-M-hn- -dn P\w H n- p-iq-sp-ibpw Xß-fpsS Bh-em-[n-Iƒ sszh-xn-cp-ap-ºn-epw, sszh-øns {]Xn- \n-[n-i-fmb t{ijvt- Im-tXm-en- m- _m-hm-bp-tsbpw ]. kq -l-tzm-kn-s bpw apºmsi ka n- p-ibpw k`m- k-a-xn-i-fnepw ka n- p-ibpw Ct mƒ Xocp-am\w D m-ip-ibpw snbvxn-cn- p- p. C sø ]. k`-bpss hf -bpss F mamb t{ijvt _mhm-xn-cp-a-\-knse \n - b-zm Uy-Øn-s bpw, Zo L-ho-j-W-Øn-s bpw ^e-amwv CSp n `{Zm-k-\-Øns cq]o- I-cWw. A`n-hµy tpmk^v am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw ssltd- nse Xmak- m-c-\m-bn-am-dnb A`n-h-µy-am-Xypkv am At{]w Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw, ]. kp -l-tzmkv AwK-ß-fmb A`n-hµy Xncp-ta-\n-am-cp-tS-bpw, k`m sk{i- -dn, k`m {SÃn, h nwkv IΩ- n AwK-ßƒ amt\-pnwkv IΩ n AwK-ßƒ F n-h-cp-ss Ie-h-d-bn mø k-l-i-c-w-hpw, ]n p-wbpw \µn-tbmss Hm p- p. ]. k`-bpss ]n p-w-bpw, ssiøm-ßepw Cu ]pxnb `{Zm-k-\-Øn-\p-th n hn\-b-tømss A`y n- p- p. k t m-]cn F m-h-cpssbpw {]m -\-bn B{i-bn- p- p.

hnizmk kwc- -I CSp n kvs]jy CSp n `{Zm-k\w Hcp P\-X-bpsS Bfl-km- mxvimcw 2008 G{]n ]pwy-t«m-i-cmb _tkm-en-tbmkv ]utemkv ZznXo-b ImtXm-en m _mh Koh Kokv tam {KntKm-dn-tbmkv (s]-cp-º-ffn Xncp-ta-\n) ^nen-t mkv tam Chm-\n-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-enøm ]utemkv dºm- ÿe-øp-h v ] n p th ÿew \n -bn- p. 1964 G{]n amkw 13- mw XobXn t]møm-\n- {io. De-l- m G{_lmw ] n-bpss I n-so I Ωw \n -ln- p. GI-tZiw 3 amkw sim v ] n-]wn ]q Øn-bm- n. ] n ]Wnbp ka-bøv \n.h.zn.{io. ]utemkv am ]oe-ivkn-t\mkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpw, Imcp-Nn-dbn hµy Znhy {io. bmt m_v dºm- \pw hncp-øn- -S-hn {io. hn.-sp. Nm nbpw ÿe-øp-h v ] n-]-wn v th -Xmb {]tnm-z\w \ In. Cu sszhm-ebw hnip sszh-am-xm-hns \ma-øn ÿm]n- -W-sa v A`n-hµy Xncp-ta\n I n p-ibpw snbvxp. ]Wn ]q Øn-bmb sszhm-e-b-øns Xm m-eni IqZm-im-I Ω-hpw, {]Ya-_-enbpw 1964 Pqsse amkw 5 mw XobXn Rmb-dmgvN hµy Znhy {io. bmt m_v dºm \n -ln- p. A sø CS-hI sa{xm-t m-eoø Bbn-cp amxyqkv am Cuhm- \n-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I \ {]Imcw ]g-b-a-t-øn amxyqkv IØ-\mcpw XpS v aw ImSv ] n-bnse ]g-bn-søphb-en amxyp ]n. Gen-bmkv I»o-ibpw hn. Ip m\ A n- p-h- p. Cu CS-h-I- m-cpss At]- -{]-Imcw Cu ] nbpss Bflob Bhiyw \n -ln- p- -Xn\pw ] n-bpss D -a-\-øn\pw th n Cu CS-h- I-bnse t]møm-\n- De-l- m G{_-lm-ans ai Ipcym-t mkv IØ-\msc 1968 apx CS-hI ] - m-c-\mbn A`n-hµy Xncp-ta\n I n p \n -bn- p. AX-\p-kcn v A p-ap-x C p-h-scbpw _lp-am-\-s A hnim-cn-bmbn tkh\w A\pjvSn- p-h-cp- p. ImewsNbvX s]cp-º n Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS `c-w-im-eøv tim -bøp \n pw ]e sshzn-icpw Cu sszhm-e-b-øn h v hn. Ip m\ A n- n- p- v. Ah-cn Ipf- Øp- txmakv A, Ipdn- n-ae Ipcym-t mkv A, tnmdm- n km_p A F n-hcpw Dƒs -Sp- p. tim -bøp \n pw sshzni v Zo L-amb bm{x snbvxv hcp-hm _p n-ap v Bb-Xn-\m Cu CS-h-I- m-cpss At]- -{]-Imcw Cu CS-h-Ibn t]møm-\n- De-l- ms ai tpm A s\ A`n-hµy Xncp-ta\n c v Xh-Wbv v \nb-an- p-ibpw snbvxp. _lp-am-\-s A klhnim-cn-bmbn C pw tkh-\-a-\p-jvtn- p-h-cp- p. 1969- hncp-øn- -S-hn hn.-sp. Nm nbpw \mev ]p{x- mcpw tn v ]pxnb ] n-bpss ]Wn Bcw-`n- p-ibpw 1970- ]pxnb ] n-bpss ]Wn ]q Ønbm- n-øcnibpw snbvxp. Xm m-en-i-ambn IqZmi \S-Øp-I-bpw, hnip Ip m\ A\pjvTn- p-ibpw snbvxp-t]m- p. 1977 BKÃv 14, 15 Xob-Xn-I-fn Imew snbvx t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _tk-en-tbmkv ]utemkv ZznXo-b _mh ] n-bpss hnip aqtdm IqZmi \n -ln- p. ]cn-ip Gen-bmkv XrXo-b _mhm-bpss \ma-øn Hcp Ipcnin sxm n aq -em Ih-e-bn ]Wn-bp-hm km[n- p. CXn-\p ÿew hncp-øn- - S-hn {io. hn.-kn. Ipcy \ Ip-Ibpw CS-h-I- m-cpss Bflm -amb ]cn-{iaw aqew ]Wn ]q Øn-bmb Ipcn-in -sxm- n-bpss IqZmi 1976 tabvamkw 16- mw XobXn s]cp-º n Xncp-ta\n \n -ln- p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I -\-{]-Imcw a -\n- c _mhmbpss s]cp-\mƒ B p-txmdpw s^{_p-hcn amk-øn Ipcn-in sxm- n-bn hnip Ip m\ A n v s]cp-\mƒ \S-Øp-hm Xocp-am\n p.- A-X-\p-k-cn v ImewsNbvX A`n-hµy s_\ym-an tpmk^v am HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Im Ωn-I-Xz- Øn 1995 s^{_p-hcn amk-øn BZy-ambn hn. Ip m\ A n- p-i-bpw, B psk v tacokv bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-] n I p-tasv B\-hn-emkw ]n.-h. Ipafn 1964 am v amkw 3 mw XobXn ]ocp-tasv Xmeq- n s]cn-bm hnt -Pn-epw, DSp-º tnme Xmeq- n N p-] w hnt - Pn Dƒs B\-hn-em-kw, sn -c, I p-ta-sv, ]Øp-apdn apx-emb ÿe-ß-fnepw IpSntbdn Xma-kn- p kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Hcp tbmkw I p-tasv FtÃ v amt\- P {io. hn.-kn. tpmwns _w m-hn IqSp-Ibpw Hcp ] n ÿm]n- -W-sa v Xocpam-\n- p-ibpw ] n- p-th ÿew {io. hn.-kn. tpm \ Im-sa v kω- Xn- p-ibpw snbvxp. Xm men-i-ambn ] n ]Wn-bp- -Xn-\p XSn Dcp- -Sn-Iƒ ]pø ho- n Ipcy ^nen v \ Im-sa v kω- Xn- p. Cu Xocp-am-\- Øn {]Imcw a -\n- c Zb-dmbn \n pw hµy Znhy {io. At{]w hµy Ipdn-bm-t mkv timsd- n-kvtim m t]møm-\n- ^m. tpm t]møm-\n- {SÃn si. hn. tpm Pv sk v tpm v bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-] n, I - \ I - -\-bnepw ]cn-k-c-{]- tz-i-ßfnepw IpSn-tb-dnb bmt m-_mb k`m hnizmkn-iƒ Xß-fpsS hnizmk-ß-fn Dd- p-\n v Bflob hf -bv mbn Bcw-`n ""{]m \m tbmk''-øns B`n-ap-Jy- Øn A`nhµy ]utem kv am ]oe-ivko-t\mkv sa{xm-t m-eo-ø-bpss (]n- osv t{ijvt ImtXmen m B_q am _tk-en-tbmkv ]utem kv ZznXo-b _mhm) A\p-hm-Z-tØmSpw A\p- {K-lm-in- p-i-tfmspw IqSn 1955 am Koh- -Kokv kl-zm-bpss \ma-øn Cu tzhmebw ÿm]n-x-am-bn. sim p-ip-sn-bn De-l- m aøm-bn, ama-t»-cn Fw.-kn. Ipcym-t mkv XpSßn-b-h-cpsS t\xr-xz-øn hfsc t]cpss ]cn-{iaßƒ Cu tzhm-eb ÿm]-\-øn\v ]n n-ep- v. 1958 BZyw-h-sc, amk-øn Hcp i\n-bm-gvnbpw ]n osv c v i\n-bm-gvnbpw BWv k`-bnse hµy ]ptcm-ln-x- m Cu tzhm-e-b-øn hn. Ip m\ A n- n-cp- - Xv. Ch-cn hµy apdw-xq- n Ae-Ivkm- A s tkh\w IqSp-X X-hW e`n- n- p v F p- Xpw {]txyiw {]kvxm-hy-am-wv. hnimcn shcn. dh. h Kokv tpm tim bw `{Zm-k-\-Øns txmakv tam Xotam-Øn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-enøm {SÃn AUz. si. hn. amxyp sim p-ip-sn-bn I -\msv `{Zm-k-\-Øns amxyqkv tam Chm-\n-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-enøm sk{i- dn t n hn. hn. ] n- m- n timsd- n-kvtim- Ip n- m v 1958 apx hµy ] n- m- n h Kokv tpm A (C-t mƒ hµy h - Kokv tpm timsd- n-kvtim- ) Cu ] n-bn tkh-\-a-\p-jvtn p hcp- p. ]p p- ta BZysØ ] n 1971 ]pxp- n-]wn-xp. ]pxp- n-]-wnx tzhm-eb-øns IqZmi ]n osv t{ijvt ImtXm-en- m-bmb A`n. ]utemkv am ]oe-ivknt\mkv sa{xm-t m-eo-ø-bpss {][m\ Im Ωn-I-Xz-Øn \n -ln- -s - p. 2005 Cu tzhm-ebw AXn-hn-]p-e-ambn ]pxp- n-]-wn-xp. ]pxp- n-]-wnx tzhme-b-øns IqZmi 2005 tabv 3 mw XobXn tim bw `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-eoø A`n. txmakv am Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kl-i-c-w-ønepw kl-im Ωn-I-Xz- Ønepw bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n k`-bpss t{ijvt ImtXm-en m B_q am _tk-en-tbmkv txmakv {]Y-a _mhm \n -ln- p. 2004 sk]v w-_ amkw 27- mw XobXn tamdm tam C m-øn-tbmkv kjm {]Y-a ]m{xn-b okv _mhm ]pø Ip-cn-in h v Bio h-zn p X Hcp am _nƒ ine Cu tzhm-e-b-øn ÿm]n- n- p- v. ] n-bpss hi-bmbn I - \ SuWn Hcp Ipcn-ip-]- nbpw Ip -fw-]md tdmun Hcp Ipcn-in sxm nbpw D v. shcn. dh. h Kokv tpm ] n- m- n timsd- n-kvtim- bpw dh. ^m. ssjpp tpmkv sn n- -cbpw Cu ] n-bn tkh-\-a-\p-jvtn p hcp- p. a Ø-a-dnbw h\n-xm-k-ampw {]m -\m-tbm-kw, bqøv At m-kn-tb-j, At ymjym hnizmk kwc W kan-xn, k tu-kviqƒ XpS-ßn-b Bflob {]ÿm- \-ßƒ hfsc \ coxn-bn {]h Øn- p- h-cp p. F m h jhpw tabv 3 mw XobXn am Koh- -Kokv kl-zm-bpss Hm Ω-s cp\mƒ {][m\ s]cp-\m-fmbn BtLm-jn- p- h-cp p. sk]v w-_ 8 mw XobXn hn. sszh-am-xmhns P\-\-s]-cp-\m-fpw s^{_p-hcn 15- mw XobXn ]cn. C m-øn-tbmkv Gen-bmkv XrXo-b _mhm-bpss Hm Ω-s -cp\mfpw BtLmjn p- p. txmdpw AhnsS s]cp-\mƒ \S-Øn-h-cp-Ibpw snøp- p. ] n-bpss ]Sn- mdv hiøv tdmu-cnin-ep Ipcn-in sxm n ]cn-ip ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \ma-øn ]Wn-Ign- n- n- p- -Xm-Wv. imkvxm-\-s-bn-ep Ipcn-in sxm n hnip Koh Kokv kl-zmbpss \ma-t[-b-øn IpΩ- n-in-g-t -Xn si.