1 UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOFT CLAY REINFORCE WITH SINGLE 16MM DIAMETER ENCAPSULATED BOTTOM ASH COLUMN NABILAH BINTI MD MASHOD FAKEH B. ENG (HONS.) CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
1 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT Author s full name : NABILAH BINTI MD MASHOD FAKEH Date of birth : 07 JANUARY 1993 Title : UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOFT CLAY REINFORCED WITH SNGLE 16MM DIAMETER ENCAPSULATED BOTTOM ASH COLUMN Academic Session : 2015/2016 I declare that this Final Year Project Report is classified as: CONFIDENTIAL RESTRICTED OPEN ACCESS (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)* (Contains restricted information as specified by the organization where research was done) I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access (full text) I acknowledged that Universiti Malaysia Pahang reserves the right as follows: 1. The Final Year Project Report is the property of Universiti Malaysia Pahang. 2. The Library of Universiti Malaysia Pahang has the right to make copies for the purpose of research only. 3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange. Certified by: (STUDENT S SIGNATURE) (SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR) 930107-06-5500 DR. MUZAMIR BIN HASAN (NEW IC NO. / PASSPORT NO.) NAME OF SUPERVISOR Date: 30 JUNE 2016 Date: 30 JUNE 2016 NOTES * If the Final Year Project Report is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the organization with period and reasons for condentially or restriction
1 UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOFT CLAY REINFORCED WITH SINGLE 16MM DIAMETER ENCAPSULATED BOTTOM ASH COLUMN NABILAH BINTI MD MASHOD FAKEH A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for award of the degree of B.ENG (HONS.) CIVIL ENGINEERING Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG JUNE 2016
ii SUPERVISOR S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient in term of scope and quality for the award of degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering Signature : Name of Supervisor : DR. MUZAMIR BIN HASAN Position : SENIOR LECTURER Date : 30 JUNE 2016
iii STUDENT S DECLARATION I declare that this thesis entitle Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with Single 16mm Encapsulated Bottom Ash Column is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not currently submitted in candidature of any other degree. Signature :. Name of Supervisor : NABILAH BT. MD MASHOD FAKEH Date : 30 JUNE 2016
viii TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEGMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF ABBREVIATION Page ii iv v vi vii viii xii xiii xv xvi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study 1 1.2 Problem Statement 3 1.3 Objective 4 1.4 Scope of Study 4 1.5 Significant of Study 6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Soft Soil 7 2.2.1 Properties of Soft Soil 9 2.2.2 Compressibility and Consolidation 10 2.2.3 Undrained Shear Strength 11 2.3 Bottom Ash 12 2.3.1 Properties of Bottom Ash 14
ix 2.3.1.1 Physical Properties of Bottom Ash 15 2.3.1.1.1 Particle Size Distribution 15 2.3.1.1.2 Specific Gravity 17 2.3.1.2 Mechanical Properties of Bottom Ash 18 2.3.1.2.1 Permeability 18 2.3.1.2.2 Shear Strength 20 2.3.1.2.3 Compaction 21 2.3.1.2.4 Compressibility 22 2.3.1.3 Chemical Properties of Bottom Ash 22 2.4 Ground Improvement 24 2.4.1 Stone Column 25 2.4.2 Vibro-Stone Column 26 2.4.3 Vertical Drains 27 2.4.3.1 Types of Vertical Drains 28 2.4.4 Grouting and Injection 29 2.5 Small Scale Modelling on Granular Column 31 2.6 Critical Column Length 32 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 34 3.2 Selection of Ground Improvement Technique 36 3.3 Selection of Material 36 3.4 Sample Collection 37 3.5 Laboratory Works 38 3.5.1 Laboratory Work for Determination of Physical and 39 Mechanical Properties 3.5.1.1 Atterberg Limit Test 40 3.5.1.2 Relative Density Test 41 3.5.1.3 Hydrometer Test 42 3.5.1.4 Specific Gravity Test 43
x 3.5.1.5 Permeability Test 43 3.5.1.6 Dry Sieve Test 44 3.5.1.7 Standard Compaction Test 45 3.5.1.8 Direct Shear Test 46 3.6 Reinforcing Soft Clay with Single Encapsulated Bottom Ash 47 Column 3.6.1 Preparation of Samples 47 3.6.2 Installation of Bottom Ash Column 50 3.6.3 Unconfined Compression Test 51 CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Summary of Kaolin and Bottom Ash 54 4.3 Physical Properties 57 4.3.1 Atterberg Limit Test 57 4.3.2 Specific Gravity 58 4.3.3 Particle Size Distribution 60 4.4 Mechanical Properties 61 4.4.1 Standard Proctor Compaction Test 61 4.4.2 Permeability 63 4.4.3 Direct Shear Strength 64 4.5 Reinforcing Soft Clay with Bottom Ash Column 65 4.5.1 Stress Strain Behavior under Axial Load 65 4.5.2 Effect of Bottom Ash Columns on Shear Strength 66 4.5.3: Effect of Column Penetration Ratio 69 4.5.4 Effect of Height over Diameter of Column 72 4.5.5 Effect of Volume Replacement Ratio 75 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction 79
xi 5.2 Conclusion 79 5.3 Recommendation 82 REFERENCES 83 APPENDIX A ATTERBERG LIMIT TEST 89 B SPECIFIC GRAVITY RESULT 90 C HYDROMETER TEST RESULT 92 D SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST 93 E COMPACTION TEST RESULT 94 F CONSTANT HEAD TEST RESULT 98 G FALLING HEAD TEST RESULT 99
