P\ßƒ nsbn hn[n\søptºmƒ \nßƒ \oxn]q Δw hn[n\søphn. A mlp \nßsf D]tZin p Xv F{Xta aløcw. A mlp F mw tiƒ p h\pw ImWp h\pat{x (4:59)

P\ßƒ nsbn hn[n\søptºmƒ \nßƒ \oxn]q Δw hn[n\søphn. A mlp \nßsf D]tZin p Xv F{Xta aløcw. A mlp F mw tiƒ p h\pw ImWp h\pat{x (4:59) Bbnim(d) \n v \nthz\w: dkq Xncpta\n(k) ]dbp Xmbn Rm ti n p v. A mlpth! Fs {]PIfpsS h {]iv\hpw Bsc nepw Gs SpØp. F n h Ahsc ieys SpØn. F n \o Ahs\bpw ieys SptØWta. Fs {]PIfpsS Imcyßƒ h h\pw Gs SpØp. F n h Ah v \ snbvxp. F n Ahs\ A\p{Klnt Wta (apkvenw). Xocpam\w BImiØv \n v bmym Yyw Fs m sszhw hfsc i nam\pw Du p h\pw BIp p. kvt\ltømspw IqtdmSpw IqSn Ahs ap n XeIp\n p h Hcn epw \in n s SpIbn. i{xp ]dbp p, Xs Bkq{XWw hgn Ahsc \in n pifbmsa v! Zp hnnmc mc hn`mh\ snøp p X\n hsc NXn p Ifbmsa v! F m sszhw ]dbp p A tbm AhnthIo! \o Ft msv s]mcpxptam? Fs {]nbs hs\ Ffnabnem m \n\ v Ignbptam? bym YØn kz KØn F v Xocpam\n s pthm AX msx `qanbnsem pw \S p n. BImiØn \o s ssitbmfw `qanbn Hcp ssibpw \ofw D min. BIbm t{zmlirxyw Bkq{XWw snøp h AhnlnXhpw e michpamb KqVmtemN\Iƒ \SØptºmƒ BcpsS CNvOIqSmsX Hcnet]mepw simgnbpamdn tbm B taemb i nsb pdn v Hm mxncp psh n Ah _p niq\ycmip p. (InXm_p _cnø, apj±na `m.1,2,) 2

bpki_vzw akolns Imew lzvdøv AlvaZv (A) hnizkvxxbpw kxyk Xbpw XnI pw \jvss \nebn `qanbn \n v A{]Xy ambn gn n cn p p. kºøv t\sp Xn\p NXnbpw h \bpw Afh \nebn h n ncn p p. G hpw ZpjvS\mbn p h\mcmtwm Ah\mWv G hpw Imcy{]m]vX\mbn FÆs Sp Xv. ]ehn[ønep ZpjvS{]h Øn Ifpw h \Ifpw AkXy `mjw ßfpw Db InSbnep I]S X{ ßfpw AXym Yn \nd Bkq{XWßfpw B`mk aeoak ßfmb BNmck{ºZmbßfpw k h{x ]c psim ncn p p. AXy[nIw \njvtqcx Ie simspw ]Ibpw ]ckv]c i vtifpw hf p hcp p. arkobhpw ss]imnn Ihpamb Zp hnimcßfpss Hcp {]fbw Xs Bcw`n ncn bmwv. CXv `uxni m\ßfnepw \S mbn gn ZpcmNmc ßfnepw F{X I v ssh`hhpw Du Pkze Xbpw IqSp pthm A{X I v kzv`mh\ifptsbpw k {]h Ø\ ßfptSbpw klpmht_m[ßfpw e bpw Dfp pw sszh`bønt bpw kxyk XbptSbpw kzm`mhni hnimcßfpw Ahcn Ipd p Ipd phcnibpw snøp p. A tbm hnthiimenitf, Cu \ninxm ImcØns \mfpifn A mlp X kabøp Xs Hcp kz Kob {]Imiw Cd nbncn p Xnepw IenaØp Ckvemans\ Db Øn ImWn p Xn\pw apk am mcpss ]n pw v th nbpw ]ns AhcpsS B cob \nesb ip oicn p Xn\pt±in pw Xs Zmks\ Cu temiøv Ab p X Xnepw \nßfzv`pxs ts Xn. Ckvemw Zo\ns klmbi\pw Fs pw Jp B\nIm ym]\ß fpss kwc I\mbncn psa pw AXns\ \nt X\hpw \njv{]`hpw {]ImiclnXhpw BIm A\phZn pibns pw hmkvzm\w \ Inb h\pw Btcm B kxy sszhw Cu A ImcsØ t\m n n pw B cobhpw _mlyhpamb Cu F m Ipg ßfpw ho n dn n pw an mxncn pibpw Xs hnip {KŸØn hnhcn n p Xs hmzsø pdn v Hm mxncn p Ibpw snøp psh n AXnemWv AZv`pXs ts nbncn p Xv. Hmtcm \q m nt bpw Xe epw A mlp Ahs Zo\n\p \hoicww hcp Øp Hcp Zmks\ Ggpt n p sa p B ]cnip \mb dkqen s JfinXhpw kphy hpamb {]hn\w ]q ØnbmImsX t]msb n AXnemWv B cys ts nbncn p Xv. X nanøw CXv B cys ts Hcp Imcya. adn v Bbncambncw \μn {]ISn nt Ahkchpw Cuam\pw bjo\pw h [n nt kabhpamwv. A mlp Ahs A\p{KlmXn tciøm Xs hmkvzøsø ]q Ønbm pibpw Xs dkqens {]hn\øns ]q ØoIcWw Hcp an\n p t]mepw sshin mxn cn pibpw BWv snbvxn p Xv. Ah Cu {]hn\sø ]q Øn bm n ImWn p F pam{xa, Bbnc W mb {]hn\ßfp tsbpw AZv`pX ZrjvSm ßfpsSbpw hmxnepiƒ `mhn Xeapd v th n Xpd nspibpw snbvxncn p p. \nßƒ kxyhnizmknifmsw n \μn {]ISn n phn. Fs m \nßfpss BZcWobcmb B ]q h]nxm m GsXmcp\mfns\ BtLmj]qhw ImØpImØncp tijw A{]Xy amtbm, FÆa BXvam ƒ B kt mj Zn\ ßfpsS a[pckvacwitfmss Cu temiøp\n pw hns]d pthm B ImeanXm \nßƒ Is Ønbncn p p. C\n CXns\ hneaxn pitbm hneaxn mxncn ptbm snømw. AXv \nßfpss CjvSw. F m Rm\nXv Bh Øn mh Øn v ]d p sim ncn pw.cuam\ns\ ]pxnb cq]øn lrzbßfn ]p\{]xn jvtn p Xn\v th n. X kabøv Ab s n p h Rm Xs bmip p. F kxyw {]Jym]n p Xv \n Ønsh phm F\n m hn. Ieoap mlv Bb [ Ω `Ss tijw Ab s ncp Xmtcm, BcpsS BXvamhv sltcmtzmkns `cwøn Gdnb IjvS mspiƒ v tijw kz Øntes SpØp sim s pthm B hy nsb t]mse t{]jww snøs ncn p hs{x Rm. (^Xvsl Ckvemw) 4

axkymx{ yw: apkvenw cmpyßfnepw Aapkvenw cmpyßfnepw a\pjys\ kw_ n p GsXm ns\ mfpw D Xhpw DZmØhpamWv kzmx{ yw. Ckv emans\ t]mse kzmx{ ysø C{Xam{Xw hneaxn p as mcp axans Imcyw \nkvx amwv. ]t kzmx{ yøns hnjbøn temiøp apkvenw cmpyßƒ Aapkvenw cmpyßsf At] n v Hcp henb PbnedbmsW v Bsc nepw Bt ]n m Ahsc Ip w ]d n pimcyan. \ΩpsS cmpyamb C ybs w P\m[n]Xy sk pe \mspifn ImWp Xpw CkvemanI cmpyßfn ImWp Xpamb a\pjy kzmx{ yhpw \oxnhyhÿbpw XΩn XmcXayw snøptºmƒ CkvemanI aqeyßtfmsv ASpØv \n p Xv BcmsW v \njv] axniƒ kxyk ambn hnebncpøs. a\pjys A`n{]mb {]IS\ kzmx{ yhpw \njv] amb \oxn]me\ hyhÿbpw an apkvenw cmpyßfnepan F XmWv hmkvxhw. axøn bmsxmcp _em mchpan (2:257) CjvSap h hnizkn s CjvSan møh Ahnizkn pibpw snøs (18 :30) Ah hnizmknifmbncn m \n\ v _ew {]tbmkn m\miptam? (10:100) AhcpsS ta \osbmcp k hm[nimcnb. ( 10:109). GsXmcp kzmx{ y t{]antbbpw Bthi `cnxcm pibpw apkveniƒ \nc cw D cn pibpw snøp CØcw kzmx{ yøns kph W kq ßƒsIm v kº amwv Jp B. 14 \q m piƒ v apºv \S Cu kzmx{ y {]Jym]\w BtLmjn mø apkvenw thznifn. \n `mkyicsa v ]dbs ]Xn\mep \q m pifpss ]mcºcyap Cu Jp B\nI aqeyßƒ v apifne B[p\nI apkvenw `cw kzcq]ßsfm pw si n SpØncn p Xv. kduzn Atd_ybpw ]minkvxm\pas w an apkvenw cmpyßfnepw Jp B\n\pw km htziob a\pjymhimi {]Jym]\ßƒ pw hncp ambn axw amdp hs\ h[n pifbwsa \nbaamwv \nehnep Xv. ISpØ A\oXnbpw ] ]mxnxzhpw Cu \nbaøn {]ISamWv. AXmbXv a p axßfn \n v BfpIƒ axw