Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering 1.1 Geotechnical Engineering 1.2 The Unique Nature of Soil and Rock Materials

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1 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering 1.1 Geotechnical Engineering 1.2 The Unique Nature of Soil and Rock Materials 1.3 Scope of This Book 1.4 Historical Development of Geotechnical Engineering 1.5 Suggested Approach to the Study of Geotechnical Engineering 1.6 Notes on Symbols and Units 1.7 Some Comments on How to Study in General Chapter 2 Index and Classification Properties of Soils 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basic Definitions and Phase Relations for Soils 2.3 Solution of Phase Submerged or Buoyant Density Unit Weight and Specific Gravity 2.4 Soil Texture 2.5 Grain Size and Grain Size Distribution 2.6 Particle Shape 2.7 Atterberg Limits Cone Liquid Limit One Point Liquid Limit Test Additional Comments on the Atterberg Limits 2.8 Introduction To Soil Classification 2.9 Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) Visual-Manual Classification of Soils What Else Can We Get From The LI-PI Chart? Limitations of the USCS 2.10 AASHTO Soil Classification System Chapter 3 Geology, Landforms, and the Origin of Geo-Materials 3.1 Importance of Geology to Geotechnical Engineering Geology Geomorphology Engineering Geology 3.2 The Earth, Minerals, Rocks, and Rock Structure The Earth Minerals Rocks Rock Structure 3.3 Geologic Processes and Landforms Geologic Processes and the Origin of Earthen Materials Weathering Gravity Processes Surface Water Processes Ice Processes and Glaciation

2 3.3.6 Wind Processes Volcanic Processes Groundwater Processes Tectonic Processes Plutonic Processes 3.4 Sources of Geologic Information Chapter 4 Clay Minerals, Soil and Rock Structures, and Rock Classification 4.1Introduction 4.2 Products of Weathering 4.3 Clay Minerals The 1:1 Clay Minerals The 2:1 Clay Minerals Other Clay Minerals 4.4 Identification of Clay Minerals And Activity 4.5 Specific Surface 4.6 Interaction between Water and Clay Minerals Hydration of Clay Minerals and the Diffuse Double Layer Exchangeable Cations and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 4.7 Interaction of Clay Particles 4.8 Soil Structure and Fabric of Fine Grained Soils Fabrics of Fine Grained Soils Importance of Microfabric and Macrofabric; Description Criteria 4.9 Granular Soil Fabrics 4.10 Soil Profiles, Soil Horizons, and Soil Taxonomy 4.11 Special Soil Deposits Organic soils, peats, and muskeg Marine Soils Waste Materials and Contaminated Sites 4.12 Transitional Materials: Hard Soils vs. Soft Rocks 4.13 Properties, Macrostructure, and Classification of Rock Masses Properties of Rock Masses Discontinuities in Rock Rock Mass Classification Systems Chapter 5 Compaction and Stabilization of Soils 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Compaction and Densification 5.3 Theory of Compaction for Fine-Grained Soils Process of Compaction Typical Values; Degree of Saturation Effect of Soil Type and Method of Compaction 5.4 Structure of Compacted Fine-Grained Soils 5.5 Compaction of Granular Soils Relative or Index Density Densification of Granular Deposits.

