Deep-ocean observatories, biogeochemical & biophysical time-series data: NZ-Australia & international linkages Scott Nodder (NIWA), Tom Trull (ACE-CRC, UTas, CSIRO) & Eric Schulz (BoM) IMOS NZ-Australia Hobart, Tasmania Monday 5-6 December 2011
Outline NZ perspectives NIWA capabilities Remote-sensing (ocean colour, SST) Time-series (moorings, repeat transects, CPR) Australian perspectives SOTS observing platforms & coverage Future links (NZ-Australia, International)
1. NZ Remote-sensing 25 Feb 04 NASA NIWA Lauder satellite receiver West Is. North Is. South Is. NZ/NIWA contacts: Matt Pinkerton, Michael Uddstrom
2. NZ Time-series Oceanographic / ecosystem research voyages 380 370 360 350 NIWA: SASW Numerous... CO2 but no common pco2sw database format / central 1.3 ppbv pco2air repository physical increase data (T, S, currents, DO), chemical & biological data, fisheries data, geological data (bathy, sediments, sub-seafloor) Data via voyage reports and voyage leaders 340 330 Other ocean observations Coastal SST measurements (8 stations, some from 1977) Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 No increase XBTs from ships of opportunity (Phil Sutton) - Between Auckland and Suva / Honolulu since 1987 - Between Sydney and Wellington since 1991 Ocean ARGO drifters- worldwide project (Phil Sutton) Acidification / CO 2 transect off Otago (Kim Currie) since 1999 Moorings - Historical datasets - N and S of Chatham Rise (Scott Nodder) - Hauraki Gulf (John Zeldis)
Monitoring biophysical changes in NZ s oceans since 2000 Subtropical Mooring (STM) Subtropical Front Total annual Mass flux (g m 2 y 1 ) 2500.0 2000.0 1500.0 1000.0 500.0 0.0 STM TOTAL annual Mass flux y = 182.79x + 1993.7 R 2 = 0.5075 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year NZ/NIWA contacts: Scott Nodder, Lisa Northcote Total annual Lithogenic:Mass flux ratio 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 STM TOTAL annual lith:mass flux Subantarctic Mooring y = 0.0637x 0.0852 (SAM) R 2 = 0.4656 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year
Underway surveys of nutrients across 2 water masses SAW STF STW Sherlock et al., 2006, JGR-Oceans Data from 9 voyages from 2000-2004; now have >15 transect data-sets
NZ Southern Ocean CPR (links to AAD - Graham Hosie) Chatham Rise NZ/NIWA contacts: Scott Nodder, Karen Robinson
Australian SOTS observing platforms Sustained Ocean observatory Multidisciplinary Multiple platforms SOFS mooring (weather, fluxes & CO2) Pulse mooring (biogeochemical) SAZ mooring (sediment traps) Gliders (physical and bgc oceanography) Drifting Profilers (physical and bgc oceanography) Australian contacts: Tom Trull, Eric Schultz
SOTS location Map of the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean displaying the location of SOTS. The average position of the southern boundary of the SAZ is indicated by the Sub-Antarctic front, based on 12-years (1992-2008) of total sea-level height following Sokolov and Rintoul (2009a, 2009b). Mean maximum winter ice extent (1979-2008 from Raymond (2009)) is shaded in light grey.
SOTS data coverage Data coverage for SAZ, Pulse, SOFS, Gliders and autonomous profilers. The tracks of gliders (brown) and autonomous profilers (cyan) are displayed in a 10Ox10O box around the SOTS site (top panel). The temporal availability of SOTS data holdings is displayed in the lower panel. Open rectangles indicate current or planned deployments out to August 2012.
NZ-Australia - future opportunities Inter-regional SAZ comparisons: particle fluxes, net primary production (RS - OC), hydrodynamics Technology transfer: near-surface moorings PULSE,, training, equipment testing, trans-tasman glider runs, ARGO Joint voyages: marine ecosystems & processes (STF, SAZ, PF, sea-ice, coastal), covering different Southern Ocean sectors/inflow regions Moorings/observatories ( benthic landers )
International linkages OceanSITES Ocean Carbon Biogeochemistry programme IMBER marine ecosystems Global CPR programme ARGO biogeochemical/biophysical sensors Validation data for regional & global models
3. Databases, climatologies, modelling, forecasts Area data compilations CSIRO Atlas of Regional Seas (CARS) oceanography, nutrients ARGO floats/world Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) analyses NIWA databases oceanography, nutrients, particulates, biology Global & regional RS data-sets SST, SSH, ocean colour Ocean forecasting & modelling EcoConnect NZ assimilative weather and hazard forecasting BlueLink ocean forecasts for the Australian region NIWA hydrodynamic models (with simple biology/chemistry) Climate indices Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) since 1920 Southern Oscillation Index (SOI, ENSO cycle) since 1876 Surface wind and pressure patterns (2.5 2.5 ) daily since 1958. NZ average air temperature (available monthly since 1908)
4. Mapping the sea-floor & biodiversity Multi-beam swath echo-sounders (EM302) Sediment & core archive (since 1950 s, 30 000 sed samples, >300 cores) Seafloor photography (e.g., DTIS) ATLAS web portals Biodiversity data: Te Papa, NIC (~500 000 samples) Specify OBIS Future: AUVs, gliders, towed systems