amdn Ckvemante v h m Ahsc \mw Ccp ssibpw \o n kzoicn p p. F m \ΩpsS axøn \n v Bsc nepw A\yaXØnte v t]mbm AbmfpsS Xe sh n fbpibpw snøp p. Cu \nbaønse A\oXntbbpw sshcp ytøbpw `oicxtbbpw ] n H mtemnn p t\m q. Jp Bs {]Jym]nX XØzßƒ pw km h{xni am\pjni \oxn pw hncp at Cu IncmX \nbaw? Ckvemw axøn\v A]Io Ønbp m p Cu \nbaøns\xnsc F psim v B[nImcnI apkvenw kwls\iƒ {]XnIcn p n?. Ckvemante v ZAvh \SØm 50 Imƒ sk dpifpw AXn 500 Poh\ mcpap cmpyamwv kduzn Atd_y. ax]cnh Ø\ kzmx{ yw km htziob a\pjymhimi {]Jym]\Øn HchImiambn tn p Xns\ FXn Ø cmpyamwv kduzn Atd_y F pw \mtam Ww. Ckvemans t]cnep CØcw \nbaßfn ImWp ] ]mxnxzw {]ISamWv. i{xp fmbm t]mepw \oxnbpss ImcyØn AhtcmSv ] ]mxnxzw Im msx kxyøn Dd p \n Ww F mwv Jp Bs Iev]\. P\ßƒ nsbn hn[n \SØptºmƒ \nßƒ \oxn]q hw hn[n \SØpI,A mlp \nßsf D]tZin p Xv F{X ta aløcw. (4:59) Hm hnizmknisf sszh am KØn Dd p \n phn. \oxn v km nifmbncn phn ; Hcp Iq v \nßtfmsp i{xpx \oxn hncp ambn {]h Øn p Xn\v \nßsf t{]cn n mxncn s. \oxn {]h Øn phn. AXs{X `b` ntbmsspøxv. A mlphnt\msp IS msns\ pdn v kzm PmKcqKcmbncn pho. \nßƒ snøp sxt m AXv A mlp \n bambpw Adnbp p. (5:9) P\ßfm Xncs Sp s {]Xn\n[n k`, `cwøn \n v kzx{ ambxpw \njv] hpamb PpUojydn, auenimhimißƒ Dd vhcpøp `cwls\, kzx{ amb ]{X {]h Ø\w apxembhsbm pw apkvenw cmpyßfnen. Hcp B[p\nI P\m[n]Xy cmpyøv Pohn p Hcp apkvenan\v t]mepw Ah bp m p apkvenw \mspifnse kmaqlni hyhÿsb kw_ n v apkvenwiƒ Nn nt nbncn p p. 5

JpXzv_ kw{klw kzm-x-{ yw : Ckvem-anI ho Ww lzvdøv an km akvdq AlvaZv (AøZlp) Jeo^Øp akolv (25 11 2011 \v Jeo^Øp akolv ss_øp ^pxqln (e ) sh v \n hln PpapA JpXzv-_-bp-sS- kw-{klw.) B{^n- h I-c-bnse Nne \msp- I-fn Ct mƒ kzmx-{ y-øns tkmƒu Pq_nen BtLm-jn p hcn- I-bm-Wv. Cu ]cn-]m-sn-i-fn \ΩpsS ]m B{^n Atkm-kntbj\pw ]s -Sp- p- p- v. Cu Atkm-kn-tb-j lzvdøv J-eo-^- Øp akolv dm_nav (d-lv) -bpss ImeØmWv ÿm]n- -s - -Xv.- B-{^n- AlvaZn-I-fpsS Hcp Atkmkn-tb-j-\m-Wn-Xv.- Np-cp- -Øn B{^n \msp-i-fnse kt m-j- Øn \ΩpsS Atkm-kn-tb-j\pw ] m-fn-i-fm-ip- p- v.-a-h AXn-\pff t{]m{km-ap-iƒ D m nsim- n-cn- p- p. Cu thf-bn Rßƒ Hcp ]cn- ]msn Bkq-{XWw snøp- p-s pw AXn ]s -Sp- -W-sa pw Ah Ft msv At]- n- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Ah-cpsS ]cn-]m-sn-bn C im A mlv Rm ]s -Sp- p- -Xm-bn-cn- pw. F m C v kzmx{ yw F hnj-b-sø- p-dn v Nne Imcy-ßƒ \nß-fp-ambn ] n-sm-\mwv Rm B{Kln- p- -Xv. ASn-a-Xz-Øn \n v tamn-\hpw ax-kzm-x-{ yhpw hy n kzmx- { yhpw F mw al-ømb A\p-{K-lß-fm-Wv. B{^n D]`qJWvUw Hcp Zo L-Im-ew-hsc `c-wob kaql-sa \ne v ASn-a-Xz-Øn PohnXw Ign- p-iq- n-bn- p- v. AXv sim v Cu \msp-iƒ BtLm-jn- p kzmx-{ y-zn-\hpw Pq_n-enbpw F mw Xs Ah v Xo -bmbpw hfsc {]m[m\yw A ln- p- Xv Xs -bm-wv. Cu Hcm-tLmjw AhcpsS Ah-Im-i-hp-am-Wv. ]Ø-dp-]Xv h jw apºv hnhn[ \msp-i-ƒ Ic-ÿam- nb Cu kzx{ yw A mlp bym Y kzx-{ y-am n am -s. ASna-Øz-Øns Nß-e-I-fn ho pw Ah _ -\-ÿ-cm-im-xn-cn- -s. hniz-kv-x-tbmspw kzp-t±-iy-tømspw \oxn-t_m-[-tømspw IqSn Cu kzmx- { y-øn \n v Ch ^e-sa-sp- p- I-bm-sW- n B{^n- D]-`q- JWvUw hcpw ImeØv temi-øn\v hgn-im- p B Zn\w hnzq-c-a-. axncn-{x-øn-te v \msam v ItÆm-Sn v t\m p-i-bm-sw- n axÿm-]-i AYhm {]hm-n-i m temiøv hcp- -Xns G hpw kp{]- [m-\-amb Hcp ZuXyw kzmx-{ yw \ Iem-Wv. A{I-an-bmb `c-wm-[n- Im-cn-I-fmb ^n -Hu-\n \n p kzmx-{ y-am-sw- nepw axw hnir-xam-b-xp-im-cww ax-øns IpØ-Imh-Im-in-I-fm-b-h Xß-fpsS Xm ]- cy-ßƒ mbn ax-øn IS-Øn- q- nb A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw A -hn-izm-kßfpw Imc-W-ambn P\-ß-fpsS Igp- Øn CS-s hfbøn- \n pff tamn-\-am-bmepw \m\m-xcw ASn-a-Xz- Øn \n v tamn\w {]hm-n-i- m aptj\bmwp- m-ip- -Xv. F m Zu `m-ky-sa v ]d-b-s. ]e kaq-lßfpw Cu bmym YysØ Xncn- -dn- n-s v am{xw. Ah kzmx-{ y- Øns bym Y [zp-hm-l-isc \ntj-[n- p-sim v Xß-fpsS bym Y kzmx-{ y-øn \n pw AI- -s p F p-am-{x-a A mlphns ]nsnbn h p-sim v Ah \mi-a-s-bp- I-bpw snbvxp. Ah `uxn-i-cmb `c-wm-[n-im-cn-i-fpss ASn-a-ØzsØ `c-wm-[n-im-cn-i-fpss `c-wm[nimcnbmb ( AlvI-ap lmin-ao-\mb) A m-lp-hns ASna-Ø-sØ-tØ- mfpw {]mapjyw I n- p-i-bmwv snbvx-xv. GsXmcp ASn-aØw kzoicn- m-em-bn-cp- pthm kzmx-{ y- Øns ]pxnb Ihm-S-ßƒ Xpd- -s - Sp- Xv B ASn-aØsØ Ah \ntj-[n- p-i-f- p. AXp-sIm v kzmx-{ y-øns Xm ]-cy-ßƒ amdna-d-bp-tºmƒ kzmx{ yw \jvs-s -SpI am{x-a snbvxxv adn v Ccp-tem-Ihpw Xs Ah v \jvs-am-ip-ibpw snbvxp. kzmx-{ y-sø pdn v AXns bmym Yy-Øns Dffdbn-te v \mw sn p-i-bm-sw- n {]hm-n-i- m aptj\ e`n- p kzmx-{ yamwv bym Y kzmx-{ y-sa v a\- n- em-ip- -Xm-Wv. Cu kzmx-{ y- Øns G hpw henb kqcy-\mbn \ΩpsS apºn-ep- Xv Xncp-\_n (k) 6