-fw. kmap-h ] n v ]Wn-bn v \ In-b-Xm-Wv. Cu ] n-bn tabvamkw 1 mw XobXn hnip Koh Kokv kl-zmbpss Hm Ω-s -cp-\m-fpw, BKÃv amkw 8 mw XobXn apx 15- mw XobXn hsc hnip sszh-am-xm-hns iqt\mtbm t\mºpw hmßn- p-s]-cp-\mfpw `wkn-bmbn \S- p-h-cp- p. Cu CS-h-I-bn Ct mƒ 74 IpSpw-_-ßƒ D v. CS-h-I- m-cpss Bflm amb kl-i-cwwaqew ] n tamsn-]n-sn- n- p- -Xn\pw sshzn-i v Xma-kn- p- -Xn\v ] n-ap-dnbpw k tu-kviqƒ si n-sw, ] n Hm^okv F nh \n Ωn- p- -Xn\pw km[n- n- p- v. ip{iq-j-i : 1. Fw.-]n. B {Uqkv a -Øn, 2. tpm v tpm IpΩ-\-Øp-Nn-d-bn

hnizmk kwc- -I CSp n kvs]jy hn. a Ø-a-dnbw bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n] n e - - w, Ipafn CSp n `{Zm-k\w Hcp P\-X-bpsS Bfl-km- mxvimcw 1972 tx Sn sk v tpm v Hm ØtUmIvkv ] n-bn \n pw th Xn-cn v Ggv IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ HØp- IqSn A v `{Zm-k\ sa{xmt m-eo-ø-bm-bn-cp ]pwy-t«m-i-\mb s]cp-º- n Koh Kokv am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{xmt m-eo-ømsb ImWp-Ibpw, Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \n t±-i-{]-imcw {io. si.- si. Ipcp-hnf Ip p-ipgnsb ]pxp- - n-bn 2008 G{]n sk v tacokv bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-] n snω-æv, sim p-i-cn- -cphn ^m. amxyq Be-bv m psn klhnimcn ^m. Ipcy amxyp hs-t - -d-ºn {SÃn hn. F. kæn sk{i- dn tpm Pv tpmk^v sn p ImW-pIbpw, At±lw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \n t±-i-{]-imcw Ipafn SuWn-t\mSv tn p Ipf-Øp-]m-e-Øn\v kao]w e - - -Øn Ggv sk v ÿew ] n ]Wn-bp-hm Zm\-ambn \ Ip-Ibpw snbvxp. XpS v Cu \m nse \ -h-cmb Bƒ mcp-ssbpw Cu CS-h-I-bn-ep- -h-cp-ssbpw ]cn-{i-a-øm ]p pw apf-bpw ]c-ºpw-sim v Hcp Nm \n Ωn- p. Bb-Xns IqZm-im-I Ωw \n -ln- p-hm 1972 Unkw-_ amkw 24- mw XobXn Ipa-fn-bn FØnb s]cp-º n Xncp-ta-\nsb Ipafn ]ucm-h-enbpw, CS-h-Imw-K-ßfpw tn v kzoi-cn- p. 24- mw XobXn k ym-{]m -\-tbm-sp-iqsn ] niqzmi Bcw-`n- p-ibpw 25- mw XobXn {InkvXp-akv ip{iq-j-tbm-sp-iqsn ]q Øo- I-cn- p-ibpw snbvxp. hnim-cn-bmbn dh. ^m. tpmk^v ]p m-\nsb Xncp-ta\n \nban- p-ibpw snbvxp. ip{iq-j-i-\mbn {io. hn. F. Ipcy hen-b-im-em-bn-ens\ Xncpta\n I n- v \ntbm-kn- p. ] n v Ip m\ \S-Øp- -Xn\v Bh-iy-amb km[-\- ßƒ kw`m-h-\-bmbn aw ImSv sk v tacokv IØo-{U-en \n pw \ Ip-Ibpw snbvxp. IqSmsX hy n-ifpw ] n-km-[-\-ßƒ kw`m-h-\-bmbn \ In. ] n kpc- n-x-a- m-ø-xn-\m ] n-km-[-\-ßƒ {io. sxmωn Nmt m s\spw-s]m-bvi-bn, ho n sim p-h-bv p-ibpw Rmb-dmgvN txmdpw FSp- p-ibpw snbvxn-cp- p. F m Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnepw hnip Ip m\ \S-Øn-t m-cp- p. A m-eøv, a \n- c Imew snbvx tamdm tam C m-øn-tbmkv Gen-bmkv XrXo-b ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss Hm Ω-s -cp-\m-fn ]s -Sp- p- -Xn-\mbn UamkvI-kn \ns -Ønb sa{xm-t m-eo-ømsb {io. Ae-Ivkm- hncp-øn- -S-hn ChnsS sim p-h-cn-ibpw hnip Ip m\ A n- p-ibpw snbvxp. A m-eøv tx Sn sk v tpm v ] n-bn ho pw `n n- p- m-ip-ibpw IqSp-X Bfp-Iƒ Cu ] n-bn CS-hI tncpibpw snbvxp. CS-h-Imw-K-ßƒ IqSn-b-t mƒ ]pxnb ] n ]Wn-bp-hm-\mbn ] n-tbmsp tn p ÿew hmßm Xncp-ta\n \n t±-in- p. ÿew hmßp- -Xn-\mbn CS-h-I- mcpw ]pd-øp Bƒ mcpw \n tem-`-ambn kl-i-cn- p. {io. si.-si. Ipcp-hn-ftbmSp Xs ] n v Bhiyamb ÿew hne-sim-spøv hmßp-ibpw snbvxp. ] n ]Wn-bp-hm F m tzi-ß-fnepw ] n-i-fnepw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I -\-{]-Imcw ]ncnhv \SØn. A v Xncp-ta\n I q- -d-ºn {io. Ben- t] v IØv \ Ip-Ibpw AhnsS sn -t mƒ At±lw ""\nßƒ v Rm Hcp ] n X m sim p-t]m-iptam?'' F p tnmzn- p. Xncp-ta-\n pw CS-h-Im-Kw-ßƒ pw hf-sc-b-[niw kt mj-ap- mb Hcp Znh-k-am-bn-cp p AXv. H pw Xma-kn-bmsX Xs Icn- pfw N m-øn-ep FtÃ- n \n pw hnip Koh Kokv kl-zm-bpss \ma-øn-ep ] n s]mfn v ChnsS sim ph-cn-i-bpw, ] n-]-wn v Bh-iy-amb ]Ww, [\-ti-j-cww \SØn ] n-]wn XpS-ßp-Ibpw snbvxp. ] nbpss IqZm-im-I Ωw CS-hI sa{xm-t m-eoø A`n-hµy Koh Kokv am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n \n -ln- p-i-bpw, ]cn. At ymjym ]m{xnb okv tamdm tam C m-øn-tbmkv kjm -{]-Y-a _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sim v 1982 s^{_p-h-cn-bn hn. aqdm IqZmi \n -ln- p-ibpw ]n osv tx -Sn-bn skantø-cn- mbn hkvxp hmßp-ibpw snbvxp. CS- m-eøv CS-h-Imw-K-ßfn Nne `n n- p-iƒ D m-ip-ibpw Adp-]-Xn ]cw IpSpw-_-ßƒ ]ncn- p -t]m-hp-ibpw snbvxp. A m-eøv hn. Ip m-\bv v aps w hcn-ibpw snbvxp. amk-øn Hcp Xh-W, i\n-bmgvn Znhkw am{xw hn. Ip m\ \S-Øn. lmim BgvN ip{iq-j-iƒ aps-ßp-ibpw snbvxp. Cu Ime-b-f-hn shcn. dh. Ipcym-t mkv t]møm-\n- timsd n-kvtim- -bp-ss-bpw, CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw {ia-^-e-ambn ho pw ] n-bn Bcm-[-\-Iƒ ]p\-cm-cw-`n- p-ibpw snbvxp. XpS v {io. tamkkv ]n. hmg-bn ] n-bpss {SÃn ÿm\w G p-i-bpw, ] nsb C sø ]ptcm-k-xn-bn FØn- p- -hm {][m\ ] p-h-ln- pibpw snbvxp. Ct mƒ 21 CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fmWv ] n-bn-ep- -Xv. ] n-bn, {]m -\m-tbm-kw, k tu-kviqƒ, kzbw-k-lm-b-kw-lw, bqøv Atkm-kn-tb-j apx-emb kwl-s-\-i-fpss {]h Ø\w `wkn-bmbn \S- p- p. Ct mƒ CS-h-I-bpsS hnim-cn-bmbn dh. ^m. at\mpv kvidn-b hmfw-]-d-ºn tkh\a\p-jvtn- p- p. 2007 G{]n amkw apx F m amk-øn-s bpw c mw i\n-bmgvn dh. ^m. at\mpv kvidnb hmfw-]-d-º-ens t\xr-xz-øn GI-Zn\ [ym\-tbmkw \S-Øn-h-cp- p. 2006 HmKÃv amk-øn ] n-bp-ssbpw hn. azv_-lm-bp-ssbpw A -Ip- - -Wn-Iƒ Xo Øv at\m-l-c-am- n, HmKÃv 30- mw XobXn CS-hI sa{xm-t m-eoøm Xncp-a-\- p-sim v ip o-i-cw ip{iqj \SØn hnip Ip m\ A n- p. hnip Koh Kokv kl-zm-bpss s]cp-\mƒ, F p-t\mºv s]cp-\mƒ, Gen-bmkv XrXo-b ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss s]cp-\mƒ Ch `wkn-bmbn \S-Øn-t]m-cp- p. Cu h jsø Gen-bmkv XrXo-b _mhm-bpss s]cp-\m-fn-t\m-s-\p-_- n v Cu CSh-I-bn s sshzni hnzym n-i-fmb F_n Gen-bmkv ]pø ho- n, Ipcy ]pxn-b-]p-c-bn-s-øn, \mep- m- sk v BZm-bokv ] n CS-h-I-bn s CSp n Pn -bn Ge- m-d-bv -Sp-Øp kp{]-kn hnt\m-z-k- mc ti{µ-amb hmka Sqdnkw taj-e-bn txbne txm -ßfpw ae-\n-c-ifpw sim p Np -s sim p- I-cn- -cphn {Kma-Øn BWv Cu tzhm-ebw ÿnxn snøp- -Xv. GXm v 75 h j-ßƒ p apºp-xs Cu {Kma-Øn bmt m-_mb k`m hnizm-kn-iƒ IpSn-tbdn ]m Øn-cp- p. s]cp-ºm-hq, aw Im-Sv, ]mºm-sn, tim bw XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn \n pw IpSn-tb-dnb km[m-c-w- mcpw \n -\-cp-amb k`mw- K-ßƒ Xß-fpsS Bflob Bh-iy-ßƒ \n h-ln- p-hm hf-sc-b-[niw IjvS-s - ncp- p. tzhm-e-b-øn-s bpw ] - m-cp-ssbpw A`m-h-Ønepw Xo vw-amb kxy-hn-izmk-øn Dd- p-\n ]q o-i Xß-fpsS hn. k`sb Dt]- n v CXc ss{ikvxh tzhm-e-b-ß-fn-te v tnt -dp-hm Xøm-dm-bn-. ih-kw-kvim-cw, hnhm-lw, amtωm-zokm XpS-ßnb AXym-hiy Bflob Imcy-ßƒ v A`bw {]m]n- n-cp- Xv ChnsS\n pw GXm v 16 In.an A[nIw Zqc-Øp AgpX (]o-cp-ta-sv) ] n-sb Bbn-cp- p. Ime-{Ia-Øn Cu {Kma-Ønse bmt m-_mb k`m-hn-izm-kn-iƒ {]m -\m-tbmkw hgn tijcn sndnb XpIsIm v C v tzhm-ebw ÿnxn-sn-øp ÿew hmßn. {]m \mtbm-k-øns t]cn `qan v ] bw e`n- p-i-bn- m-ø-xn-\m {io. n.