3 5.5.3 Rock Fills 5.6 Field Compaction Equipment and Procedures Compaction of Fine-Grained Soils Compaction of Granular Materials Compaction Equipment Summary Compaction of Rockfill 5.7 Specifications and Compaction Control Specifications Compaction Control Tests with Compaction Control Tests Most Efficient Compaction 5.7.5Overcompaction Rockfill QA/QC Compaction in Trenches 5.8 Estimating Performance of Compacted Soils Chapter 6 Hydrostatic Water in Soils and Rocks 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Capillarity Capillary Rise and Capillary Pressures in Soils Measurement of Capillarity; Soil-Water Characteristic Curve Other Capillary Phenomena 6.3 Groundwater Table and the Vadose Zone Definition Field Determination 6.4 Shrinkage Phenomena in Soils Capillary Tube Analogy Shrinkage Limit Test Shrinkage Properties of Compacted Clays 6.5 Expansive Soils and Rocks Physical-Chemical Aspects Identification and Prediction Expansive Properties of Compacted Clays Swelling Rocks 6.6 Engineering Significance of Shrinkage and Swelling 6.7 Collapsible Soils and Subsidence 6.8 Frost Action Terminology, Conditions, and Mechanisms of Frost Action Prediction and Identification of Frost Susceptible Soils Engineering Significance of Frozen Ground 6.9 Intergranular or Effective Stress 6.10 Vertical Stress Profiles 6.11 Relationship between Horizontal and Vertical Stresses Chapter 7 Fluid Flow in Soils and Rock 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

4 7.3 Darcy's Law for Flow through Porous Media 7.4 Measurement of Permeability or Hydraulic Conductivity Laboratory and Field Hydraulic Conductivity Tests Factors Affecting Laboratory and Field Determination of K Empirical Relationships and Typical Values of K 7.5 Heads and One-Dimensional Flow 7.6 Seepage Forces, Quicksand, and Liquefaction Seepage Forces, Critical Gradient, and Quicksand Quicksand Tank Liquefaction 7.7 Seepage and Flow Nets: Two-Dimensional Flow Flow Nets Quantity of Flow, Uplift Pressures, and Exit Gradients Other Solutions to Seepage Anisotropic and Layered Flow 7.8 Seepage towards Wells 7.9 Seepage through Dams and Embankments 7.10 Control of Seepage and Filters Basic Filtration Principles Design of Graded Granular Filters Geotextile Filter Design Concepts FHWA Filter Design Procedure Chapter 8 Compressibility of Soil and Rock 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Components of Settlement 8.3 Compressibility of Soils 8.4 One-Dimensional Consolidation Testing 8.5 Preconsolidation Pressure and Stress History Normal Consolidation, Overconsolidation, and Preconsolidation Pressure Determining the Preconsolidation Pressure Stress History and Preconsolidation Pressure 8.6 Consolidation Behavior of Natural and Compacted Soils 8.7 Settlement Calculations Consolidation Settlement of Normally Consolidated Soils Consolidation Settlement of Overconsolidated Soils Determining C r and C re 8.8 Tangent Modulus Method 8.9 Factors Affecting the Determination of s P 8.10 Prediction of Field Consolidation Curves 8.11 Soil Profiles 8.12 Approximate Methods and Typical Values of Compression Indices 8.13 Compressibility of Rock and Transitional Materials 8.14 In Situ Determination f Compressibility Chapter 9 Time Rate of Consolidation

5 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Consolidation Process 9.3 Terzaghi's One-Dimensional Consolidation Theory Classic Solution for the Terzaghi Consolidation Equation Finite Difference Solution for the Terzaghi Consolidation Equation 9.4 Determination of the Coefficient of Consolidation C v Casagrande's Logarithm of Time Fitting Method Taylor's Square Root of Time Fitting Method 9.5 Determination of the Coefficient Of Permeability 9.6 Typical Values of the Coefficient Of Consolidation, C v 9.7 In Situ Determination of Consolidation Properties 9.8 Evaluation of Secondary Settlement Chapter 10 Stress Distribution and Settlement Analysis 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Settlement Analysis of Shallow Foundations Components of Settlement Steps in Settlement Analysis 10.3 Stress Distribution 10.4 Immediate Settlement 10.5 Vertical Effective Overburden and Preconsolidation Stress Profiles 10.6 Settlement Analysis Examples Chapter 11 The Mohr Circle, Failure Theories, and Strength Testing of Soil And Rocks 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Stress at a Point 11.3 Stress-Strain Relationships and Failure Criteria 11.4 The Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion Mohr Failure Theory Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion Obliquity Relations Failure Criteria for Rock 11.5 Laboratory Tests for the Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks Direct Shear Test Triaxial Test Special Laboratory Soils Tests Laboratory Tests for Rock Strength 11.6 In Situ Tests for the Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks Insitu Tests for Shear Strength of Soils Field Tests for Modulus and Strength of Rocks Chapter 12 An Introduction to Shear Strength of Soils and Rock 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Angle of Repose of Sands 12.3 Behavior of Saturated Sands during Drained Shear