bpss AkvXn-Xz-am-Ip- p. B kqcy- In-c-W-ßƒ Zqsc-Zqsc hym]n- p-i-gn- n- p- v. AXv \m\m-xcw kzx-{ ysøbpw hebw snøp-ibpw snbvxncn- p- p. B alm-flmhv `uxn-iamb ASn-a-Ø-Øn \n v tamn\w \ IpI am{x-a snbvx-xv, a\p-jy Xs Igp-Øn-e-W- n-cp hnhn-[-ßfmb hf-b-ß-fn \n pw kzx{ yw t\sn-s m-sp- p-i-bp- m-bn. B almflm-hp-ambn bym Y coxn-bn _ w ÿm]n- p-i-bm-sw- n AXv kzmx{ yw t\sn-ø-cp-hm-\p Hcp am K-am-Wv.-A- mlp B alm-flmhns\ JmØ-ap- -_n-øo F _lpaxn \ In A\p-{K-ln- p-i-bp- m-bn. Xncp-\_n (k) bpss JmØ-an-øØv F m `uxn-ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb Imcy-ßsf kzmwio-i-cn- p-sim v AXn km y-ap{z ]Xn- n- p-i-bp- m-bn. A m-lp-hns Cu {]Jym-]- \-Øn-\p-tijw apl-ωzo ap{z-am-{xamwv k h-hn[ t{ijvt-x-ifnepw km y-ap{z ]Xn- n- pisb Xn Hcp kzv{]-ir-x- m-c\pw H pw kwibw D m-bn-cn- n-. Cu t{ijvt- X-I-fpsS Hu Xyw Xncp-Zq-X-cpsS AkvXn-Xz-Øn-emWv ]q W-am-bn-Øo-cp- -Xv. Hmtcm {]h Øn-bp-sSbpw Hmtcm Imcy-Øn-s bpw Hu -Xyhpw Xncp- \_n (k) Bbn-cn- -bm GXp coxnbn-ep kzx{ yw t\sn-s m-sp- p- - Xnepw Xncp-\_n (k) Xs -bmwv ]q W-X-bn FtØ- n-bn-cp- -Xv. At±lw FØp-Ibpw snbvxp. Cu t{ijvt-x-i-sf mw AXnal-Ø-c-amb coxn-bn Xncp-\_n (k) aptj\ ]q Øn-bm-b-Xmbn temiw ImWp- Ibpw snbvxp. Xncp-\_n (k) bpambn Xßsf bym Y A Y-Øn _ -s -Sp-Øp- -h CXv ]q Øn-bm- Ip- -Xmbn I p-sim- n-cn- p-ibpw snøp- p. Xncp-\_n (k) bn Cd- s JmØ-ap JpXzp-_mb {KŸ- Øn kzmx-{ y-øns hnjbw hnhn[ coxn-bn hnhn[ am K-Øn hnh-cn- p- p- v. AtXm-sSm w Xncp- \_n (k) bpss DZmØ amxri Cu at\m-l-c-amb A[ym-]-\-Øns tim` ]Xn a-sßv h [n- n- p- p. A mlp hnip Jp -B-\n Hcp ÿeøv ]d-bp- p. "^ p di_' I- gp-øns\ tamnn- n- p-i. AYhm ASnasb kzx-{ -\m- p-i. kzmx-{ y-øn- \mbn klm-bn- p-i. A mlp ]dbp- p. "Ah [\-tøm-sp kvt\lw \ne-\n t ASpØ _ p- ƒ pw bøo-ap-iƒ pw ankv o- \p-iƒ pw bm{x- m pw bmn- I pw Igp-Øp-Iƒ kzx-{ -am- p- - Xn\pw [\w \ Ip- p. AYhm ASna-Isf tamnn- n- p- -Xn-\mbn.' Cu hn\øns XpS- -Øn D hnjbw apºn sh p-i-bm-sw- n ChnsS ]d-bp- Xv CsX mw AXn-a-l- Ømb \ -I-fm-sW- m-wv. A m-lphnepw A y-zn-\-ønepw ae- p-ifnepw {KŸ-ß-fnepw {]hm-n-i amcnepw hniz-kn- -Xn-\p-tijw Cu \ - I-fmWv Zmksc sszh-hp-ambn kao-]- ky-am- p- -Xv. Cu \ -I-fn ASn-a- ØØn \n p tamn-\hpw Dƒs - Sp- p. AXp-sIm v hnizm-k-øns Ahÿ \ne-\n-dp-ø-w-sa- n \ bn apt -dn-s m- n-cn- -W-sa- n, \ -bpss D X \ne-hmcw {]I-S-am-I- W-sa- n ASn-a-Isf tamnn- n pi F \ bpw sntø- -Xm-Wv. lzokp-i-fn CXn-\p ]e DZm-l-c-Wßfpw \ap v e`n- p- p- v. _pjm-cn-bn \n p Hcp \nth- Z-\-Øn hcp- p. lzvdøv A_qlp-ssdd (d) bn \n pw \nth-z-\w. Xncp\_n (k) ]d-bm-dp- m-bn-cp- p. ASn-asb kzx-{ -\m- p GsXmcp apkvenan-s\bpw A mlp \c-i-øn \n pw ]q W-ambpw tamnn- n- p- - Xm-Wv. Ckvem-an hnhn[ kμ `-ß-fn {]mb- n-ø-sa \ne v ASn-a-Isf kzx-{ -am pi F A[ym-]\w hnip Jp B\n hnhn[ ÿe-ßfn ImWm-hp- -Xm-Wv. Hcp hnizmkn A_- -Øn as mcp hnizm-knsb h[n- p-t]mbn- ps n AXn-\p {]mb- n-ø-ambn ]d- Xv ASn-a-Isf tamnn- n- pi F pw a p-am-wv. Hcp hnizm-knsb h[n- m am{x-amwv Cu {]mb- n-ø-sa- n-. adn v GsX- nepw kaq-l-hp-ambn \nßƒ Icm-dn G s - n- p-s - n Ah-cpsS Im^ndmb hy n \nß-fm h[n s p Ign- m t]mepw {]mb- n-ø-ambn Hcp ASn-asb kzx-{ -am- p-i. sszh- Øns t]cn kxyw snbvx-xn-\ptijw AXns\ ewln- p-i-bm-sw- n AXn-\p {]mb- n-ø-ambn Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw Ign-h-\p-k-cn v hnhn[ {]mb- nøw \n -bn- -t mƒ AXn H v ASn-a-Isf kzx-{ -am- pi F -Xp-am-Wv. Npcp- -Øn hnhn[ kμ `-ßfn ASn-a-Isf kzx-{ -am- m-\p I ]-\-bn \n pw Dcp-Øn-cn-bp Hcp Imcyw Ckvemw ]Xp-s - -Xps ASn-a-ØzsØ C m-xm- m {ian- p p F -Xm-Wv. Xncp-\_n (k) bpss ImeØpw AXn-\p-apºpw ASna-Isf sh pi F Xv s]mxp-hmb Hcp Imcy-am-bn-cp- p. Ckvemw h psim v Cu ASn-aØsØ C m-xm- p- -Xn-\mbn hnhn[ kμ `-ß-fn Du \ Ip-I-bp- m-bn. B{^n- -bn kzmx{ yw e`n ÿe-ß-fnep Alva-Zn-Iƒ \_n (k)bpss A[ym-]-\sØ AhnsS hym]n- n-t - -Xm-Wv. IqSp-X t]sc Xncp-\_n (k) bpss ASn-a-Ø-Øn sim p-h-cn-i. F m am{xta F mwv kzmx{ yw F v Ah v Xncn- -dn-bm Ign-bp-I-bp- q. Hcp {]mhiyw tkmƒu Pq_nen BtLm-jn- -Xp-sIm v am{xw bym Y kzmx{ yw e`n- n-. kzmx{ yw \ne-\n -W-sa- n `c- Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw P\-ßfpw Cu kzmx- { ysø \ne-\n tø Xv Fß-s\- bm-sw v Xncn- -dn- n-cn- -Ww. AXn-\v Fs - w am K-ßfmWv \mw kzoi-cn-t sx v Ah Adn-b- Ww. B am K-ßƒ \ap v Xncp-\_n (k) bpss amxr-i-bnepw hnip Jp - B-\nepw ImWm km[n- p- -Xm-Wv. bym Y Ckvem-anI kaq-l-øn Hcn- epw Xs Bscbpw ASn-a-I-fm- p- Ibn-. Xncp-\_n (k) Xs hntbm- K-Øn-\p-apºv \ Inb Ah-km\ D]- tz-i-øn ]d- Xv \a-kv m-c-sø- p-dn pw ASn-a-I-sf- p-dn- p-ap Fs D]-tZiw \nßƒ Hcn- epw ad- -cpxv F m-wv. F m apkvenwifpss `c-wm-[n-im-cn-i-fp-ssbpw [\n-i- m-cpssbpw \n `m-ky-sa- - msx as p ]d-bm. Cu c v A[ym-]- \ßfpw Ah ad p If- p. \akv m-c-øn B Xm ]-cyhpw Bth-ihpw ImWp- n-. sszh-`bhpw ImWp- n. am{x-a-, ASnaØw C m-xm- m-\p {iahpw ImWp- n-. ASn-a-Isf hne-sim-sp- Øp-hm-ßp apºp k{º-zmbw C n-s - nepw `c-w-øns t]cn 7

s]mxp-p-\-ß-tfmsv ASn-a-I-sf-t m-sebmwv s]cp-am-dp- -Xv. Nne \msp-i-fnep Akz-ÿ-X-Iƒ pw Ipg- ßƒ pw ImcWw, {]txy-in v Ad_v apkvenw \msp-i-fn, s]mxp-p-\-ßƒ Icp-Xp- Xv Xß-tfmSv ASn-a-I-tfmSv s]cp-am-dp- -Xp-t]m-se-bmWv s]cp-amdp- Xv F -Xp-sIm- m-wv. Hcp Kh sa v P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns t]cn hcp- p. ]n osv Ah {ian- p- Xv {]kn-u mb hy n Pohn-Xmh-km\w hsc {]kn-u m-bn-øs \ne-\n Ww F m-wv. At±-l- Øn\v tijw At±-l-Øns a ƒ `c-w-øn XpS-c-W-sa pw B{K-ln- p- p. kvxpxn-]m-s-i-cpw X ]-c-i- n- Ifpw Ch-cpsS Np pw-iqsn Ch-cpsS Xm ]-cyßfpw ImgvN- m-sp-ifpw F mw am nadn- p- p. Aßs\ Ah `cww Dd- n p- -Xn-\mbn F m am Kßfpw Ah-ew_n- p- p. kz w \m p- Im v t\sc shsn- D-Xn p- p. Ckvem-anI hncp i n-iƒ, h cmjv{s-ßƒ F n-h Xß-fpsS Xm ]-cy-ßƒ t\sn-sb-sp- p- -Xn\pw cmpy-øns kºøv Du nsbsp- p- -Xn\pw th n, s]mxp-p-\-ßƒ `c- W-IqS `oi-c-x-bn \n pw tamn-\- Øn-\mbn snøp Cu hnπ-hsø apx-se-sp-øvsim v AXns\ Bfn- - Øn- p- p. Chsc klm-bn ms\ t]cn-emwv h i- n-iƒ hcp- -sx- nepw AXv ]n osv hfsc ss]im- NnI cq]w kzoi-cn- p-ibpw \msns Ahÿ 100 h jw ]nt m v sim pt]m-ip p F p-am-{x-a-, kzmx-{ y- Øn-\p s]mxp-p-\-{]-t m`w ho pw ASn-a-Ø-Øn-te v \bn- p- Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw snøp- p. kz w Bfp-I-fpsS ASn-a- Ø-Øn \n v tamnn-x-cmbn A\ycpsS ASn-a-Ø-Øn-te v Ah sns -Øp- p. t\cn- -s - nepw icn. Cu Imcyw Rm apºpw ]d- n- p- -Xm-Wv. Nne h i niƒ GsXmcp `c-w-iq-ssø klm-bn- psim v Ahsc AhcpsS Itk-c-bn Xs h j-ß-tfmfw CcpØntbm At m-sgm pw Ah s]mxp-p-\-ßfpss kzmx{ yw \jvs-s - -Xn-s\- pdn v A ]w-t]mepw Nn n- p- n-. F m Xß-fpsS Xm ]-cy-ßƒ B `c-w-iq-s-ß-fn \n pw e`n- msx hcp-tºmƒ s]mxp-p-\-ß-fpss kzmx- { y-øns t]cpw ]d v B `c-w- D m-bn-cp- -Xm-Wv. AXv \o -s -Spsa v hymtamlw \ne-\n p- p-s - nepw AXv AI- -s -Sp- -X-. CtX Ahÿ Xs XpS-cp- -Xm-Wv. Ipd p Ime-ßƒ v tijw \nßƒ nxv ImWm km[n- p- -Xm- Wv. ImcWw Xncp-\_n (k) bpss D]- tz-i-a-\p-k-cn v `c-wm-[n-im-cn-iƒ {]h Øn- p- n-. apkvenw-iƒ F v ]d-b-s -Sp- p-s - nepw Xncp-\_n (k) bpss D]-tZ-i-a-\p-k-cn- Ah {]h Øn- p- -Xv. ] p-im-eøv Hcp hy n Xs kº-øns lp n ASn-a-Isf sh n-cp- p. Ct mƒ \msns kºøv \m p-imsc ASn-a-Ifm- n-sh- m-\mbn hn\n-tbm-kn- p-sim- n-cn- p- Xv. Ct mƒ C m-cy-ßƒ aoun-b-iƒ ]d-bm XpS-ßn. AXpambn _ -s Nn{X-ßfpw houn-tbm-ifpw F mw h p-sim- ncn- p- p. FÆ D ]m-z\ cmjv{s-ßfn t]mepw Zmcn-{Zyhpw ] n-wnbpw ImW-s -Sp- p. Hcp `mkøv kz W- Øns awn-am-fn-i-i-fm-sw- n adp- `m-køv \m p-im v c pt\cw ` - Ww-t]mepw hb-dp-\n-d v e`n- p- n-. Ah-Im-i-ßƒ [zwkn- p-sim v s]mxp-p-\-ßsf ASn-a-I-fm n sh ncn- p-i-bm-wv. Hcp Ime-ap- m-bn-cp- p, A v lzvdøv Da (d) hn\v Xs ssk\ysø {InkvXob {]tz-i-ßfn \n pw ]n h-en-t - -Xmbn h p. A v i{xp- -fpss i n ImcWw apkvenw-iƒ v Xß-fpsS \nb-{ Ww B {]tz-iøv \ne- \n Øm km[n- n-cp- n-. At mƒ B {InkvXob \m p-im-cn \n v Ahapkvenw-I-fpsS A v \ne-\n Øm\pw hnhn-[-ß-fmb Ipg- -ß-fn \n v c {]m]n- m\pw Htc Hcp am Ktabp q. AXv A m-lp-hn-s bpw Ahs dkqen-(k)s bpw Iev]-\-I-f-\p-k-cn v {]h Øn- pi F - Xm-Wv. AXv km[n- -W-sa- n A mlp C m-e-ø-b alm-flm-hns\ \ntj-[n- p- -Xn \n pw Ah hn p- \n t - n-bn-cn- p- p. Iq-S-ßsf adn- n-sp- p. Ah-sc kvym\- {`-jvs-cm- m {ian- p- p. F m Ct mƒ ASpØ ImeØv kw`-hn- psim- n-cn- p Nne Imcyßƒsh v t\m p-tºmƒ `cww amdn ]pxnb `cww h -t mƒ Cu h i n- Ifpw sh{]m-f-s -Sp-I-bm-Wv. ImcWw Xß-fpsS Xm ]-cy-øn-\p-x-ip `c- W-a ChnsS h n-cn- p- -Xv. Nne ÿe-ß-fn Ah B{K-ln- -Xp-t]mse-bp am -ß-f h n- p- -Xv. AX-s - n Ah hnnm-cn- -Xp-t]mep am -ßƒ AhnsS kw`-hn- ns v Ah v a\- n-embnøps-ßnbn-cn- p- p. CXv Ahsc IqSp-X Akz-ÿ-cm- n-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. C\n Ipg- -Øn-s bpw Im]-Sy-Øn-s bpw ]pxnb Hc-[ymbw Xpd- -s -Sm t]mip-i-bm-wv. Nne ÿe-ß-fn CXv XpS-ßn- -gn- p. s]mxp-p-\-ßfpw sx n- m-c-w-bn AI-s - n-cn- p- p. Ah Hcp `c-w-iq-s-øns ASn-a-Ø- Øn \n pw tamnn-x-cmbn as mcp `c-w-øns ASn-a-Ø-Øn-te- mwv s]mbvs m- n-cn- p- -Xv. Nne ÿeß-fn CXp \S- p-i-gn- p. \msns kºøv Ct mgpw s]mxp P\-ß-fpsS t a-øn-\mtbm AhcpsS ]ptcm-k-xn- mtbm Ah v Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-ihpw \oxnbpw t\sn-s m-sp- p- -Xn-\mtbm Ahsc hnzy-mk-º- -cm- p- -Xn-\mtbm sneh-gn- -s -Sp- n- ; sne-h-gn- -s -Sp-Ibp-an-. ImcWw GsXmcpw `c-wamtwm C\n hcp- Xv Ahcpw Ahcp-sS-Xmb Xm ]-cy-ßfpam-bmwv hcp- -Xv. s]mxp-p-\-ß-fn ] n-wnbpw Xmgv Pohn-X- \n-e-hm-chpw apºpw 8

cpss kwc- -W-Øn\pw Ah-cpsS ]ptcm-k-xn- p-ambn Ah-cn \n pw \nipxn C\-Øn hmßnb ]Ww, Ah-cpsS Ah-Imiw \ Ip- -Xn- \mbn kzcp- q- nb [\w, Ah v Xncn p \ IpI-bp- m-bn. \nß-fpss Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc- n- m C\n km[n- m-ø-xp-sim v \nß-fn \n pw hkq-em- nb XpI CXm Xncnt n- p p F v ]d- p-sim v Xncn p simsp-øp. At mƒ {InkvXym-\n-I-fmb B {]P-Iƒ Ic-bp- I-bm-bn-cp- p. Ah Ic- p-sim v ]d n-cp- Xv \nßƒ Xs ho pw Xncn- p-h-cs F mwv Rß-fpsS {]m Y-\. ImcWw \nß-sf-t m-sebp `c-wm-[n-im-cn-isf Rßƒ I n- n-. apkvenw `c-w-øn Rßƒ v e`n \oxnbpw Ah-Im-i-ßfpw RßfpsS `c-w-øn t]mepw Rßƒ v e`n- n- n-. F m C sø Ahÿ t\m p-i. apkvenw `c-wm-[n-imcniƒ apkvenw s]mxp-p-\-øns kºøv Xs sim -b-sn- p- p. \m n \oxnbn-. Ah-Im-i-ßƒ [zwkn- -s -Sp- p. Bcp-sSbpw Poh\pw kzøpw kpc- n-x-a-. F n v Ch hmzn- p- Xv Xßƒ Xß-fpsS P\-ßƒ v th n snøp- {X a m pw snøm km[y-a F mwv. hnhn[ \msp-ifn Ct mƒ D m-bn-cn-s m- n-cn- p Cu hnπ-h-ß-fn \n v X ]- c-i- n-iƒ ^e-sa-sp-øpsim- n-cn- p- I-bm-Wv. Nne ax-øns t]cn Xß-fpsS Xm ]-cy-ßƒ kwc- n- m {ian- p-sim- n-cn- p p. s]mxp-p-\-øns Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Ah v \ I-s - n-cp-s - n, `c-w- Iq-S-ßƒ \oxn-bn \ne-\n p-ibpw snbvxncps - n Cu Hcp ÿnxn hntijw kwpm-x-am-ip-am-bn-cp n. `c-w-iq-s-ßƒ AXym-{Klw shsn v \oxn-\n-jvt-amb `cww \S-Øn-bn-cps - n Cu Ipg- -ßƒ Hcn- epw Xe-s]m- p-am-bn-cp- n-. apkvenw-i-fpss A v \ne- \n Øm\pw hnhn-[-ß-fmb Ipg- -ßfn \n v c {]m]n- m\pw Htc Hcp am Ktabp q. AXv A m-lp-hns bpw Ahs dkq-en-(k) s bpw Iev]-\-I-f-\p-k-cn v {]h Øn- pi F -Xm-Wv. AXv km[n- -W-sa- n c p-x-c-øn-ep-ap Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ne-\ndpøm-\mbn A mlp C m-e- 9 Ø-b alm-flm-hns\ \ntj-[n- p- - Xn \n pw hn p-\n t - n-bn-cn- p- p. lzvdøv akolv auduzv (A) Cu A[ym-]-\-ßsf hnhn[ coxn-bn hnhn[ kμ `-ß-fn \ΩpsS apºmsi sh n- p v. CXv kxyhpw \oxnbpw ÿm]n- p-ibpw ÿmbnbmb kzmx{ yw \ Ip-Ibpw snøp- -Xm-Wv. At±lw Hcp ÿeøv ]dbp- p. Hm p-i, Hcp apkvenw A mlp-hn-t\m-sp IS- mspw krjvsnitfm-sp IS- mspw \nd-th- p- -Xn-\mbn Ft mgpw Xøm-dm-bn-cn-t - -Xm-Wv. GXp-t]mse Ah Xs \mhp-sim v A m-lp-hns AkvXn- Xz-sØbpw