-kn. h okv sxt - p- ns t]cn ] bw FSp- p-ibpw snbvxp. Ip n-isf k tu-kviqƒ ]Tn- n- p-hm-\mbn Sn ÿ-eøv Hcp sjuv hbv p-hm Xocp-am-\n- p-ibpw 1974 _lp. ]pfn- txmakv Iioi inem-ÿm-]\w \S-Øp-Ibpw snbvxp. Cu Ime-b-f-hn k`m-h-g v i n {]m]n- -Xn-\m Cu ÿeøv Hcp tzhmebw ]Wn-bp-hm\pw ]cn. ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-tbm-spw, hnip At ymjym knwlm-k-\-tømspw Iqdpw hnt[-b-xzhpw ]pe Øp Hcp CS-h-I-bmbn \ne-\n phm\pw Chn-SpsØ k`mw-k-ßƒ B{K-ln- p-ibpw AXn-\mbn ap n- mbn {]m n- p- Ibpw snbvxp-t]m- p. XpS v Cu Bh-iy-hp-ambn A`n. Koh- Kokv am {KotKm-dntbmkv sa{xm-t m-eo-ømsb (A-`n. s]cp-º n Xncp-ta-\n) ImWp-Ibpw A`n-hµy Xncpta-\n-bpsS A\p-hm-Z-tØmSpw A\p-{K-l-tØmSpw Cu ÿeøv Hcp Xm m-eni tzhme-b-øn-\p ]Wn Bcw-`n- pibpw snbvxp. Icn- pw snfnbpw D]-tbm-Kn p \n Ωn `nøn-bn Im p-i-ºp-iƒ D]-tbm-Kn v ta q-sp- m n ]p p-ta v Hcp Xm m-eni sjuv ]Wn Ign- n- p. {]m -\m-tbmkw hi-bmbn hmßn-bn-cp Sn ÿew F m-h-cp-ssbpw kω-x-{]-imcw A`n. s]cp-º n Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t] v (P.M.G.{SÃn\v) CjvS-Zm-\-ambn B[mcw \S-Øn-s m-sp- p-ibpw snbvxp. XpS v 1976 P\p-hcn amkw 11- mw XobXn A`n. Koh Kokv am {KotKmdn-tbmkv sa{xm-t m-eoøm Cu ÿe-tø v Fgp- -ffn hcn-ibpw Cu tzhm-ebw ]cn. sszh-am-xm-hn-s -bpw, tam Koh Kokv kl-zm-bp-ss-bpw, ]cn. Gen-bmkv XrXo-b _mhm-bp-ssbpw \ma- Øn Xm m-eni IqZmi \SØn hn. Ip m\ A n- pibpw snbvxp. Cu {]tzisø bmt m-_mb k`m hnizm-kn-i-fpss Nnc-Im-em-`n-emjw Aßs\ km mxv-icn- -s - p. BZy Ime-ß-fn amk-ønse Hcp Rmb-dm-gvN-bpw, ]n osv amk-øn c v Rmb-dm-gvNIfn-epw, Ct mƒ F m Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnepw tamdm-\mb s]cp-\m-fp-i-fnepw Cu tzhm-e-b-øn hn. Ip m\ A n p hcp- p. 1999 2000 Øn tzhm-ebw ]pxp- n- -Wn-bp-Ibpw XpS v 10-1- 2000 Øn CS-hI sa{xm-t m-eoøm A`nhµy txmakv tam Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n Cu tzhm-e-b-øn-te v Fgp- n h v Cu tzhm-ebw IqZmi snøp-ibpw hn. Ip m\ A n v CS-h-Isb A\p{Kln- p- Ibpw snbvxp. Cu CS-h-I-bn Ct mƒ 37 IpSpw-_-ßfpw BsI 165 CS-h-Imw-K-ßfpw D v. CS-h-I-bp-tS-Xmbn hn. Koh Kokv kl-zm-bp-ssbpw ]cn. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw \ma-øn-ep c v Ipcn-in sxm n-ifpw D v. Cu CS-h-I-bnse {][m\ s]cp-\mƒ P\p-hcn amkw 11- mw Xob-Xn-tbm-S-\p-_- n p \S-Ø-s -Sp- p. IqSmsX F p-t\mºp s]cp-\mfpw hn. Koh Kokv kl-zm-bp-ss-bpw, ]cn. Gen-bmkv XrXn-b _mhm-bp-ssbpw, ]cn. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw Hm Ω-s -cp-\m-fp-ifpw bym-hn[n sim m-sp- p. Cu CS-h-I-bnse Ct m-gsø hnimcn Be-bv p-sn-bn amxyqkv Iio-ibpw, sshzni skan-\mcn hnzym n Be-bv Ip-Sn-bn {io. ]o dpw Cu CS-h- Imw-K-ß-fm-Wv. k tu kviqƒ, {]m \mtbmkw, a Ø-a-dnbw h\nxm kampw F nh Cu CS-h-I-bn `wkn-bmbn {]h Øn- p- p. km[p-p\ kwcw- W {]h Ø- \-Øn-\mbn "sk v tacokv Nmcn- -_nƒ ^ v' F t]cn sndnb XpI-Iƒ kam-lcn v tcmkn-ifpw km[p- fpw Bb Bfp-Isf klm-bn p hcp- p. kmº-øni ]cm- [o-\-x-iƒ Ds - nepw CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fpsS \n o-a-amb kl-i-c-wømepw {]m - \bmepw k t m-]cn ]cn. sszh-am-xm-hn-s bpw CS-h-I-bpsS a yÿ m-cmb hn. Koh Kokv kl-zm-bp-ssbpw, ]cn. Gen-bmkv XrXob _mhm-bp-ss-bpw, ]cn. ]cpae Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw almhenb a y-ÿ-x-bmepw CS-hI \mƒ p-\mƒ A`n-hr n {]m]n p hcp- p. tpm v F n-h v A`n-hµy CS-hI sa{xm-t m-eoø txmakv tam Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-a-\- p-sim v timdqtbm ] w \ In. ] n-bpss ]ptcm-k-a\ Imcy-ßƒ A`nhµy sa{xm-t m-eo-øm-bpss Xmev]-cy-{]-Im-c-hpw, CS-hI hnim-cn-bpss ]cn-{i-a-ønepw, hnt\mz k m-cn-iƒ v Xma-kn- -Ø -hæw A p-\n-e-i-tfm-sp-iq-snb Hcp si n- S-hpw, IqSmsX ] n-bpss ]Sn- m-dp-h-iøv hnim-cn v Xma-kn- -Ø coxn-bn ] n Hm^o-kv, skan-tø-cn-bn Nm F nh ]Wn-bp- -Xn-\p {Iao-I-cWw snbvxp-h-cp- p. {io. hn.-f. Ipcy hen-b-im-em-bn ip{iq-j-i Bbn {]h Øn p hcp- p. ]cn-ip At ymjym ]m{xn-b okv _mhm-bpss Iogn-ep ae- -c-bnse bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n k`-bpss ]nxm- - m-cpss Iogn k`m hnizm-k-øn Cu CS-hI \ne-\n p- p.

hnizmk kwc- -I CSp n kvs]jy sk v tpm v bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n] n kzcmpv Aø- timhn ^m. hn. kn. txmakv h n- m- n bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n k`bpw Hm ØtUmIvkv k`bpw tbmpn v {]h Øn- n-cp ka-b-øv, k`-iƒ n-s-bn ho pw ]nf p- mb Ime-L- -Øn ssltd- n hmgh-c, ]p -Sn, sim -d, Ipafn, No -em apx-emb ÿe-ß-fn D ] n-iƒ \jvs-s - -t mƒ \ΩpsS "Sn' ÿe-ß-fn-ep Bfp-Iƒ Xm m-eni sjõp-ifpw ]pxnb ] n- I-fpw ÿm]n v Bcm-[\ \S-Øn-bmWv \ΩpsS hnizmkw \ne-\n Øn-bn-cp- -Xv. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn Aø- tim-hn hn. a Ø-a-dnbw bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-] n adp- `m-k-øm-h-p-ibpw ] n-wn-]m-h-ß-fmb Bfp-Iƒ Cu ] n \jvs-s - -t mƒ Hm Ø-tUm- Ivkn \n pw bmt m-_mb k`-bn-te v h Fw.-Fw. hdpkokv amth-en-øp- nbn A \ΩpsS Bfp-Isf Iq n kl-i-cn n v hnizm-kn-i-fn Nne-cpsS ÿew kw`m-h-\-bmbn kzoi-cn kzcmpv F ÿe-øv, Hcp sndnb Nm D m n Bcm- [-\-Ifpw hn. Ip m-\bpw \S-Øn-bn-cp- p. ]n osv At±lw Xncn v Hm Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bn-tebv v t]mb-t mƒ AhnsS IqSn-bn-cp hnizm-kn-iƒ hgn-bm-[m-c-am-ip-ibpw \jvs-s Hm ØtUmIvkv ] -Ømb ]gb Aø- tim-hn hn. a Ø-a-dnbw bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-]- n-bn-tebv v Xncn t]mip-i-bpw, Cu ] n ]cn-]q Æambn Hm Ø-tUmIvkv ] - m Iø-S- p-ibpw snbvxp. CXn Nne hnizm-kn-iƒ am{xw ASp-Øp \ΩpsS Nne CS-h-I-I-fn saº jn v FSp p-ibpw snbvxp. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn h n- m- n {io. hn.-kn. txma-kpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw a v CS-h- I-bn t]mimsx At±-l-Øns ]cn-{i-a-^-e-ambn kz w ÿeøv Hcp Nm ÿm]n- p-ibpw k`m-hn-izm-k-{]-imcw At±lw kphn-ti-j-tbm-k-ßfpw {]m -\- Ifpw Bcw-`n- p-ibpw snbvxp. \m\m-pmxn ax-ÿ-cmb At\Iw Bfp-Iƒ Cu {]m -\-bn h v kw_- n v A\p-{K-l-ßƒ {]m]n p-ibpw snbvxn-cp- p. Ipsd \mfp-iƒ v tijw ]uckvxy kphn-tij kampw sa{xm-t m-eoø A`n-hµy Koh Kokv am t]mfn-im t mkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A\p-a-Xn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ab-bv p _lp. sshzn-i-sc-s m v Cu Nm -en Nne-t m-sgms hn. Ip m\ A n p t]m n-cp- p. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn h n- m- n {io. hn.