xii LIST OF TABLE Table No. Title Page 2.1 Particle Size Classification 8 2.2 Characteristics of Clay Soil (Meschyan, 1995) 9 2.3 Index properties of Soft Clay ( Mohd Amin et 10 al.,1997) 2.4 Undrained Strength classification of clay (Craig, 12 1983) 2.5 Utilization of bottom ash in tones (ACAA, 2008) 13 2.6 Particle Classification (Head, 1992) 15 2.7 Grain size analysis from different power plant ( 16 Moulton & Lyle, 1973) 2.8 Classification of soil according to permeability 19 value (Head, 1992) 2.9 Result of permeability of bottom ash from previous 19 works 2.10 Result of direct shear test of bottom ash from 20 previous works( Lee, 2008, Abdul Talib, 2010, and Hassan et al, 2011) 2.11 Chemical analysis result from different power plant 23 in Malaysia 2.12 Soil Improvement Method 25 2.13 Types of vertical drains ( Holtz et al,. 1991) 29 3.1 Summary of Laboratory Testing Programme. 38 3.2 Density of various dimensions of bottom ash 50 columns installed in kaolin specimens 4.1 Summary of Kaolin clay properties 54 4.2 Summary of Tanjung Bin Bottom Ash properties. 55 4.3 Summary of Polyster Non-woven Geotextile 56 Needlepunched properties (MTS 130) 4.4 Comparison of Bottom Ash Specific Gravity Values 59 4.5 Maximum deviator stress and axial strain values at 65 different area replacement ratio and different height penetration ratio 4.6 Improvement Shear Strength 67 4.7 Result of Unconfined Compression Test 68
xiii LIST OF FIGURES Figure No Title Page 2.1 Design of a Coal-Fired Power Plant (World Coal 13 Association, 2015) 2.2 Bottom Ash (University of Kentucky, 2006) 14 2.3 Sieve analysis of three power plant in Malaysia 17 (Abdul Talib et al., 2010) 2.4 Preloading with vertical drains 28 2.5 Compaction grouting implementation (Orense, 31 2008) 2.6 Photographs of sand columns beneath circular 33 footing, before, during and after loading (a) L/d=6, (b) L/d=10, (McKelvey et al, 2004 3.1 Flowchart of Research Methodology 35 3.2 Specific Location of Tanjung Bin Power Plant, 37 Johor (Muhardi et al., 2010) 3.3 Cone Penetration apparatus 40 3.4 A graph of moisture content versus volume 40 3.5 Apparatus of Hydrometer Test 42 3.6 Typical permeability ranges 44 3.7 Mechanical Sieve Shaker 45 3.8 Standard Compaction Test apparatus. 46 3.9 Direct Shear Machine 47 3.10 Customized mould set or 50mm diameter and 48 100mm high specimen 3.11 Hole was drilled using 16 mm diameter drill bits 49 3.12 Specimens extruded out of the mould being kept 49 inside the case 3.13 Detailed column arrangement for single bottom ash 50 column installed in clay specimens 3.14 The apparatus use for Unconfined Compression 52 Test 4.1 Graph of penetration versus moisture content 57 4.2 Plasticity Chart (BS 1377-Part 2: 1990 : 4.5 & 6.5) 58 4.2 Plasticity Chart (BS 1377-Part 2: 1990 : 4.5 & 6.5) 58 4.3 Particle size of distribution of kaolin clay 60 4.4 Particle size of distribution of bottom ash 61 4.5 Graph compaction test of kaolin 62 4.6 Graph compaction test of bottom ash 63
xiv 4.7 Graph of shear stress versus normal stress 64 4.8 Deviator stress versus axial strain at failure for 66 10.24 % area replacement of bottom ash column at different penetration ratio 4.9 Shear Strength versus Height Penetration Ratio 69 4.10 Improvement Shear Strength with Height 70 Penetration Ratio for Singular Encapsulated Bottom Ash Column. 4.11 Correlation Graph of Shear Strength with 71 Penetration Ratio 4.12 Correlation Graph of Improvement Shear Strength 71 with Height Penetration Ratio. 4.13 Shear Strength versus Height over Diameter of 73 Column 4.14 Improvement Shear Strength versus Height over 73 Diameter of Column 4.15 Correlation of Shear Strength versus Height over 74 Diameter of Column 4.16 Correlation of Improvement Shear Strength versus 75 Height over Diameter of Column 4.17 Shear Strength versus Column Volume Penetration 76 Ratio 4.18 Improvement Shear Strength versus Column 76 Volume Penetration Ratio 4.19 Correlation of Shear Strength versus Column 77 Volume Penetration Ratio 4.20 Correlation of Improvement Shear Strength versus Column Volume Penetration Ratio 78
xv LIST OF SYMBOLS Ac As Hc Hs Vc Vs Dc Si Sc τ σ ᶲ WL Wp Ip wopt qu su su d R 2 Area of a column Area of a sample Height of a column Height of a sample Volumes of a column Volumes of a sample Diameter of a column Immediate settlement Primary consolidation Shear strength of the soil Effective normal stress Cohesion Liquid limit Plastic limit Plastic Index Optimum water content Deviator stress Undrained shear stress Improvement undrained shear strength Dry density Correlation cohesion
xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATION ACAA AASHTO ASTM BS BSCS EDS EPF FHWA MIT ML USCS USDA WV XRF American Coal Ash Association American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials American Society of Testing Material British Standard British Soil Classification System Energy Dispersive Spectrometry Employee Provided Fund Federal Highway Administration Massachusetts Institute of Technology Low Plasticity Silt Unified Soil Classification System US Department of Agriculture West Virginia X-Ray Fluorescence