KpW-tØbpw Ipdn v GIhpw AXn ] p-im-cmbn a m-cpan-s pw AwKo-I-cn- p- -pthm AXpt]mse Ahs krjvsn-i-tfmsv klm- \p-`q-xn-tbmspw emfn-xy-tømspw h Øn-t - -Xm-Wv. ]d-bp- p. \nß-fpss ]c-kv]-cap _ w icn-bm-im-øn-s-tømfw Imew A mlphpam-bp _ hpw icn-bm-bn-øo-cp- -X-. Cu c v Ah- Im-i-ß-fnepw G hpw {][m-\-s Ah-Imiw A m-lp-hn-s -Xm-sW- n Xs bpw Ahs krjvsn-i-tfm-sp IS- m-sp-iƒ \nd-th- pi F Xv AXns Z -W-ambn ImWp- -Xm-Wv. Xs ktlm-z-c- m-tcmsv \ coxn-bn h Øn- mø hy n v A m-lphnt\msp IS- m-sp-ifpw icn-bmwhæw \n h-ln- m km[y-a-. Npcp- -Øn C p kzmx{ yw F v ]d-bp- Xv Hcp ASna-ØØn \n pw tamnn-x-am-bnas mcp ASn-aØØn-te- p tnt d am{x-am-wv. B{^n- -bnse A[nIw \msp-i-fnepw H v ItÆm-Sn p t\m p-i. ]e Ad-_p-cm-jv{S-ß-fnepw H v ItÆm-Sn- p-i. Cu Hc-h-ÿbmWv \ap v ImWm km[n- p- - Xv. A\y-cpsS ASn-a-Ø-Øn \n v tamn\w e`n- n- p-s - n Xs kz w Bfp-I-fpsS ASn-a-Ø-Øn sn p-ho-gp-i-bp- m-bn. Ad_v\m nse cmjv{s t\xm- - mcpw B{^n- \msp-i-fnse t\xm- - mcpw hnπ-h-øns t]cv ]d v `c- W-Iq-S-ßsf ]nsn- -S- p ssk\yhpw ax-t\-xm- fpw De-am- ƒ F v ]d-bp- -hcpw Hcp bmym Yyw a\- n-em- nbn-cn-t - - Xm-Wv. Ah-cpsS \m p-imsc ASn-a- ØØns Nß-e-I-fn _ n- p- - Xp-sIm pw \oxn-bn-e-[n-jvtn-x-amb `cww \S-Øm-Ø-Xp-sIm pw a p- h-cpss Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ Im-Ø-XpsIm pw Ah A m-lp-hns ]nsnb hcp- -Xm-Wv. Hmtcm CS-bt\mSpw Ahs B n ] -sø- pdn v tnmzn- -s -Sp- -Xm-Wv. \nßƒ \nß-fpss DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ \nd-th- n-tbm F v tnmzn s Spw. \m nse kº-øvsim v kz w JP-\mhv \nd- p-i-bmtwm \nßƒ snbvx-xv. Ckvemw, A mlp, dkq F t]sc mw \nßƒ ]d- p-sim- n-cp- p. Ckvem-ans aqey-ßƒ \nßƒ kwc- n-t m?. \ntj-[m Y-Øn-emWv adp-]-sn-sb- n A mlp in n- p- - Xm-Wv. A m-lp-hns apºn Ifhv ]d-bm Ign-bn-. A m-lp-hns apºn H pw ad- p-sh- m ] n-. A mlp hnip Jp -B-\n ]d-bp- p. bym Y hnizmkn -A-h XßfpsS Aam-\-Øp-I-sfbpw hmkvzm-\-ßsfbpw {i n- p- -Xm-Wv. t\xm- - m Ah-cpsS Aam-\-Øp-I-sf- p-dn v tnmzn- -s -Sp- -Xm-Wv. Ah {]Xn FSp- p-tºmƒ A m-lp-hns\-bmwv km n \ndp-øp- -Xv. \m ns D -a-\-øn-\mbpw P\-ßfpsS t a-øn\pw sfiz-cy-øn\pw th nbpw {]h Øn- p- -XmsW pw Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ Ip- -Xn\pw \oxn \S- n hcp- Øp- -Xn\pw kzmx-{ y-øn\p th nbpw F p am K-ßfpw kzoicn- p- -Xm-sW pw {]Xn FSp- p- p. F m \n `m-ky-sa v ]d-bs ; s]mxp-hn F m-bn-søpw kaq-l- Øns kºøv sim -b-sn- p- -XmbmWv I v hcp- -Xv. ]WvVn-X- m-cmsw- n Zo\ns\ hcp-am-\-am Kam n am n. s]mxp-p-\-ßsf A\m-Nm-c-ßfnepw A hn-izm-k-ß-fnepw IpSp n Xß-fpsS Iogn HXp n \n Øm {ian- p-sim- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. s]mxp- P-\-ß-fm-sW- n Ahcpw Xß-fpsS IS-a-Iƒ \nd-th- p- n-. Npcp- -Øn Aam-\-Øp-I-tfmSp DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzw th coxn-bn \nd-th- mø-xpsim v Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Xs A mlp-hns in sb amsn hnfn- p-ibmwv snøp- -Xv. C v \msp-i-fn I p-h-cp Ipg- -ß-sf mw CXns ]cn-wn-x-^-e-ß-fmwv. Xo{h-hm-Zw, tijw t]pv 18

tej\w ssixzms shfn]mspifpw kxyshfn]mspifpw lzvdøv AlvaZv(A) ssixzm\n \n p shfn]mspiƒ Hcp bmym YyamWv sszhøn \n p shfn]mspifpw ssixzm\n \n p shfn]mspifpwxωnep hyxymkßsfipdn v hmkvzø akolv Nne A]q Wcmb kxymt\zj I v ssixzm\n \n pw shfn ]mspiƒ e`n p A\p`hap mip psh Xv Hcp bmym YyamWv. Aet mes kz]\ßfmbn ImW s Sp Xv Nnet mƒ kz w a\ ns axn{`ahpambncn mw. ssixzm\n \n v shfn]mspiƒ D mhp p F Xns\ \ntj[n p h ssixzm \n \n p shfn]mspiƒ D mhp sa p Jp Bs Dd A`n{]mb sø FXn pibmwv snøp Xv. Hcp a\pjy Ahs BXvamhns kwkvicww ]q Wam pitbm ]cn]q WXbnseØn pitbm snøp ns n Abmƒ ssixzm \n \n p shfn]mspifpss kzoi Ømhmtb mw. Abmƒ Cu Jp B hn\øns ]cn[nbn s]sp bmfpambncn pw. I w ]dbp ]m]nifmb F m Hmtcmcp ØcpsSbpw ta Ah (]nimnv) Cdßp p.(26:223). ]cnip m ssixzms kzm[o\sø Ipdn v DS Xm oxv snøs Sp XmWv. tbiphns\ ssixzm Hcp aebn te v sim p t]msb v Nne {InkvXy ]mxncnam AhcpsS cn\ifn AXncp Ihn \ne bn A`n{]mbs Sp p. CXv a p bhcpw blqznifpw ZrIvkm n Ifmtb mhp _mly kw`h ambncp ns pw tbiphn\v aq v XhW ]nimnn \n v shfn]mspiƒ e`ns pw B aq v XhWbpw At±lw AXv kzoicn ns pw Ah ]dbp p. tbip ]nimnn\v 10 hiwhz\mbn F v tiƒ ptºmƒ Xs \mw `b p hnd p p...hcp \n ae lrzbsø ]nimnns Nn Iƒ kv] in pibn. AØc Ønep Fs nepw Nn Iƒ ]cnip sc kao]n ptºmƒ AXv DS Xnckv cn s Sp p. hnip Jp B\n CØcw Nn Iƒ v Xmbn^v F mwv ]ds SpI. AXn\v lrzbhpambn hfsc hnzqc_ tabp q. Zqsc bp acøns \ng t]mse bmwxv. CØcØnep t\cnb ktμlw tbiphns lrzbøn kwpmxam m ]nimnv B{Kln p F v hcmw. AXv At mƒ Xs tbiphns {]hmnixzøns i nbm Xnckv cn s SpIbpw snbvxn p mhpw. tbiphns {]hmnixz]camb ta[mi nsim pw At±lw B Pn kxyøns {]Imii n sim pw ss]imnni Nn Iƒ At± løns AcnInseØm At±lw Hcn epw A\phZn ncp n F Xv \ΩpsS ASnbpd hnizmkamwv. shfn tømssm w A Imc Øn\v\n m km[n møxv t]mse ]nimnns Nn Isf Xnckv cn v At±lw kzbw Xs AhnsS ta[mhnxzw ÿm]n p. ]nimnn\v At±ltØmsSm w \n m km[ya. AXp ZqctØ v HmSnadbp p. Xo bmbpw Fs ZmkcpsS ta \n\ v bmsxmcp kzm[o\ i nbpw D mbncn pibn.(hn. Jp B 15:43) ssixzms \n tzi ßfpw shfn]mspifpw kzoicn p hcn am{xta ssixzms kzm[o\ap mbncn pibp q. G m {]ImiØns icw sim v ssixzms\xnsc {]t ]n pibpw hnzqcøv \n v Ahs\ apdnth n pibpw Ah ]dbp Xns\sbm pw A\pkcn mxncn pibpw snøp h Ahs A[nImchebØn \n v ]pd ØmWv. k h i \mb sszhw Ah v Ahs BImi`qanIfn AXnh Øn p hym]n pins p km{ampyøns A`nZ i\acpfm B{Kln p p. ssixzm `qanbnse km{ampyøns `mkamwv. Cu temi Z i\øns ]q ØoIcWw F \ne v Pn mkbpfhm p Cu krjvsnbpss apjw ImtW Xpw i w tiƒt Xpap v. Znhyhpw \n aehpamb AhcpsS hkv{xßfn \n v ssixzms If ßƒ AWpam{X t]mepw ]Xnbp n. ssixzm Ahs ]ucmwniamb h \m am KßfneqsS tbiphnt\msv Hc`y Y\ \SØpIbp mbn. DS Xs At±lØns ]cnip {]IrXn AXv \ncmicn pibpw snbvxp. AXv kzoicn n. CXv tbiphns\ kw_ n nstømfw A]Io ØnIcambncp n. cmpm mcpss km n yøn Nnet mƒ alm]m]niƒ kwkmcn mdnt? Cu coxnbn ssixzm BXvaobambn tbiphns