-kn. txmakv ]uckvxy kphn-tij kam-p-tømsp _ -s v sshzni ]T\w ]q Øo-I-cn- v, 1994 A`nhµy Koh Kokv am t]mfn-im t mkv Xncp-ta-\n-bn \n pw I»oim ] w (ssh-zn- I) kzoi-cn- p. ae-_m, I Æm-SIw F o ÿe-ß-fn ]e ] n-i-fnepw hnim-cnbmbn tkh\w A\p-jvTn- p-ibpw snbvxp. At±-l-Øns Xp -amb hcp-am-\-øn \n pw an w-]n-sn pw Nne \ Bfp-I-fpsS klm-b-k-l-i-c-w-tøm-spw-iqsn kzcmpv F ÿeøv \ΩpsS Hcp ] n hbv p- -Xn\v Ac G ÿew hmßn- p-ibpw AXn-\p-tijw ] n-]-wn-bpss {]h Ø\w ap n I v 1999 apx ]uckvxy kphntij kam-p-øn \n pw tim bw `{Zm-k-Øn-te v as-ßn-h-cn-ibpw tim bw `{Zmk\ sa{xm-t m-eoø A`n-hµy txmakv am Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nsb ImWpIbpw, Cu ÿeøv Hcp ] n ]Wn-tb Bh-iy-I-X-sb- p-dn v ]d-bp-ibpw 25 sk v ÿew tim bw `{Zm-k-\-Øn-te v Zm\-ambn Fgp-Xn-s m-sp- p-ibpw A`nhµy Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Npa-X-e-bn Hcp ] n \n Ωm-W-I-Ω n cq]o- I-cn- p-ibpw snbvxp. Aßs\ 2001 HmIvtSm-_ amkw 14- mw XobXn A`n-hµy Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS apjy-im Ωn-I-Xz-Øn hn. Koh Kokv kl-zm-bpss \ma-øn Cu ] n-bpss inemÿm-]-\- I Ωw \n -ln- p-ibpw snbvxp. kmº- ØnI _p n-ap- p-i-fm Ipsd \mfpiƒ ]Wn-sbm pw \S- msx hcn-ibpw 2002 am v amkw 4 mw XobXn ]f-fn v I n- -Xn-t\m-S-SpØv Hcp Xm m-eni sjõv ]Wnbp-Ibpw snbvxp. Cu sjõn {]m \ \S-Øn-s m v \ΩpsS GXm\pw Nne ] n-i-fn \n pw, hy n-i-fn \n pw tim bw `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-eoø A`nhµy txmakv am Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\nbpsS I -\-{]-Imcw ]ncn-hp-iƒ tijcn v ] n ]Wn Bcw-`n- p-ibpw snbvxp ] n-bpss AIsØ ]Wn am{xw Xo Øv jo v-ta v 2004 tabv 6 \v Xm meni IqZm-ibpw hn. Koh Kokv kl-zm-bpss s]cp-\mfpw A`n-hµy CS-hI sa{xmt m-eoø txmakv am Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS apjy-im an-i-xz-øn \S- Øn. XpS v F m h jhpw tabvamkw hnip Koh Kokv kl-zm-bpss \ma-øn s]cp\mƒ BtLm-jn- p- p. Cu s]cp-\m-fn PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-sat\y At\Iw B-f-pIƒ hgn-]m-smbn timgn-isf sim p-h-cp- Xv Hcp {]txy-i-x-bm-wv. Cu ] n- p-th n Atlm-cm{Xw IjvS-s _lp-am-\-s h n- m- n txma-kv A- s\ CS-h-I- - nbpss hnim-cn-bmbn A`n-hµy Xncp-a-\- p-sim v A\p-{K-ln v Npa-X-e-s -Sp-Øn. A pap-x A H n-s-hn- p Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnepw F m i\n-bm-gvn-i-fnepw hn. Ip m\ A n- p- h-cp- p. Cßs\ 17 amk- mew XpS p-t]m- p. F m Cu CShIbn IpS-h-ti-cn Ip p-tam F Hcp IpSpw_w HgnsI _m n 15 ho p-imcpw Iqen- Wn snbvxv Pohn- p- -h-cm-wv. Bb-Xn-\m kmº-øni ]cm-[o-\-x-bn RmbdmgvN Bcm-[\ am n, Ct mƒ H n-s-hn- p i\n-bm-gvn-i-fn am{xta hn. Ip m\ A n- p- p- p. Cu ] n-bpss ]Wn- p-th n klm-bn- n- p-, PmXnaX t`zsat\y F m-h-scbpw kvacn- p-ibpw Ah p-th n {]m n- p-ibpw snøp- p. Cu ] n-bpss ]Wn, hb-dnwkv HgnsI Ign h jw ]q Øo-I-cn- m km[n- p. ] n-bpss hnip aqtdm IqZmi CXp-h-scbpw \S-Øn-bn- n-. hnimcn ^m. hn.-kn. txmakv A s Akm- n- y-øn ^m. _nt\mbn h n- m- n ip{iqj \S-Øn-bn-cp- p. Cu ] n-bpss as mcp {]txy-i-x, PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-sat\y At\-Iw B- fp-iƒ F m k y-bv pw, ] n-bpss shfn-bn Xncn IØn- p-i-bpw, hgn-]msv A n- p-ibpw snøp p F p- -Xm-Wv. At\-I v A p-x-i-c-amb A\p-{K-l-ß e`n- p- -Xmbn Adn-bp-hm Ign-bp- p. IqSmsX ] n-bpss ASpØ ÿe-ß-fn-sem pw sh w C msx hcp-tºmgpw ] n- n-w- nse sh w h m-xn-cn- p-ibpw At\Iw IpSpw-_ßƒ v CXv {]tbm-p-\-{]-z-am-hp-ibpw snøp- p. CXv hn. Koh Kokv kl-zmbpss am yÿw hgn e`n- p A\p-{K-l-ambn hnizm-kn-iƒ Icp-Xp- p. Cu ] nbpss Ct m-gsø hnimcn _lp. hn.-kn. txma-kv A -\m-wv. ] n-bpss sk{i- -dnbmbn Xpdp-ºp-ßƒ {io. n.-si. Ipcy\pw {Sj-d-dmbn {io.a{_lmw Ip n-sh- n- epw {]h Øn- p- p. CSp n `{Zm-k\w Hcp P\-X-bpsS Bfl-km- mxvimcw sk v tpm v bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n] n IØn- m-d-øsw Uo at\mpv h Kokv (C-S-h-Imw-Kw) Gen-bmkv Ipdn-bm-t mkv ap -πm- ({S-Ãn) 2008 G{]n 1977 CSp n Pn bm I n- pgn ] mb-øn IØn- m-d- - SpØv bmt m-_mb hnizm-kn-iƒ v th n _lp. ticfm Kh. 2 G `qanbv v A\phmZw Xcp-Ibpw Cu ]ffn- v 1981 ] bw e`n- p-ibpw snbvxp. 30 ho p-im-cp-ambn Bcw-`n Cu tzhm-ebw 110 CS-h- I- m-cp- v. CSp n SuWn \n pw 15 In. Zqsc I n- pgn ] mb-øns lrz-b-`m-køv Pn -bnse {]apj SqdnÃv ti{µ-ß-fn H mb ]m Ipfw tasns Xmgvh-c-bnemWv ÿnxn snøp- -Xv. t{ijvt ImtXm-en m _tk-en-tbmkv ]utemkv ZznXo-b _mhm-bpss t]cnemwv ] bw e`n- -Xv. _mhm-bpss Ickv] i-\-øm A\p-{K-ln-X-amb Cu tzhm-ebw \m\m PmXn ax-ÿ-cpss A`b ti{µ-amwv. ]. Koh Kokv kl- Zm-bpsS \ma-øn ÿm]n-x-amwv Cu tzhm-e-bw. ` -kw-l-s-\-iƒ \ mbn {]h Øn- p- p. s]mxp-tbm-k-øm Xnc-s -Sp- -s 12 AwK `c-w-k-an-xnbpw hnimcnbpw Dƒs -Sp `cw t\xr-xzw. Cu CS-h-Ibv v i -amb t\xrxzw \ Ip- p. Cu tzhm-ebw ]pwy-t«m-i-\mb ]utemkv ZznXo-b _mhm IqZm-i \n -ln- n p-f-f-xm-wv. hnimcn ^m. F. Fw. ]utemkv Rm p-im-e, {SÃn Ipcy Ipcy I p-sh- m Ipgn, Gen-bmkv tpm ap -πm- m, sk{i- dn cmpp hdp-kokv Im n-c- m- v. sk v tacokv bmt m-_mb b kpdn-bm\n] n, No -em ^m. ]o IpØp-I- p- kxy-hn-izm-k-øn ASn-bp-d v hniz-kn- p bmt m-_mb {InkvXym-\n-I-fpw, C na-e, No -em, Im n- -Xm, ]ip- m-d,- ssi-x- -Xm, H -acw F o ÿe-ß-fnse \nhm-kn-i-fp-amb k`m-a- ƒ v Bcm-[\ \S-Øp- -Xn\v Cu {]tz-isø GI B{ibw ]ocp-tasv "So' Iº\n bmt m-_m-b, am tømωm, C.S.I. F o k`-iƒ v Bbn ]Wn-bn p \ In-bn-cp bqwn-b N v am{x-am-bn-cp- p. amk-øn Hcp Rmb-dmgvN am{x-amwv hn. Ip m\ \S-Øp- -Xn\v \ΩpsS k`bv v AhnsS A\phmZw e`n- n-cp- -Xv. BbXv k`m-a- -fpss Bflob Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th- p- -Xn\pw CS-h-I-bpsS ]ptcm-k-xn pw ]cym-]vx-a- m-ø-xn-\m Cu ÿn-xn v am w hcp-øp- -Xn-\mbn k`ma- ƒ H n v {]h Øn- p-ibpw {]m n- p-ibpw snbvx-xns ^e-ambn 1966- C sø ] n Ccn- p ÿew e`y-am-ip-ibpw Hcp Ipcniv ÿm]n- p-ibpw snbvxp. ]n osv 1978- Cu ÿeøv Hcp Xm m-eni sjuv ÿm]n- p-ibpw {]m -\m-tbm- -K-ßƒ \S-Øn-h-cn-Ibpw snbvxp. XpS v snωæv sk v tacokv bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-] n CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw IqSn kl-i-c-w-tømss Xm m-eni sjuv ] n B n am p-ibpw 1979 G{]n amkw 6 mw XobXn \m ]Xmw sh n-bmgvn Znhkw ] n- m- n hµy h Kokv tpm timsd- nkvtim hn. sszh-am-xm-hns \ma-øn Cu tzhm-ebw Xm m-eni IqZmi \S-Øn, hn. Ip m\ A n- p-ibpw snbvxp. XpS v Ipsd-Imew amk-øn c p Rmb-dmgvN hn. Ip m\ A n p h p. Bb-Xn-\p-tijw \n.-h.-zn.-{io. Koh Kokv am {KntKm-dn-tbmkv (s]-cp-º- n) Xncp-ta\n ] n-bn Fgp- n hcn- Ibpw amk-øn F m Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnepw hn: Ip m\ A n- p- -Xn\v Bhiy-amb {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ snøp-ibpw snbvxp. 2003 s^{_p-hcn amkw 7 mw XobXn CS-hI sa{xm-t m-eoø \n.-h.-zn.-{io. txmakv tam Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-a-\- p- sim v ] n-bpss hn. aqtdm IqZmi \n -ln- p-ibpw snbvxp. Ct mƒ ] n v Im n- -Xm-enepw ]ip- m-d-i-h-e-bnepw at\m-l-c-ß-fmb Ipcnin -sxm- n-ifpw D v. ]ip- m-d-i-h-e-bn BWv ] n-hi skan-tø-cn. F m h jhpw P\p-hcn 26 \v hn: sszh-am-xm-hns Hm Ω-s -cp-\mƒ `wkn-bmbn \S-Øn-hcp- p. CS-h-I-bpsS Bflob ]ptcm-k-xn- mbn k tu-kviqƒ, a Ø-a-dnbw kam- Pw, bqøv Atkm-kn-tb-j, {]m -\m-tbm-kw F nh _lp: sshzn-i-cpss t\xrxzøn {]h Øn p hcp- p. Cu CS-h-I-mwKIfmb ^m. ]o IpØp-I- p-, ^m. APn-amXyp sndn-bm Icn-º-\-bv F n-h-cpw shcn. dh. h Kokv tpm timsd- n-kvtim ] n- m- n, ^m. Ipcym-t mkv sshzy -]-d-ºn, ^m. a t mkv a pim v, ^m. Koh Kokv tx m-\øv, ^m. tpm t]møm-\n-, ^m. txmakv th -S-Øv, ^m. B {Uqkv Nnc-h-Ø-d, ^m. txmakv ] n-b-ºn, ^m. k dnb ssae- - n-, ^m. a t mkv ]Wn- -cp-]-d-ºn, ^m. G{_lmw ]cp-øn- pt, ^m. F.- ]n. amxyp Be-bv - psn, ^m. amxyp Fw. _m_p hst -d-ºn, ^m. si.-si. txmakv Idp-I- -Sn-bn, ^m. tpm ] n- m- n, ^m. txmakv I m{, ^m. _nt\mbn txmakv h n- m- n, ^m. si.-]n. o_m sim p-]-d-ºn, ^m. amxyp \Sp-hn-te- c F o sshzo-icpw Cu ] n-bn tkh\w A\p-jvTn- n- p- v. 42 IpSpw-_-ßƒ Cu ] n-bn-s-h-i-bn AwK-ß-fm-Wv.