6 12.4 Effect of Void Ratio and Confining Pressure on Volume Change 12.5 Factors that Affect the Shear Strength of Sands 12.6 Shear Strength of Sands Using In Situ Tests SPT CPT DMT 12.7 The Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest for Sands 12.8 Behavior of Saturated Cohesive Soils during Shear 12.9 Consolidated-Drained Stress-Deformation and Strength Characteristics Consolidated-Drained (CD) Test Behavior Typical Values of Drained Strength Parameters for Saturated Use of CD Strength in Engineering Practice Consolidated-Undrained Stress-Deformation and Strength Characteristics Consolidated-Undrained (CU) Test Behavior Typical Value of the Undrained Strength Parameters Use of CU Strength In Engineering Practice Unconsolidated-Undrained Stress-Deformation and Strength Characteristics Unconsolidated-Undrained (UU) Test Behavior Unconfined Compression Test Typical Values of UU and UCC Strengths Other Ways to Determine the Undrained Shear Strength Use of UU Strength in Engineering Practice Sensitivity The Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest for Clays Strength of Compacted Clays Strength of Rocks and Transitional Materials Multistage Testing Introduction to Pore Pressure Parameters Chapter 13 Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Stress Paths 13.3 Pore Pressure Parameters for Different Stress Paths 13.4 Stress Paths during Undrained Loading - Normally and Lightly Overconsolidated Clays 13.5 Stress Paths during Undrained Loading - Heavily Overconsolidated Clays 13.6 Applications of Stress Paths to Engineering Practice 13.7 Critical State Soil Mechanics 13.8 Modulus and Constitutive Models for Soils Modulus of Soils Constitutive Relations Soil Constitutive Modeling Failure Criteria for Soils

7 Classes of Constitutive Models for Soils The Hyperbolic (Duncan-Chang) Model 13.9 Fundamental Basis of the Drained Strength of Sands Basics of Frictional Shear Strength Stress-Dilatancy and Energy Corrections Curvature of the Mohr Failure Envelope Behavior of Saturated Sands in Undrained Shear Consolidated-Undrained Behavior Using CD Tests to Predict CU Results Unconsolidated-Undrained Behavior Strain Rate Effects in Sands 13.11Plane Strain Behavior of Sands Residual Strength of Soils Drained Residual Shear Strength of Clays Residual Shear Strength of Sands Stress-Deformation and Shear Strength of Clays: Special Topics Definition of Failure in CU Effective Stress Tests Hvorslev Strength Parameters The t F /s Vo Ratio, Stress History, and Jürgenson-Rutledge Hypothesis Consolidation Methods to Overcome Sample Disturbance Anisotropy Plane Strain Strength of Clays Strain Rate Effects Strength of Unsaturated Soils Matric Suction in Unsaturated Soils The Soil-Water Characteristic Curve The Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope for Unsaturated Soils Shear Strength Measurement in Unsaturated Soils Properties of Soils under Dynamic Loading Stress-Strain Response of Cyclically Loaded Soils Measurement of Dynamic Soil Properties Empirical Estimates of G max, Modulus Reduction, and Damping Strength of Dynamically Loaded Soils Failure Theories for Rock

Geotechnical Properties of Soil

Geotechnical Properties of Soil 1 Soil Texture Particle size, shape and size distribution Coarse-textured (Gravel, Sand) Fine-textured (Silt, Clay) Visibility by the naked eye (0.05 mm is the approximate