lrzbønte v Ahs hm piƒ C psimspøp. ]t tbip ssixzm \niamb B shfn]mspiƒ kzoicn n. DSs\ \ncmicn p. CXv kvxpxy lamb Hcp {]h ØnbmWv. CXns\ hna in p Xv hnuvvnøhpw BXvaobamb Zm i\ni t_m[ Øns ]cmpbhpamwv. tbip Xs {]ImiØns Nm hmdsn sim p km[n Xv t]mse ssixzm s Zp t_m[\ßƒ \ncmicn m\pw lrzb]cnip n {]ISn n m\pap hgn F m kq^nam pw kzmxzni pw Xpd p simspøn n. kønzv A pƒ JmZn Poem\n (dlv) ]dbpibp mbn Hcn At±lØn\v ssixzm\n \n pw shfn]mspiƒ e`n p. "\ns {]m Y\Isf mw kzoicn s ncn p p. a p h v \ntcm[n s n p sx mw \n\ v A\phZn s ncn p p.' AXn\m \akvimcw \n hln p Xn \n v Hgnhm s ncn p p. A pƒ JmZn (dlv) Aht\mSv ] p: IS pt]m ssi Xzm, dkq Xncpta\n(k) v \ntcm[n s Xv Fßs\ F\n v A\phZ\obamIpw? AXn\v tijw ssixzm Ahs I\I knwlmk \hpambn Xs I apºn \n p A{]Xy \mbn. Hcp ZnhymXvamhpw AXpey hy nxzhpambncp A pƒ JmZn Poem\n sbt]mep h v ssixzms shfn]mspiƒ e`n p sa n sszhnimt\zjw Øn ]cn]q WX {]m]n n n mø km[mcw m Fßs\bmWv AXn \n v c s]spi?0. A_vZpƒ JmZn Poem\nbpw tbiphpw snbvxxv t]mse ssixzms shfn]mspiƒ Xncn dnbp {]Imi ZrjvSn Ah n. dkq Xncpta\n (k)bpss BKa\ ImeØn\v apºv Atd_ybn [mcmfw `mhn {]hn\ m D mbncp p. Ah v ssixzm\n \n v [mcmfw shfn]mspiƒ e`n ncp p. Nnet mƒ BXns ASnÿm\Øn Ah {]hn\ßƒ \SØnbncp p Ah kxyambn ]pecpibpw snbvxncp p F Xv AZv`pXIcamWv. CkvemanI kmlnxyßƒ AØcw IYIƒ sim v \nd ncn p p ssixzms shfn]mspifpss km[yxisf \njt[n p h dkq Xncpta\n (k) bpss A ym]\ßsfbpw kie {]hmni hyhÿsfbpw \ntj[n pibmwv snøp Xv. HchkcØn Hcp Pn ns {]hrøn aqew \m\qdv {]hmni m v ssixzm\n \n pw shfn]msp mbn. ss nfn tcjs SpØnbn p v. BsXfnhns ASnÿm\Øn Ah Hcp cmpm hns hnpbw {]hnn pibp mbn. ]t Cu cmpmhv bp Øn AXnZmcpWambn sim s SpIbpw ]cmpbs SpIbpamWp mbxv. Pn_vcoen \n v shfn]msv e`n Hcp {]hmni am{xamwv B cmpmhv sim s Spsa pw \mbv ƒ Abm fpss arxtzlw ` n psa pw Abmƒ v hºn ]cmpbw kw`hn psa pw {]hnn ncp p. CXv ]q ØnbmhpIbpw \m\qdv {]hmni mcptsbpw {]hn\ßfpw hympamsw v sxfnbpibpw snbvxp. kzm`mhniambpw ChnsS Hcp tnmzyapbcp p. ssixzms shfn ]mspiƒ km h{xnihpw tbiphns\ t]msebp D Xcmb {]hmni m v hsc AØcØnep ssixzms shfn]mspifpss A\p`hap mipibpw snbvxp sh n F m {]hn\ßfpw kwib Icambn Xocnt? Aßs\bm sw n shfn]msv hºn Hcp ]co Wambncn pibpw snønt? Cu tnmzyßfpss DØcw CXmWv. CXn \ncmis Sm bmsxmcp \ymbhpan. Aaqeyamb F m n \psam w Fs nepw hymphpap mbncn pw. F Xpw Hcp Znhy\n baamwv. t\m pi bym YØnep apøv kap{zøn \n pw e`n p XmWv. ]t hfsc hneipd hympapøpiƒ BfpIƒ kzbw \n an mdp v. hympapøpiƒ e`n p p F Xv sim v bym apøns hym]mcw \n Ønsh m ] n t m. Hcp apøp hym]mcn v bym Y apøv GXmsW pw hymp apøv GXmsW pw Xncn dnbm\p A ZrjvSn sszhw \ In bn p v. ImeL Øns Camw shfn]msmip bym Y apøpiƒ Xncn dnbp Hcp cxv\ hym]mcnbmwv. ImeØns Camapambn klh Øn Xzap h v kxyhpw AkXyhpw Ffp Øn Xncn dnbm km[n pw. A tbm kq^nisf, PmIcqKcmbn s m v CXn Im sh pi. Hm an pi, sszhøn \n p bym Y shfn]mspiƒ v Xmsg ]dbp {]txyixifp v. bym Y shfn]mspifpss {]txyixiƒ 1.kzoI Ømhns lrzbw AXv e`n p kabøv kxyøns thz\sim v B {ZamhpIbpw kznvoamb sxfn\ocp t]mse AXv sszhøn\v t\sc HgpIpIbpw snøpw. CXns kqn\ lzoknep v. AXmbXv hnip Jp B ZpxJØns AhÿbnemWv AhX cn s Xv. AXvsIm v ZpxJn p lrzbmhÿbn \nßƒ AXv {Kln pibpw thww. 2. kxyshfn]msv AhmNyamb Hcp B\μw Dƒs m p p. A mxamb XcØn AXns ZrVX t_m yamhpibpw Hcp CcpºmWnt]mse lrzbønte v AXv Xpf p IbdpIbpw snøp p. AXnse hn\ßƒ hmkvanxzap Xpw {]amzßfn \n v ap hpam bncn pw 3.kXyshfn]mSn\v cmp {]uvn bpw Hu Xyhpap v. AXv lrz bøn i nbn ]Xn pibpw Kw`ocam i Øn lrzbøn t CdßpIbpw snøp p. hympshfn]mspiƒ Xkv c msc t]msebpw jwvu mcptsbpw kv{xoifptsbpw ]Xn i ØnepamWv hn\nabw snøs SpI. F psims m ssixzm Xkv c\pw jwvu\pw kv{xobp amwv. 4.kXyshfn]mSpIƒ sszh Øns i nbm {]`mhnxambn cn pw. AXn kxyambn ]pecp {]hn\asßnbncn pw. 5.kXyshfn]mSpIƒ I Ømhns \ Isf ssz\w Zn\w ]cnt]mjn n pibpw Ah\n A eo\amb Aip nifn \n v Ahs\ ]cnip \m pibpw Ahs [m ani \nehmcw Db ØpIbpw snøpw. 6.kXyshfn]mSpIƒ kzoi Ømhns B cni i n Iƒ BkIew km yw hln p Ibpw AXv AbmfpsS IgnhpIfn 11

v tej\w hmbn B {]kvxm-h-\sb ]n meøv hcp P\X sxfn-hm-bn-i-w- m- p-ibpw snøp-am-bn-cp- p. AØc-Øn-ep Hcp {]kvxm-h\ k h- m-\nbpw ]c-tam- -X-\p-amb Hcp-h- \n \n m-hm hgn-bn-s v Ah Dd- n p ]d-bp-ibpw snøpw. `qan-bpss Ne-\sØ a p BIm-itKm-f-ß-fpsS Ne-\-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw snøp- -Xn-\p-]-Icw Jp -B Xmsg ImWp hn\w tcj-s -Sp-Øp-IbmWv snøp- -Xv. "\o ImWp ] h-x-ßƒ, Dd- p- \n p- Xmbn \o Icp-Xp- p. AtXk-abw Ah tal-ßƒ Nen- p- Xv t]mse \nc- cw Nen- p-sim- n-cn- p- p. F m krjvsn-i-tfbpw krjvsn p _e-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p A m-lphns {]h Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.' (27:89) ] h-x-ßƒ \nc- cw Nen- p-ihnip Jp -B\pw BIm-i-tKm-f-ßfpsS Ne-\hpw lzvdøv an km Xzmln AlvaZv(dlv) (J-eo-^-Øp ako-lv IV) BIm-i-tKm-f-ß-fpsS