hnizmk kwc- -I CSp n kvs]jy am Gen-bmkv XrXo-b bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n] n, ap - bw CSp n `{Zm-k\w Hcp P\-X-bpsS Bfl-km- mxvimcw tim bw `{Zm-k-\-Øn-s bpw AJne ae- c a -\n- c Xo m-si kaq-l-øn-s bpw sa{xmt meo-ø-bm-bn-cp \n.-h.- Zn.{io. tum. Koh -Kokv am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-a-\- nse 1990 P\p-hcn 9 mw Xob-Xn-bnse 5/90 mw \º I -\-{]-Imcw ]cn. k`bpss ssltd v taj-ebn \n pw a -\n- c Im \S Xo -bm{x kam-cw-`n- p-hm ]p -a- -Øn ]n.-hn. tpmwns\ Npa-X-e-s -Sp-Øn. 1990 s^{_p-hcn 9 mw XobXn ap - bw It ]me-øn\p kao]w Xøm-dm- nb am C m-txymkv \K-dn h v 26 sshzn-i-cp-ss-bpw, Aflm-b-t\-Xm- - m-cp-ss-bpw, Fw.-]n., Fw.-F.-F. am ] m-bøv {]kn-u p-am, 2008 G{]n sk v v tacokv bmt m-_mb b kpdn-bm\n] n, ]p Sn ^m. hn. kn. txmakv h n- m- n hnimcn {SÃn sk{i- dn sjh. ]n. hn. tpm ]p -a w Ip p-tam kj-dnb ]uc-ap-jy- m, \m\m-pm-xn-a-x-ÿ-cmb Bfp-Iƒ F n-h-cpss km n- y-øn A`nhµy Xncp-a\ psim v Xo -bm{x DZvLm-S\w snbvxp. XZ-h-kcØn Xncp-a-\- p- sim v C{]-Imcw I n- p. ""Cu h jw Chn-sS-\n pw Cu Xo -bm{x Bcw-`n- p p F nepw ASp-Ø-h jw Cu ]cn-k-cøv ]cn. _mhmbpss \ma-øn \ΩpsS kz -amb ÿe-øp-\n pw Cu Xo -bm{x Bcw-`n- p-hm \ΩpsS hm -ey-a- ƒ ]cn-{i-an- -Ww. AXn-\mbn ChnsS FØn-t n-cn- p F m-hcpw Fs P\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb klmbw snø-ww.'' ta -d DZvLm-S-\-th-f-bnse Xncp-a-\- nse Cu {]h-n\ \nhrøn-bmwv ap - bw ] n. Xo -bm{x Ign p asßn FØn-b-tijw Fcp-Øn- {io. Fw.-C. ^nen- ns `h-\-øn Fw.-C. ^nen- v, ]n.-hn. tpm ]p -a- -Øn, ]n.-h. amwn ]p w-xm- \-Øn, Ipcy sndn-bm hb-en-]p-c-b-øv, n.-f-kv. C n-b-hc sx pw-x-d, C.-Fw. amxyp Cc-W-bv, Fw.-C. a t mkv Fcp-Øn-, hn.-kn. Ae-Ivkm- sh -t m v F n-h Hcp tbmkw IqSp-I-bpw, Xncp-a-\- nse {]h-n-\-\n-hrøn- mbn {]h Øn- p-hm Xocp-am-\n- p-i-bpw, Cu Imcyw Xncp-ta-\nsb Adn-bn- p-ibpw CXn-te- mbn dh. ^m. timin Gg-c- -dsb {]knu m-bpw, ]n.-hn. tpm ]p -a- -Øns\ sk{i- -dnbm-bpw, Fw.-C. ^nen v Fcp-Øn- -ens\ {Sj-dm-dmbpw \nb-an- p-sim v Hcp IΩ- nbpss t\xr-xz-øn am C m-txymkv bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n At m- kn-tb-j\v AwKo-Imcw simsp- p-i-bpw, Sn IΩ- n-bpss {]h Ø-\-^-e-ambn s]m w-ipføv {io. si.-hn. txma-kn-t\msv (]m- - ) ÿew hmßp-ibpw 1991 P\p-hcn 6 mw XobXn A`n-hµy Xncp-a-\- p-sim v ]cn. Gen-bmkv _mhm-bpss Xncp-\m-a-Øn ] n v ASnÿm-\-ine ÿm]n- p-ibpw snbvxp. ]cn. AΩ-bp-sSbpw ]cn. Gen-bmkv _mhm-bpss-bpw, ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw \ma-øn t{xmtwm-kp-iƒ ÿm]n- p-hm ap ta Xocp-am-\-am-bn-cp- p. F nepw 1990 P\p-hcn 6 mw XobXn A`n-hµy Xncp-a-\- p- sim v Ipa-cIw B maw-kew ] n-bn hn. Ip m\ A n- p-sim- n-cp- -t mƒ hnh-ix D m-hp-i-bpw, XIvkm-bn bqlm-t\m amwzm\ F v Fgp-Xn-Im-Wn- p-ibpw snbvx kw`hw D m-hp-ibpw Aßs\ ] n-bpss sxs t{xmtwmkv bqlm-t\m amwzm-\-bp-ss \ma-øn ÿm]n- p-ibpw snbvxn-cn- p- p. XpS v timcp-tømsv sk v tacokv ] n-bpss hnimcn N -Øn _lp:kohdp-kokv A s\ Sn IΩ- n-bpss {]kn-u mbn A`n-hµy Xncp-a-\- p-sim v \nb-an- p- I-bpw, XpS v ta ]-d 9 `h-\-ß-fn Rmb-dmgvN Znhkw `h-\-iq- mbva \S-Øp- I-bpw, ] n-bpss \n Ωm-W-Øn-\mbn {]m n- p-ibpw snbvxp-t]m- n-cp- p. ÿehne \ In B[mcw Fgp-Xn- -t mƒ kmº-øn-i-ambn _p n-ap v A\p-`-h-s -Sp-I-bm X mew Xd si n-bm axn F pw, ] n \n Ωm-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb ]Ww kzcq- ]n- n v ]f-fn-]wn XpS m axn F pw IΩ n Xocp-am\w FSpØp F nepw sszh- \-S-Øn v A{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp- n-. Fs - m ] n F{Xbpw thk-øn D m-h-wsa- m-bn-cp p sszh-\n- -bw. as mcp A -px kw`-høneqss sszh-lnxw shfn-s - Sp-Øn. AXm-bXv ] n-bpss Xd-bpsS ]Wn-Iƒ ]q Øn-bm- nb-xn\vv GXm\pw Znh-kßƒ Ign v G p-am-\q-cn C n- \mcm-b-w F -bmƒ ChnsS h p. hnhcw Xnc- n-b-t mƒ Xm Hcp I I -h-s- m-c-\m-sw pw, hymgmgvn cm{xn Xncp-h- m-bn sim pt]miphm I Ib- nb temdn cm{xn Bb-Xn-\m ho n sim p-h- n- psh pw, sh n-bmgvn cmhnse t]mip-hm h n Ãm m- n-b-t mƒ Ãm m-imsx hs - pw, A pw i\n-bmgvn ]Iepw sa m-\n- pw, Ce-Iv{So-jy\pw amdn amdn ]Wn- Xn pw h n Ãm m- p-hm km[n- n-s pw Aßs\ Rmb-dmgvN cmhnse I as mcp h n-bn ]I Øn-sIm- p-t]mimw F p-hn-nm-cn v ]Wn-Iƒ \n Øn InS- p-d-ßnsb- pw, cm{xn 2 awn-bm-b-t mƒ Xm Hcp {]Imihpw, B {]Im-i-Øns \Sp-hn Hcp Xncp-ta-\n-tbbpw I p-sh- pw, Xm `b-tømss Fgp-t p kmjvsmwkw {]Wan p F pw At mƒ ssiøn D m-bn-cp Ipcn-ip-b Øn Xs A\p-{K-ln- n v temdn-bnse I Ing v F\n-s mcp ] n ]Wn-bp-hm sim p-t]mbn simsp- -Wsa pw ]d v A{]-Xy- -\m-sb pw Aßs\ Nn -Sn-bn X\n v ]cn-n-b- m-cp- - Xn-\m AhnsS FØn Xnc- n-b-t mƒ ChnsS ] n ]Wn \S- p- p-sh v Adn- ph- -Xm-sW pw ]d- p. hniz-kn- m-\m-bn-s - nepw GXm\pw Xncp-ta-\n-am-cpsS t^mt m-iƒ At±-lsØ ImWn- p. F m AXn-em-cp-a Xm I Xncp-ta\n F v B a\p-jy ]d- p. Ah-km\w ]cn. Gen-bmkv _mhm-bpss t^mt m ImWn- t mƒ kt m-j-øm Snbm axn-a-d v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Cuiz-c- msc hnfn v \µn ]d-bp-ibpw Xm sim p-h- n-cn- p I Cd- n-h- n p t]mip- -Xn\p kuicyw Xc-W-sa v Bh-iy-s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. I bv p ]Ww simsp- p-hm-\n- m-ø-xn-\m F p snø-w-sa- -dn-bmsx kl-{]-h Ø-Isc F mw hnfn- m-tem-nn- p. Ah-km\w I -bpss Cd- p-iqen am{xw X m axn-sb- pw, _m n ]Ww D m-hp-tºmƒ X m axnsb pw, ] n-]-wn- m-h-iy-amb I apgp-h 15 Znh-k-ßƒ p- n {SÃn sshkv {]kn-u v sk{i- dn tpm. sk{i- dn hnkp G{_lmw G. hn. h Kokv A o-kn tdmbn tx p-]-øn hn. F. G{_lmw h n-bm v XIn-Sn-bn ]Xn- m- p-iƒ v apºv ssltd- n h ta-sv, ]p Sn `mkøv IpSn-tbdn ]m Ø, At ymjym knwlm-k-\-tømsv Iqdpw ` n-bp-ap Ipsd bmt m-_mb hnizm-kn- Iƒ tn v hn. sszh-am-xm-hns \ma-øn ÿm]n- XmWv hn. a Ø-a-dnbw bmt m- _mb kpdn-bm-\n-] n. 1958 se k`m-tbm-pn- n\p tijw ]p -Sn-bpsS hnhn[ `mk-ß-fn \n p hnizmkn-iƒ tn v 1960 Ifn ]Sn- m-td- -h-e-bn sim v F hy n-bpss ÿew hmßn sszhm-ebw \n Ωn v Bcm-[\ XpS-ßn. AXn 65 ho p-im kl-i-cn v Bcm- [\ \S-Øn-h-csh ho pw 1972 txmωm-«o-lm-bpss knwlm-k-\-hmzw XpScpIbpw I \ hmbn- p-ibpw snbvxp. At ymjym hnizm-kn-i-fmb Ipsd-t] CXns\ FXn p-ibpw hnhcw Koh- -Kokv am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nsb Adn-bn- p-ibpw snbvxp. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \n t±-i-{]-imcw Hcp sszhm-ebw \n Ωn- p-hm Xocp-am-\n- p. AXn-\mbn B o-kn Nmt m txmakv F hy n-bpss ÿew hmßn Hcp sjuv hbv p-ibpw A`nhµy Koh- -Kokv am {KotKmdn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n AXns Xm m-eni IqZmi \S-Øp-Ibpw snbvxp. XpS v A - m amdn-amdn h v Bcm- [\ \SØn hcsh 1974 P\p-hcn 24- mw XobXn cm{xn Btcm kmaq-lni hncp- ] n v Xoh v \in- n- p. CXn a\w-s\m hnizm-kn-iƒ At ymjym knwlm-k\ ` -cm-bn-cp ]q -]n-xm- -fpss a y-ÿ-x-bn - A`bs - p-sim v ho pw Hcp sjuv \n Ωn v Bcm-[\ \S-Øp-Ibpw ]pxnb ] n- m-bp {iaw \S-Øp-Ibpw snbvxp. Aß-s\-bn-cns sszh-ir-]-bm 1984 tabv amkw Cu sszhm-e-b-øn ]cn-ip ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Xncp-ti-jn v tim bw `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-eo-øbmbn-cp tum. Koh- Kokv am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bm ÿm]n-x-am-bn. ]cnip ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Xncp-ti-jn v ÿm]n ssltd- nse GI sszhm-e-bamwv ]p Sn sk v tacokv bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-]- n. sh n-bm-gvn-i-fn \SØn hcp Ip m-\-i-fn-epw [ym\-tbm-ønepw [mcmfw hnizm-kn-iƒ ]s -SpØv A\p-{Klhpw D±n-jvS-Im-cyhpw {]m]n p hcp- p. Cu Xncp-ti-jn v ÿm]n- -Xn\p tijw ]cnip sszhm-e-b-øn\v A p-x-i-c-amb ]ptcm-kxn \mƒ p-\mƒ D m-bn-s m- n-cn- p- p. 1990 Cu ] n v kz -ambn Hcp `c-w-l-s\ D m- p-ibpw CS-hI sa{xmt m-eoøm AXv AwKo-I-cn pxcnibpw snbvxp. AXn {]-Imcw `cww \SØn hcp- p. tim bw `{Zm-k-\-Øns hnhn[ `mk-ß-fn \n p sshzn-i-cp-ssbpw CS-hI P\-ß-fp-sSbpw Iq mb {]h Ø\^e-ambn 1995 Cu sszhm-e-b-øns ]Wn-Iƒ ]q Øo-I-cn- p-ibpw P\p-hcn amkw 15, 16 Xob-Xn-I-fn A sø CS-hI sa{xmt m-eoø Koh- -Kokv am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS apjy Im an-i-xz-øn aqdm IqZmi \n -ln- -s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. hn. sszh-am-xm-hns hnøp-isf{]xn-bp s]cp-\mƒ P\p-hcn amkw 15, 16 Xob-Xn-I-fn-epw, ]cn-ip ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Hm Ωs cp-\mƒ \hw-_ amkw 1, 2 Xob-Xn-I-fnepw Cu ] n-bn B p-txmdpw \S-Øn-h-cp- p. IqSmsX sszh-am-xm-hns P\-\ -s]-cp-\mƒ sk]v w-_ 8 \pw Koh- -Kokv kl-zm-bpss Hm Ω tabv BZy BgvNbnepw \SØn hcp- p. sk v tacokv k tu-kviqƒ, sk v tpm v {]m -\mtbm-kw, sk v {KotKm-dn-tbmkv {]m -\m-tbm-kw, a Ø-a-dnbw h\nxm kam-pw, slbn tacn eo-kv, bqøv At m-kn-tb-j, hnizmk kwc- W kanxn F nh Cu ] n-bnse kpoh kwl-s-\-i-fm-wv. 100 ]cw ho p-im Ct mƒ Cu ] nbn CS-h-I- m-cm-bp- v. ChnsS FØn p X p-sim- m-sa pw IqSn B a\p-jy ]d- -t mƒ CXp sszhni ] -Xn-bpsS `mk-am-sw v Dd- p-sim v I Cd n, _m n I Sn \mcm-b-w ]d- -Xp-t]mse 15 Znh-k-ßƒ p- n Cd n Xcn-Ibpw snbvxp. Sn \mcm-b-w 2001 acn- p- -Xp-hsc F m h j-ß-fnepw Hcp {]mh-iy-sa- nepw ] n-bn FØm-dp- m-bn-cp- p. CXn-s\-Xp-S v ]Wn-Iƒ Xo p-hm {]h Ø-I \n _- n-x-cm-hp-ibpw 1992 sk]v w-_ amk-øn ]Wn-Iƒ ]q Øo-I-cn- p-ibpw, 1992 HIvtSm-_ 2 mw XobXn A`n-hµy tum. Koh -Kokv am {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-a-\- p-sim v ] n-bpss aqtdm IqZmi \SØn Bcm-[-\-bv mbn ka n- p-ibpw snbvxp. XpS v Imew snbvx a t mkv am Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta-\n ] n-bpss BZy -hn-im-cn-bmbn \nb-an-x- \m-bn. Ct mƒ Ipt tpm v A hnim-cn-bm-bpw, h n- m- n _nt\mbv txmakv A kl-hn-im-cn-bmbpw tkh\w A\p-jvTn- p- p. ÿnc-ambn bmsxmcp hcp-am-\hpw C mø ] n-bpss kmº-øni Imcy-ßƒ H pw aps- w-h-cmsx C pw sszhw A p-x-i-c-ambn \S-Øp- p. ]cn-an-x-amb kui-cy-ßƒ am{x-ap Cu tzhme-b-øn ssltd- n \n pw Im \-S-bmbn hcp Bbn-c- -W- n\p Xo m-s- I FØp Znhkw ap - bw {]tziw BsI D -h-øns {]Xo-Xn-bmWv A\p- `-h-s -Sp- -Xv. \m\m-pmxn ax-ÿ-cmb Bfp-Iƒ 35- mw ssaen \S- p kzoi-cww apx ] n-bn Xo m-s-i FØp- -Xp-h-scbpw Ah m-h-iy-amb ip{iq-j-iƒ \ In ]cn. tamtdms ASn-b- nc kzy-bn ]s -SpØv t\ -Im-gvN-Iƒ ka n p t]mip- Xv Cu CS-h-Ibv v A`n-am-\hpw Bizm-k-hp-am-Wv. GXm\pw h j-ß-fmbn lnµp- -fmb ktlm-z-c-ßƒ ] n-bn BgvN-Iƒ p ap ta FØn t\mºv FSp- p- Ibpw Xo m-s-i-tcm-ssmøv a -\n- -c-bn-te v Im \-S-bmbn t]mhp-ibpw snøp p.

hnizmk kwc- -I CSp n kvs]jy sk v tpm kv bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-] n Hen-hp-ae N p-]- w, AW- c ]n.-h. CSp n `{Zm-k\w Hcp P\-X-bpsS Bfl-km- mxvimcw Ip ncns n sk v txmakv CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fm- bn- -cp kxy-hn-izm-kn-ifmb k`m-a- -fn 15 IpSpw-_- m HØptN v thsdmcp tzhmebw ]Wn-I-gn- n v hnizmkw \ne-\n Ønt m-cp- -Xn\v Xocp-am-\n- p. 1979 Ipafn aq m tdmun-t\msv tn v Ipafn Ggmw ssaen 22 sk v ÿew hmßn hn. tzhm-ebw ÿm]n- p. ChnsS Bcm-[-\m- 2008 G{]n sk v tpm v bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n] n, hmfmsn hnip Koh Kokv kl ZmbpsS \maøn 1974 ÿm]n s tzhm ebamwv CXv. hs p hisø t{xmtwmkv hnip sszhamxmhn s bpw sx phisø t{xmtwmkv ]cnip Genbmkv XrXob _mhmbpssbpw \ma Øn ÿm]n s n cn p p. ]tcx\mb hncpøn Shn {io. AeIvkm Nm n (Ip v) Ah Iƒ ]cnip hµy Ipdn-bm-t mkv timsd- n-kvtim m t]møm-\n- {SÃn amxyp Nmt m Imep-I-S-hn sk{i- dn tpmjn txmakv Icn-ºn Iu kn saº _m_p txmakv Icn-ºn tbm-ky-amb tzhm-ebw ]Wn-bp- -Xn\v _p n-ap- nb CS-h-Imw-K-ßƒ A`n-hµy Koh- Kokv tam {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nsb (A`nhµy s]cp-º n Xncp-ta-\n) k -Sßƒ t_m[n- n- p. k`m-a- -fpss IjvS-X-Iƒ a\- n-em- nb A`n-hµy Xncp-ta\n Chn-tS v Fgp- n hcn-ibpw Be-b-Øn Ibdn {]m n- p-ibpw tzhm-ebw bqlm-t\m amwtzm-t\m-bpss a y-ÿ-x-bn ka n- p-ibpw ÿe-øn\v Hen-hpae F v \ma-i-cww snøp-ibpw snbvxp. CS-h-I-bpsS XpS p \S-Øn- n-\mbn _lp-am-\-s ^m. Ipcym-t mkv awke-øns\ Npa-X-e-Iƒ G n- p-ibpw snbvxp. ] n ta v Bcm-[-\m-tbm-Ky-am n Xo p- -Xn-te v 3000 cq] A`n-hµy s]cp-º n Xncp-ta\n X p. XpS p CS-h- I-bpsS \S-Øn- n-\mbn ^m. ^nen v sp. ]pø ho- n-ens\ I n v \nb-an- p-x- p. 1981- m-am v P\p-hcn amkw 25- mw XobXn A`n-hµy Xncp-ta\n Cu tzhm-ebw IqZmi snbvxp. CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw a -t\iw hnizm-kn-i-fp-ssbpw t\ -Im-gvN- Ifpw kw`m-h-\-ifpw kzcq-]n v 50 sk v ÿehpw hnhn[ Ime-b-f-hp-I-fn-embn ] n-tbmsv tn Øv hmßp-ibpw snbvxp. Icn-ºn G{_lmw txmakv 1977- mam n Ac-sk v ÿew Ipcn-in -sxm- n-bn- mbn hmßn ] n v \ Ip-I-bp- m-bn. \nehn 55 IpSpw-_-ßƒ CS-h-I-bn tn v kl-i-cn- p- p. _lp-am-\-s ^m. ^nen v sp. ]pø ho- n, ^m. Ipcym-t mkv awk-e-øv, ^m. tpmk^v ]p m-\n, ^m. txmakv I -ap- mcn, ^m. G{_lmw ]cp-øn- pt, hµy h Kokv tpm timsd- n-kvtim ] n- m- n, ^m. amxyqkv Bebv m-ip-sn-bn, ^m. kpn aw Im-Sv, ^m. tpm ] n- m- n F o sshzni t{ijvt hnhn[ Ime-b-f-hn tkh-\-a\p-jvtn- n-cp- p. hnim-cn hµy Ipcym-t mkv timsd- n-kvtim t]møn-\n-, kl-hn-imcn dh. ^m. _m_p h Kokv ]Xn-\m d-bn F o sshzn-i Ct mƒ CS-h-Isb \bn- p- p. \ne-hn-ep tzhm-ebw sndpxpw Po Æm-h-ÿ-bn-ep- Xpw Bcm-[-\m-h-iyßƒ v A]-cym-]vX-hp-am-b-Xn-\m ]pxnb tzhm-ebw ]Wn-Xp-sIm- n-cn- p- p. ]pxnb tzhm-e-b-øn\v 2005 P\p-h-cn- amkw 7 mw XobXn tim bw `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-eoø \n. h. Zn. {io. txmakv tam Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n Xd- - n- p. s]cp-\mƒ : P\phcn 6, 7 Xob-Xn-I-fn (Z-\lm s]cp-\mƒ, tam bqlm-t\m amwtzm-t\m-bpss inc-t - Z-\-Øns Hm Ω) BtLm-jn- p- p. 1948 A sø tim bw `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-eoø Bbn-cp aojm-tb tam Zoh- m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A\p-a-Xn-tbm-sSbpw A\p-{K-l-tØm-sSbpw ÿm]n-x-amb tzhm-e-b-amwv Icn- pfw sk v tpm v bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-]- n. A v ] w Ic-bn I q- -d-ºn ]tc-x-\mb {io. hn.