Ne-\-ß-fpambn _ -s {]]- sø ] nbp as mcp {]Xn-]m-Z-\-Øn-te v Xncn-bmw. Cu hnh-c-w-ønse G hpw {it -b-amb {]txy-ix `qan-bpss Ne- \sø hnh-cn- n-cn- p coxn-bm-wv. A m-eøv \ne-hn-ep- m-bn-cp {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw kn n ho -W-hpambn {]Xy- -Øn bmsxm-cp-hn[ sshcp- y-ß-fp-an- m-sx-bmwv Jp - B AXv hnh-cn- n-cn- p- -Xv. A mesø F m ]finx mcpw m\n- Ifpw H -S w hniz-kn- n-cp- Xv `qan ÿnc-ambn \n p-i-bm-sw pw kqcy, N{μ, a p BIm-i-tKm-fßƒ F nh `qan p Np pw Nen- p- I-bm-sW- p-am-bn-cp- p. Cu ho W {]Imcw `qan-bpss Ne-\sØ ] nbp Jp -B-\nse {]Xn-]mZyw Hcp km[m-cw Jp B hmb-\- m-c\v AXmXv Ime-L- -ß-fnse imkv{x-t_m-[sø {]Xy- - Øn Atem-kc-s -SpØm sx AXn-kq- -vahpw AXy-Km- [-hp-amb hn-\-ß-fn hnip Jp -B BIm-itKm-f-ßfpsS Ne-\-sØ-] n hnh-cn- n-cn- p- p. {]Xy- -ambn {i -bn s - n F p ht - mw. ]t {i m-]q hw hmbn- p Hcp ]Tn-Xm-hns\ kw_- n- n- S-tØmfw AXn-e-S-ßnb ktμiw kphy hpw hmnm-e-hp-am-wv. `qan ÿnc-ambn \n p- -Xmbpw Jp - B hnh-cn- n- p- m-bn-cp-s - n A m-esø P\X AXp-sIm v Xr]vXn-s -Sp-am-bn-cn- mw. Jp -Bs I Øm-hns A -X-bpsS sxfn- \n aeamb Hcp \hzo]vxn XqhpIbpw Abmfn kzbw Xs Hcp am w kw`hn Xmbn A\p`hthZyamhp Ibpw snøp p. AbmfpsS ]gbpohnxøn\v A yw Ipdn p Ibpw \h PohnXw Bcw`n pibpw snøp p. Aßs\ Abmƒ am\hcmintbmsp A\pIºbpsS t{kmx mbn h Øn pibpw snøp p. kxy shfn]mspiƒ Htc i Øn Ahkm\n p n. sszhøns i Øn\v ss\c cyap v. sszhw hfsc am\y\mwv. {]Wn]Xn h\v t\sc Xncn p sim v sszhw Ahs A Y\ Iƒs mw DØcw \ Ip p. 7.kXyshfn]mSns kzoi Ømhv Hcp `ocphmbncn n. Hcp hymp hmzn pt\sc Abmƒ F{X henb FXncmfnbmbncp mepw apt m v hcm kxyhmzn `bs SpIbn. ImcWw Xt mtsm w sszhaps pw Ah FXncmfnsb \nμyamb \nebn ]cmpb SpØpsa pw At±lw Adnbp p. 8 kxy shfn]mspif[nihpw Znhy m\w e`n p Xn\pw sszhsø Adnbp Xn\pap D]m[nIfmWv. ImcWw kxyshfn ]msns kzoi Ømhns\ sszhw Adnhn møh\pw hnuvvnbpambn ssisbmgnbn. 9. kxyshfn]mspitfmssm w ]e A\p{Klßfpap v. shfn]mspiƒ e`n p bmƒ AZriyßfn \n p A\p{Klßfm A\pKr lox\mip p. Abmƒ v A \ Is SpIbpw snøp p. (kdqdøp Camw t]pv 13 19) 12

bmsw v {]Jym-]n- p-i-bm-sw- n CXn \n v e`n- p bp n-]-c-amb \nk-a\w `qanbpw IqsS Nen- p p F m-wv. F m CØ-c-samcp \nco- Ww {i n- -s -SmsX t]mb-xn\v Jp -Bs aln-x-amb `mjm-{]-tbm-k- Øn\v \μn ]d-bmw. `qan ÿnc-ambn \n p-i-bm-sw v a p a\p-jy-k-aql-sø-t]mse Jp -Bs A\p-bm-bn- I-fpw [cn- p-i-bm-wp- m-b-xv. AhcpsS Cu sx p-[m-cw {]Xy- -Øn sh p-hn-fn- -s - n-cp- n-. Ah Cu hn-\-øns Ah-km\ `mkw kq vaambn hmbn- n-cp-s - n Ah v bmsxm-cp-hn[ sx p-[m-c-wbpw D m- Ip-am-bn-cp- n-. Ah v _ew {]tbm- Kn v Cf- p-hm Ign-bmØ hn[- Øn A{Xbpw Dd \ne-bn F m- n-t\bpw krjvsn sszh-øns Ignhp-Isf hmgvøn-s m- mwv B hn\w Ah-km-\n- p- -Xv. Cf- m Ign-bmØ H ns\bpw `qan v shfnbn-te v X p-hm km[y-a-. `qansb hn p-sim v AXn\v H v ]d- p-hm\pw km[y-a-. ] hx-sø- p-dn v ]e Jp -B hn-\-ß-fn-epw, "Dd- n hn[-øn cqv-aq-e-am-bxv' AYhm "dhm-knb' F v ImWmw. "\nßƒ v ImWm-hp XqWp-Iƒ IqSmsX Ah BIm-i-ßsf krjvsn- n-cn- p- p. `qan \nß-tfbpw sim v Cf-Im-Xn-cn- p- -Xn\v Ah- \Xn ] h-x-ßsf ÿm]n- n-cn- p- p. F m-xcw Pohn-I-tfbpw Ah-\- Xn hym]n- n- n-cn- p- p. \mw BImiØv \n v sh -an-d n. F n v AXn sa -s F m C\hpw \mw apf- n- p.' (31:11) \mw `qan-bn Dd ] h-x-ßsf ÿm]n- p; Ah (a-\p-jy-\v) ` Ww \ Im th n. icn-bmb e y-ønse-øp- -Xn\v th n \mw AXn hnim-e-amb am Kßƒ D m- p- Ibpw snbvxp. (21:32) Ah `qan-bn Dd ae-iƒ ÿm]n- n-cn- p p; \nßƒ v ` Ww \ Ip- -Xn\v th n. \Zn- Ifpw hgn-ifpw \nß-fpss e y -{]m- ]vxn- mbn D m- n. (16:16) A m-eøv \ne-\n- n-cp hn m-\sø Dds sh p-hn-fn- msx Xs Cu shfn-]msv Ah-Xcn- n- p- -Xn hnip Jp -B Akm-am-\y-amw-hn[w hnp-bn- n-cn- p- p. kqdx \wense 89- mw hn\w `mhn- Im-eØv kw`-hn- p Jnbmaw \mfpambn (A-h-km\ \mƒ) _ -s - -XmsW v Bfp-Iƒ [cn-t - mw. ]t, Xmsg ]dbp Imc-W-ß-fm Cu sx mb [mcw AwKo-I-cn- m km[y-a-. 1. B hn\w hy -ambpw h Øam-\-Im-e-Øn-emWv {]Xn-]m-Zn- n-cn- p- Xv; `mhn-im-e-øn-e-. "hmhv' (') F A cw "Dw' (And) F -Xn\v ]I-c-ambn "AtX-k-abw' (While) F v X Pa snøm-hp- -Xm-Wv. Aßs\bmhp-tºmƒ AXns A Yw "] h-x-ßƒ Dd- p-\n p- Xmbn \o Icp-Xp- p. AtX-k-abw Ah Nen- p-sim- n-cn- p-i-bmwv'. Cu `mkw `mhn-im-e-hp-ambn _ -s -Sp-ØpI F Xv A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a- m-ø-xm-wv. 2. ] h-x-ßƒ `mhn-bn ]d- p- I-bm-sW- n Fß-s\-bmWv a\pjy\v AXn ]m p-hm Ign-bp-I. ] h-x-ß-fpss Cu ]d- ImWm th n kpc- n-x-amb Hc-I-e-Øn A\y-{K- -lßfn sn v ho n- p-ibm-sw- n Xs A -co- -Øn Ah ]mdn- -fn- p-sim- n-cns AXv \n -e-ambn \n p p F Xv hnizkn- m Ign-bptam? AXp-sIm v AØ-c-Øn-ep Hcp X P-a-bpsS {]iv\w DZn- p- n-. am{x-a C mesø a\p-jy ] h-x-ßƒ \n -eambn \n p- -Xm-bpw `mhn-bn Ah Aßs\ \n -e-ambn \n msx ]d- p- -Xmbn kqnn- n- p-ibpw snøp hn[-øn X Pa snøp- Xv hy -amb sx m-bn-cn- pw. ] h-x-ßƒ Dd- p-\n p- hbm-sw- n a\p-jy\v Ah Dd- p-\n p- - Xm-bn p Xs ImWmw. A msx Ah Dd p \n p- -Xmbn Icp-Xp p F v ]d-tb- -Xn-. "AXv Dd p \n p- -Xmbn \nßƒ -dn-bmw. AX-ßs\ Xs -bmwv. F m, `mhn-bn AXv Aß-s\-bm-bn-cn- n ' F m-bn-cp p Jp -B ]d-tb- n-bncp- -Xv. F m, Jp -B ]d- Xv A{]-Im-c-a-. 3. AtX hn-\-øns HSp-hn, ]d- p- -Xm-bn-cns Xs Ah i - ambn _e-s -SpØnbn-cn- p p F ]cm-a iw sszh-kr-jvsn-bpss Dd- p- \n ns\ ZrVo-I-cn- p-ibpw hmgvøp-ibpw snøp- -Xm-Wv. ]pcm-x\imesø Jp -B hymjym-xm- ƒ Cu hn\w hymjym- \n- m IqSp-X hnj-a-i-c-am-sw v ]d- p-sim v au\w ]men- p-i-bp- m-bn. F m BIm-i-tKm-f-ß-fpw \nc- cw Nen- p-sim- n-cn- p-i-bmsw pw Ah-sbm pw Xs \n -ea-s v IqSn hnip Jp -B {]kvxm-hn- p- p. Hmtcm pw Hmtcm {`a-w-]-y-øn A\m-bmkw Ncn- p-sim- n-cn- p- p.