-sf. amø Ah I-fpsS {]txyi Xmev]cyØmepw D m-l-øm-ep-amwv Cu tzhm-ebw ÿm]n-x-am-b-xv. At±-l-Øns ]n X-e-ap-d- mcpw Cu ] n-bpss F m Imcy-ß-fnepw AXoh {i m-ep- -fm-wv. tam Koh Kokv kl-zm-bpss \ma-øn-ep Cu ] n tim bw `{Zm-k-\-Øns Iogn-emWv. F m Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnepw hntij Znh-k-ß-fnepw aps w IqSmsX Cu ] n-bn hn. Ip m\ A n p t]mcp- p. Cu tzhm-e-b-øn\v c p Ipcn-ip-]- n- Iƒ D v. ] n-bn \n v Dt±iw A qdp hmc AIse N møv SuWn H v, c m-a-tøxv c p Intem-ao- AIse BeSn F ÿe-øpw. amkm-h-km\ i\nsk v tpm v bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-] n si. N m-øv, CSp n Pn, Icn- pfw ^m. ]n. Fw. Koh Kokv I p- -d-ºn hnimcn {SÃn sk{i- dn ^m. Ipcy tpmbn I p- {X _m_p h Kokv jntpm sf v bmt m_mb k` {]Xnk nl Øn Bbncp t mƒ, k`bpss hnizmkhpw ]mcºcyhpw ImØpkp n qhm k`bpss ]p{x\mb At±lw Xm meniambn si.si. tdmuns sskun πm msv Fkvt v hi ÿeøv ]p pta Hcp Nm ]WnbpIbpw ImewsNbvX A`nhµy Koh Kokv tam {KotKmdntbmkv Xncpta\n (s]cqº n Xncpta\n) ChnsS Fgp n h v Nm ens IqZmi \SØpIbpw hnip Ip _m\ A n pibpw snbvxp. Nm ens Bcw`L ßfn amkøn c v XhW am{xta hnip Ip _m\ A n ncp p q. Nm ens Bcw`w apx, CShI BIp Xphscbpw F m snehpifpw hln ncq Xv {in. AeIvkm Nm n Bbncp p. hn.ip _m\ A n qhm hcp sshzni pw, ip{iqji pw Xmak kuicyw πm msv Fkvt v hi si nsøn Bbncp p. Bcw`L ßfn hfsc Ipd v hnizmknitf D mbncp p q. XpS v kao]cshiifn \n pw hnizmknifpss kuicym w IpSpX BfpIƒ Cu ] nbn te v hcnibpw XßfpsS Bflob Imcyßƒ \SØpIbpw snbvxncp p. 1982 ]cn. ]m{xnb okv _mhmbpss `mcx kµ i\thfbn ChnsS Fgp n h v, ]pxnb tzhmebøns inemÿm]\w \n hln p. 1986 hncpøn Shn IqSpw_mwKßƒ hfsc at\mlcamb Hcp tzhmebw ]WnXv, Imew snbx tim bw Z{Zmk\ sa{xmt meoø A`nhµy Koh Kokv tam {KotKmdntbmkv Xncpta\nsb F n p. XpS v ]Xnhpt]mse hnip Ip _m\ \SØn h p. 24 05 1992 A`nhµy Xncpta\nbpsS A y Xbn s]mxptbmkw IpSpIbpw {]kvxpx tbmkøn hnizmkniƒ Bhiys Xn\m A`nhµy Xncpta\n Cu ] nsb Hcp CShI ] n bm n amkøn \mev Rmbdmgv bpw hn.ip _m\ A n p Xn\p {IaoIcWßƒ snbvxpx p. `cwkanxnsb \ntbmkn v Xocpam\n v Bhiyamb ] n dn m UpIƒ ssiimcyw snøphm I n v A[nImcw X p. C phscbpw XpS p `cwkanxniƒ CShI bpss Imcyßƒ \SØnhcp p. A`nhµy Xncpta\nbpsS {]txyi \n t±i {]Imcw ] ntbmsv A\p_ n v Xncpta\n pw sshzni pw Xmakn p Xn\v, A sø CShI hnimcn _lp. Iqcymt mkv t]møm\n A s t\xyxzøn {io. AeIvkm Ipcys klicwøn, hfsc sndpsx nepw, AXymhiy kuicyßtfmsp IqSnb Hcp ]gvkt\pv ]WnXv A`nhµy Xncpta\n IpZmi \SØn. 1995 {io. hn. n. tpm h m Ah Iƒ ] n v at\mlcamb Hcp Ipcnip] n si.si. tdmuns sskun \n Ωn px p. Cu ] nbnse ssuap v tajebneq CShI m Xmakn q ÿeøv Hcp lnµp hnizmkn at\mlcamb Hcp Ipcnip] n ]Wnbn p X p. Ign c v h jßfmbn s]cp\mfnt\msv A\p_ n v Cu Ipcnip] nbnepw hn.ip _m\ A n p hcp p. 2000 \nehnep mbncp ]gvkt\pv hn]peoicn v tim bw Z{Zmk\Øns Ct mgsø sa{xmt meoø A`nhµy txmakv tam XotamØn tbmkv Xncpta\n IpZmi \SØn. 2001 apx ssltd v tajebpss Hcp dop\ sk Bbn CXp {]h Øn p hcp p. 2002 tabv amkw 15 mw XobXn, Cu ] nbpss s]cp\mfnt\m S\p_ n v ChnsS Zo LImew tkh\a\pjvtn _lp. Iqcymt mkv t]møm\n A \v timsd nkvtim ÿm\w Cu ] nbn h v Ct mgsø `{Zmk\ sa{xmt m eoø \ In. ] nbpss `cw]camb Imcyßƒ \n hln p Xv s]mxptbmkøm Xncs Sp s Sp ]Øv AwKßfpw hnimcnbpw klhnimcnbpw ASßp amt\pnwkv IΩ nbmwv. 1995 apx Cu ] nbn F pt\mºv BNcn p hcp p. CShIbpsS s]cp\mƒ F m h jhpw tabv 15\v \SØp p. ] nbn Bflob {]ÿm\ßƒ `wknbmbn \S p hcp p. Ct mƒ Cu ] nbn Xm menihpw, ÿnchpambn 55 IpSpw_ßƒ D v. Ct mƒ Cu ] nbn hnimcnbmbn tkh\ a\pjvtn p Xv I p {X _lpam\s Ipcy tpmbn A \mwv. bm-gvn-i-fn Be-Sn-bnse Ipcn-ip-]- n-bn {]m \ \SØn hcp- p. P\p-hcn 26 mw Xob-Xn-bmWv Cu ] n-bnse {][m\ s]cp-\mƒ BtLm-jn- p- -Xv. A`n-hµy `{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-eoø hnim-cn-tbbpw kl-hn-im-cn-am-scbpw \nban- p- p. Ct mƒ ] w I q- -d-ºn dh. ^m. Koh Kokv BPo-h-\m hnim-cn-bmbpw dh. ^m. ]o IpØp-I- p-, dh. ^m. amxyp Ipcy \Sp-hn-te- c F n-h kl-hn- Im-cn-am-cmbpw tkh\w A\p-jvTn p hcp- p. F ]-txmfw IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp Cu sndnb CS-h-I-bnse F m hnizm-kn-ifpw Cu ] n-bpss GXp Imcy-Ønepw Bflm amb kl-i-c-w-amwv \ In-s m- n-cn- p- -Xv. k tu-kviqƒ, h\nxm kam-pw, {]m -\m-tbmkw XpS-ßnb Bflob {]ÿm-\-ßƒ \ mbn \S- p- p. Ip n- m\w I - \ tdmuns sskun, Ip n- m\øp \n v 20 Intem-ao- AIse si. N møv F ÿeøv {]IrXnca-Wo-b-amb ÿm\øv Cu {]tz-isø A\p-{K-ln- p-sim v Cu tzhm-ebw ÿnxn-sn-øp- p.

hnizmk kwc- -I CSp n kvs]jy sk v v tacokv bmt m-_mb b ] n, CSp n CSp n `{Zm-k\w Hcp P\-X-bpsS Bfl-km- mxvimcw CSp n Pn m Bÿm\w ÿnxn snøp hmg-tøm v ]R-A-Nm-b-Øn 1984 apx IpSn-tb w XpSßn sxmsp-]pg DS-º- q taj-e-i-fn \n pw IpSn-tb-dnb P\- ßƒ simtºcn ae-ibdn CSp-º- q t]mbn Bbn-cp- p. \ntxym-]- tbmk km[-\-ßƒ hmßn-bn-cp- -Xv. C sø hmg-tøm v DSp-º- q ] m-b- 2008 G{]n sk v ]ot gvkv bmt m_mb b kpdn-bm\n] n s\ n-sømgp, sim d 1940 50 Ime-L- -Øn a y-xn-cp-hn-xmw-iq-dn \n pw A sø tim bw Pn -bpss Ing- taj-e-bn IpSntb-dnb bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n hnizm-kn-iƒ s\ n-søm-gp-hn hn. Koh Kokv kl-zm-bpss \ma-øn tzhm-ebw \n Ωn v Bcm-[\ \S- Øn-h- p. F m 1973- Hm Ø-tUmIvkv bmt m-_mb k`m `n n- ns L -Øn ]cn: At ymjym knwlm-k-\- hnimcn {SÃn sk{i- dn ^m. jn_n t]mƒ s]cp-ºm v Ipcy n. Fw. Xt ]p-ø ]pc kpn-tam sxt -SØv Øn Bbn-cp p \ne-\n- n-cp- -Xv. hmg-tøm- n A p IpSn-tb-dn-bn-cp kpd-cbm\n {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ v Bcm-[\ kui-cy-øn-\mbn A sø I -\msv _{Zm-k\ sa{xm-t m-eoø Bbn-cp ]utemkv am ]oe-ivkn-t\mkv Xncp-ta-\nsb (Imew snbvx t{ijvt-_m-h) ImWp-Ibpw At] ka n- p-ibpw snbvx-xns ^e-ambn ] n ]an v A\p-aXn \ In Ct mƒ si.-f-kv.-c._n sf._n Ccn- p ÿeøv Xpcp- Øn- m- n A{_lmw kw`m-h-\-bmbn \ cnb 50 sk v ÿeøv ]p v ta v ] n ]Wn-bp-Ibpw hn. Ip m\ A n- p-ibpw snbvxp. 1961 Ahn-sS-\n pw IpSn Cd- n. Ct mƒ ] n-bn-cn- p ÿew si.-f-kv.-c._n F Po-\o-b Bbn-cp C. hn. ^oen-t mkv F\ymƒ amcmw-i- -Øn A s ssiøn \n pw hne v hmßn ] n v kw`m-h\ \ In-b-Xm-Wv. sjuv si n Bcm-[\ \S-Øp kabw CSp n Umans ]Wn- mbn IS- p-h F Pn-\o-b amcpw tim {Sm-Ivt gvkpw P\-ßfpw A`n. Xncp-ta\n I v klmbw A`y n- p-ibpw snbvxp. A p- m-bn-cp IpSpw- _- mcpw Umw]-Wn- mbn IS p h P\-ß-fp-sSbpw Bflm -amb {ia-^-e-ambn C p ImWp ] n ]Wn ]q Øo-I-cn v 1962 Cu tzhm-ebw ÿm]n- p-ibpw A p apx ]cn-ip bmt m-_mb kpdn-bm\n k`-bn \ne \n p t]mcp-ibpw snbvxp, 1963, 64 Ime-L- -Øn A`n-hµy Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS {ia-^-e-ambn F. ]n. kviqƒ ÿm]n pibpw snbvxp. ] n-bpss Bcw-`-Ime CS-h-Imw-K-ßƒ Pohn- n-cp- -h, sfkiv ams-bv m- n- n, tpmk^v amsbv m - n Nmt m s\ n- p-t F n-hcpw A{_lmw Xpcp-Øn- m- n, ss]en-nm-ø-\m- v, Ip -, NmØ-\m v, Ahdm- hs-t -SØv, DXp v ams-bv m- n n F n-h I Ør-k- n[n ]qin. ]cn-ip At ymjy knwlm-k-\-øn ASn-bp-d p \n v Cu CS-hI Iqdp-am-dnb AØm-\m-\ntbm-kv sa{xm-s bpw A sø hnim-cn-bm-bn-cp _nt\mbn ] p-ip-t -en-s bpw A[n-Im-c-{Zhw aqew Cu ] n ] p-ip-t -en-s bpw A[n-Im-e-{Zhw aqew Cu ] n ]q -s - n-cn- p- p. CSp n Pn Bÿm-\Øv ÿnxn snøp Cu tzhm-ebw hn. tzh-am-xm-hns \ma-øn ÿm]n-x-am-bn-cn- p- p. sndp-txmwn SuWn tam {KotKmdn-tbmkv Ipcp-ip-]- nbpw ÿm]n-x-am-bn- p- v. Ip n ]p-døv \n p Cu tzhme-b-ap- -Øp-\n- m sndp-txmwn Umapw Ipd-h Ipd-Øn-a-ebpw I Ip-fn s - ImWmw Cu CS-h-I-bn aq v IpSpw_ bqwn- pw, k tu-kv qƒ, bqøv Atkmkn-tb-j, h\nx kam-pw, s{]b sk F nh `wkn-bmbn {]h Øn- p- p. hnimcn-bmbn jn_n t]mƒ s]cp- m v {SÃvam-cm-bn. Ipcn-b Xt, kpn-tpm sxt - SØv sk{i n s_ n-ap- -\m\n F n-hcpw k tu-kv qƒ sluvam-ã Bbn tpmbn-am-s-bv m- n- n bqøv Atkm-kn-tb-j sk{i- -dn-bmbn tpmtam A m v h\n-x-k-ampw sk{i- -dn-bmbn _nµp-tdmbn F n-hcpw {]hr-øn- p- p. k\ sa{xm-t m-eoø Bbn-cp \n.-h.zn.{io. amxyqkv am Chm- \n-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n v \ Inb At]- -bpss ASn-ÿm-\- Øn Sn sjuv CS-h-I- - n-bmbn AwKo-I-cn- p-ibpw {]Y-a- sk v v tacokv bmt m-_mb b kpdn-bm\n] n, hmg-hc Bbn-c-Øn-sXm- m-bncøn A ]-Xp-I-fpsS Ah-km\w a y-xn-cp-hn- Xmw-Iq-dnse hnhn[ {]tzi-ß-fn \n pw IpSntb-dn-b-hcn Ipsd-t hmg-hc {]tz-iøpw Xma-k-ap-d- n- p. Cß s\ IpSn-tb-dn-b-h-cn tim -bw, aqhm- p-]pg XpS-ßnb {]tz-i-ß-fn \n pw h bmt m- _mb hnizm-kn-ifpw Dƒs - n-cp- p. h\yar-kßfpss ieyhpw ] n- Wnbpw aqe-ap IjvS- X-Iƒ t\cn-ts- n-h- t mgpw Ah Xß-fpsS Bflo-b- Im-cy-ßƒ \n -ln- p- -Xn\v hnzq-c-ÿ-e-ß-fnep ] n-isf B{i-bn-t n h p. B kml-n-cy-øn Xßƒ v kz -ambn Hcp Bcm-[\m ÿew thw-sa v B{Kln- p-ibpw AXn\pth n 1964 tabvamkw 27- mw XobXn hnizmkn-i-fpss Hcp tbmkw tncp-ibpw F m-h pw IqSn-h v {]m n- p- -Xn-\p-th n Hcp sjuv ]Wn-bp-hm Xocp-am-\n- p-ibpw snbvxp. AXn-\mbn {io. ap - - n Fw.-kn. ]utemkv A v sk v ÿew kw`m-h\ \ Ip-Ibpw B ÿeøv sjuv h v Rmb-dmgvN Znh-k-ß-fn {]m \ \SØnhcn-Ibpw snbvxp. XpS v A sø tim bw `{Zm- ^m. tpm ] n- m- n hnimcn {SÃn sk{i- dn ^m. tp _v ] n- m- n Ipcy Ipcy XmgØv si. sp. Gen-bmkv Ing-t - -c-bn tømsv Iqdpw hnt[-b-xzhpw {]Jym-]n v CS-hI hnimcn dh: ^m: tpmk^v Ip p-tωens t\xr-xz-øn timc C n N m-e-bn, Nmt m tpmk^v Ing-t - -c-bn, h Kokv amxyp ams- m v, De-l- m Ipcym-t mkv \Sp-sØm- n-bn F n-h tn v s\ n-søm-gp-hn ]m{xn-b okv hnizm-kn-iƒ v Bcm-[\ \S-Øp-hm Hcp tzhmebw \n Ωn- p- -Xn-s\- n Nn n- p-ibpw AXn ^-e-ambn Sn \mev t] ap ssisb-spøv ]gb ] n-bpss sxt m p amdn ]me- w `mkøv ÿew hmßp-ibpw At ymjym hnizm-k-øn ASn-bp-d v \ne-sim 28- -Hmfw IpSpw-_-ßsf Hcp-an v tn Øv CS-hI cq]o-i-cn- p- -Xn-\p {]mcw` \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]q Øn-bm- p-ibpw snbvxp. 1976- \mev]xmw sh n-bmgvn B tzisø bmt m-_mb hnizm-kn-ifpss Pohn-Xm-`n-emjw \nd-th- -s -Sp- -Xn-\mbn A sø sim w, \ncww `{Zm-k-\m- [n-] Imew snbvx Ipcym-t mkv tam Iqdn-temkv Xncp-a-\- p-sim v «ol- m-cn {][m-\nbpw At ymjym knwlm-k\ ÿm]-i-\p-amb ]cn: ]t{xmkv «olm-bpss \ma- Øn tzhm-e-b-øn\v Xd- n- n-sp-ibpw snbvxp. Im p-i-ºp-ifpw apfbpw ]p pwtn Øv \n Ωn Nm -en _lp: tpmk^v ]p m-\n A hn: Ip m\ A n- p-ibpw snbvxp. 1985-86 Ime-L- -Øn ]gb Nm -ens ÿm\øv IqSp-X ÿeku-i-cy-tømsp IqSn ] n \n Ωn- p-ibpw 1988 tim bw `{Zm-k-\-Øns sa{xmt m-eoø Imew snbvx s]cp-º n Koh Kokv am {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-a-\- p- sim v hn. aqtdm IqZmi \n -ln- p-ibpw snbvxp. Bcw`L -Øn H n-s-hn Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnepw Ct mƒ F m Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnepw amdm-\mb s]cp-\m-fp-i-fnepw hn: Ip m\ A n- -s -Sp- p. F m h jhpw P\p-hcn 26- mw XobXn ]cn-ip ]t{xmkv «olm-bpss \ma-øn henb s]cp-\mfpw hn. Koh- -Kokv klzmbpssbpw hn. sszh-am-xmhns bpw Hm Ωs cp-\m-fp-ifpw BtLm-jn- -s -Sp- p. ]cn: k` {Iao- I-cn- n-cn- p F m Bflob kwl-s-\-ifpw hfsc `wkn-bmbn CS-h-I-bpsS D -a-\- Øn-\mbn {]h Øn- p- p. 2006 hn. sszh-am-xm-hns \ma-øn Hcp Ipcn-in sxm n ÿm]n- p-ibpw F m BZy i\n-bm-gvn-i-fnepw k ym\a-kvimcw \S-Ø-s - Sp-Ibpw snøp- p. ]cn. k`-bpss hnizm-k-ß-fn \n v AWp-hnS hyxn-n-en- msx CS-hI P\-ßsf kxy-hn-izm-k-øn \SØn tkh\w snbvx F m sshzn-i-scbpw Rßƒ kvacn- p- p. Cu CS-h-Ibnse hnim-cn-bmbn ^m. h -Kokv tp _v ] n- m- n tkh\a\p-jvtn- p-h-cp- p. B[nIfnepw hym[n-i-fnepw Rßƒ v AØm-Wn-bmbn Cu tzi-øn\pw \msn\pw A`n-am-\-ambn ]cn: At ym-jym- knw-lmk\øn ASn-bp-d v ]cn: ]nxm- - m-cpss I -\-{]-Imcw Cu tzhm-e-bhpw P\-ßfpw \ne-sim- p- p. hn-im-cn-bmbn hµy ] n- m- n hdpkokv tpm A s\ (C-t mƒ timsd- n-kvtim- ) \nb-an- p-ibpw snbvxp. A v 30 IpSpw-_-ßƒ CS-h-I-bn Dƒs - n-cp- p. 1975 hsc ] n-bpss {]h Ø-\-ßƒ `wkn-bmbn \S- p-h- p. 1974 75 Ime-L- -Øn ae- c kpdn-bm\n k`-bn-ep- m-b, kxy-hn-izm-k-øns\-xn-cmb {]h Ø-\-ßƒ Cu CS-h-I-tbbpw _m[n- p-i-bpw, CS-hImwK-ß-fn 80 ix-am-\hpw At ymjym hnizm-k-øn Iogn-ep kxy-hn-izm-k-øn Dd- p-\n- psh- nepw \ne-hn-ep- m-bn-cp hnimcn ]n.fw. tpm A -\pw, {SÃnbpw hncp ] Øp tncp-ibpw ] n kzøp- ƒ kw_- n v tims-xn-bn hyh-lm-c-ßƒ DSse-Sp- p-ibpw snbvxp. Cu kml-n-cy-øn CS-h-I-bn kam-[m\w \ne-\n Øns m v Bflob Imcy-ßƒ aps w IqSmsX \S-Øn-s m p t]mip- -Xn\p th n A sø tim bw, I -\msv `{Zm-k-\-ß-fpsS sa{xm-t m-eoø Bbn-cp \n.-h.-zn.- {io. ]utemkv am ]oe-ivko-t\mkv Xncp-ta\n (]n- osv t{ijvt ImtXm-en- m)bpss klmbw A`y n p-ibpw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \n t±-i-{]-imcw ]pxnb Hcp tzhm-ebw ÿm]n- p- -Xn\v Xocp-am-\n- p-ibpw snbvxp. CX-\p-k-cn v {io. hdp-kokv sims-b- m p ] \n pw Ac G ÿew hmßn Hcp Xm m-eni si nsw \n Ωn pibpw 19-10- 75 Rmb-dmgvN Znhy{io tpmk^v ]p m-\n I-»oi {]Ya Znhy- _en A n- p-ibpw snbvxp. CSp n Pn -bn I - \ ] m-b-øn CSp n I - \ tã vssl-th-bn hmg-hc PwKvj-\n \n pw 500 ao hs v Ing- mbn Cu tzhm-ebw ÿnxn snøp- p. Ct mƒ Cu CS-h-I-bn 40 IpSpw-_-ßƒ D v. kmº- Øn-I-ambn ]nt m w \n p Cu CS-h-I-bnse \ma-am-{x-amb AwK-ß-fpsS \nc- -c-amb ]cn-{i-ahpw ITn-\m- zm-\hpw Imem-Im-e-ß-fn tkh-\-a-\p-jvtn hnim-cnam-cp-ssbpw kztz-iøpw hntz-i-øp-ap hnizm-kn-i-f-pssbpw A`yp-Z-b-Imw- n-i-fpssbpw kl-i-c-w-tømss Ct mƒ \ne-hn-ep ] n-bp-ssbpw ]f-fn-ap-dn-bp-ssbpw \ne-hn-ep aq v Ipcn-in sxm n-i-f-p-ssbpw ]Wn ]q Øn-bm- p-hm km[n- p. ] n-bpss apj-hmcw C sø \ne-bn ]q Øo-I-cn- -Xn _lp. amxyqkv Bebv psn A -s bpw ] n-ap-dn-bpss \n ΩmWw ]q Øo-I-cn- -Xn _lp. hdpkokv tp _v ] n- m- n A -s bpw tkh-\-ßƒ {]txyiw kvac-wo-b-am-wv. Cu CS-h-I-bn tkh\w A\p-jvTn hnim-cn-am : ^m. tpmk^v ]p m-\n, dh.-^m. G{_lmw ]cp-øn- p-t, -^m. tpm v Ip Øv, ^m. tp _v I m- n, -^m. F. txmakv th -SØv, -^m. amxyqkv Be-bv m- psn, ^m. Ipcym-t mkv πmw]-d-ºn, -^m. Ipcy tpmbn I p- {X, -^m. hdp-kokv tp _v ] n- m- n, -^m. tpm hdp- Kokv ] n- m- n