(21:34) F m- n\pw _m[-i-amb Cu {]kvxm-h\ {]]- -sø-bmsi kw_- n- p- -Xm-Wv. \ΩpsS kuc-bq-y - hy-h-ÿbpw AXn \n v hn v amdn \n p- n-. CXv IqSmsX BIm-itKm-f-ß-fpsS Zo L-hr-Ø-N-e-\sØ kw_- n v (Elliptical Movement) Jp -B ]e ÿe-ß-fnepw {]Xn-]m- Zn- p- p. AtXm-sSm w AXns hn[n- -s ac-w-\m-fn-te- p Ne-\- sø- - nbpw ]cm-a in- p- p. Xmsg simspø hn-\-ßƒ Cu c v hnjb-ß-fpƒs m- p- p. "\nßƒ v ImWp-hm Ign-bp XqWp-Iƒ IqSmsX BIm-i-ßsf Db Øn-b-h-\mWv A m-lp. ]n osv Ah kzbw knwlm-k-\-øn ta Bk-\-ÿ-\m-bn. kqcy-t\bpw N{μt\bpw Ah tkh-\-øn-\mbn \ntbm-kn- p. Hcp \n nx kabw hsc Ah Ncn- p- p. Ah AXn-s\- sb mw {Ia-s -SpØn \nb-{ n- p p. \nß-fpss \my-\p-am-bp IqSn- mgvn-bn \nßƒ v ZrV-hn-izm-k-ap- m-ip- -Xn\v th n Ah ZrjvSm- -ßƒ hy -ambn hnh-cn- p- p. (13:3) A mlp cmhns\ ]I-en-te pw ]I-ens\ cmhn-te pw {]th-in- n- p- Xpw kqcy-t\bpw N{μ-t\bpw tkh- \m Yw Ah \ntbm-kn- Xpw \o I nt? Hcp \n nx Ah[n hsc Ah Ncn- p- p. A mlp \nßƒ {]h Øn- p- -Xn-s\- p-dn v kq va- -\m-ip- p. (31:30) Ah cmhn-s\- ]-I-enepw ]Iens\ cmhnepw ebn- n- p- p. kqcyt\bpw N{μ-t\bpw tkh-\-øn-\mbn Ah \ntbm-kn- n-cn- p-ibpw snbvxn-cn- p- p. Ah-tbm-tcm pw Ah v \n -bn- -s kabw hsc Ncn- p- p. Aß-s\-bp- -h-\mwv \nß-fpss \my-\mb A m-lp. B[n- 13

- ]Xyw Ah-t -Xm-Wv. Ah\v ]pdsa \nßƒ Bsc hnfn p {]m Yn- p- pthm Ah Hcp Xcnºpw A[o-\- s -Sp-Øp-I-bn-. (35:14) Ah BIm-i-ß-tfbpw `qantbbpw bp n-]q W-amb \ne-bn krjvsn- n-cn- p- p. Ah cmhns\ ]I-en ta s]mxn-bp- p. ]I-ens\ cmhns taepw Ah s]mxn-bp- p. Ah kqcy-t\bpw N{μ-t\bpw tkh-\-øn\v G s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- p. Hmtcm pw Hmtcm \n nx kabw hsc AXns KXn XpS-cp- p. Adnbp-I. Ah am{x-amwv {]Xm-]- hm\pw k hym s]mdp- p- -h-\pw. (39:6) as -hn-ssbpw ImWmØ Jp - Bs as mcp AZv`pX-I-c-amb shfn- ]m-sn-te v Xncn-bmw. kqcys {]txyi Xc-Øn-ep Ne-\sØ kw_- n- p ]cm-a i-am-w-xv. kqcy AXns A n-a-amb hncm-a-ÿm-\-tø v \nc- cw Ncn- psim- n-cn- p- p. CXv {]Xm-]-hm\pw k h- -\p-amb A m-lp-hns Bkq-{X-W-a-s{X. (36:39) kqcy\v BIm-iØv Hcp hncm-aÿm-\-ap-s v Cu hn\w hy - ambpw ]d-bp- p. ChnsS kqcy-s\-] n {]Xn-]m-Zn- -Xn\v tijw AXn\v ]n mse-bp hn-\-øn kqcys Ne- \sø ]n p-s v AtX-Zn-i-bn Xs apgp-h {]]- hpw Ncn- p- - Xmbn ]d-bp- p. kqcy AXns A na hncm-aÿm-\-tø v \nc- cw Nen- p- p. CXv k h- \pw {]Xm-]-hm-\p-amb A m-lp-hns I ]-\-b-s{x. N{μ\v \mw Nne \n n-x-l- -ßƒ \n W-bn- n- p- v. Aßs\ AXv ]gb Cu - p-e-bpss X p-t]mse ImW-s -Sp- p. kqcy\v N{μs\ adn-i-s- m km[y-a-. cmhv ]I-ens\ adn-i-s- p- Xp-a-. (36:39-41) kqcy am{x-amwv Hcp \n n-x-zni-bn-te v Nen- p- -sx- n XpS v hcp hn-\-øn kqcy\pw N{μ\pw AXns AIew IrXy-ambpw ]men p- p-sh v {]kvxm-hn- p-am-bn-cp- n-. Ah c n\pw ]c-kv]cw ASp- mt\m AI-emt\m km[y-a-. Ah c n\pw \n -bn- -s \mƒ hsc AXns \n WnX hn[n-bn am -an-. CXv hy -ambpw ImWn- p- Xv kqcy GXv Zni-bn-emtWm k -cn- p- Xv Ahn-tS v Xs -bmwv N{μ\pw k -cn- p- Xv F m-wv. F m, AXv kqcy-t\bpw N{μt\bpw am{xw _m[n- p Imcy-a-. F m tpymxn tkm-f-ßfpw i_vz-c-ln- X-ambn k -cn- p- p-sh v Jp -B hnh-cn- p- p. BIm-i-tKm-f-ßƒ AZr-iy-amb _ -ß-fn-eqsS ]ckv]cw BI jn p \n p p F v hnip Jp -B hnh-cn- p- p. AXnsem v as m- ns\ At]- n v AXns {`a-w-]-y-øn-eq-ss-bp I o-b-ambpw (Orbital) Zo L-hr-Ø- Ønepw (Elliptical) Nen- p-i-bm-sw- n, Ah-bpsS ]c-kv]c k p-e\w ]men- m apgp-h BIm-i-tKm-fßfpw AtX Zni-bn Ncn-t - - Xmbn hcpw. Ah-\t{X cmhn-t\bpw ]I-ent\bpw kqcy-t\bpw N{μ-t\bpw krjvsn- -Xv. Ah Hmtcm pw Hmtcm {`a-w-]-y-øn A\m-bmkw k -cn- p-sim- n-cn- p- p. (21:34) kqcy\v N{μs\ adn-i-s- m km[y-a-. cmhv ]I-ens\ adn-i-s- p- -Xp-a-. Hmtcm pw Hmtcm k m-c- ]-Y-Øn A\m-bmkw k -cn- p-sim- n-cn- - p. `qan AXns A -Øn Id-ßp- -Xns\ kqnn- n- p- -Xn\v Jp - Bs AXp-ey-amb Hcp ssien-bm- Wn-Xv. Cu c v shfn-]m-sp-ifpw Ah- X-cn- p ImesØ P\-X v CXn A `-hn- n-cn- p Bibw {Kln- m Ign-bp-am-bn-cp n-. ] hxw Nen- p- p-sh- n `qanbpw A{]- Imcw Nen-t - -Xp- v. F m, A m-esø P\X CXn \n v a\- n-em- n-bxv CXm-bn-cp- n-. AXpt]mse kqcy Hcp \n nx ÿetø v Nen- p- p-sh v ]d-bp-tºmƒ, apgp-h {]]- hpw AtX Zni-bnte v Nen- p- p-sh pw Ah a\- n-em- n-bn-cp- n-. apgp-h {]]- hpw BIm-iØv Ncn- p-sim- n-cn- p p F Bibw C m-esø imkv{x- - mcpw Ct mgpw Hcp- ]t {Kln- n- p- m-hn-. F nepw Jp -Bs\ kw_- n AKm-[-amb ]T\w hy -am- p- Xv apgp-{]-]- hpw BIm-i-Ønse \n nx _nμphn-te v Nen- p-sim- n-cn- p p F m-wv. B \nco- Ww icn-bm-sw- n Hcp _nμp-hn-s -b{x hen- -ap \ΩpsS kuc-bqy hyh-ÿ-b-s w 180 _n yt\m AXn-e-[n-Itam KmeIvknIƒ kqcy-t\m-ssm w Xs Hcp \n nx Zni-bn k -cn- p-sim- n-cn- p p F v hn`m-h\w snøm \n _- n-x-\m-hpw. Cu A ym-b-øn as m-cn-søv AXn-`o-am-Im-c-\mb Hcp _vfm v tlmƒ apgp-h {]]- -tøbpw AXns knwkp-em-cn n (ssh-nn{x _nμp) _nμp-hn-te v hen-s -Sp- p- - Xns km[y-x-sb- p-dn v \mw kqnn- n- n-cp- p. Rm ChnsS D]-kw-l-cn- -s. Jp -Bs hnh-c-w-{]-imcw {]] w hnhr-xhpw kwhr-x-hp-amb (Open and shut) H m-wv. alm-hn-kvt^m-s\ (Big Bang Theory) ka-bøv AXv {]Im-i-Øn-t\m-S-SpØ thk-øn hni-kn- m-\m-cw-`n- p. Ah-km\w AXv Hcn- IqSn \mw hnh-cn _vfm v tlmfns AXy-Km-[X-bnte v ]n h-en v \n]-xn- p- -Xmbn-cn- pw. alm-hn-kvt^m-s\ kn m- sø ASn-ÿm-\-am nbp km h-{xn-iamb Hcp {_ mfi _vfm vtlmƒ k sø ] n ]d-bp-i-bm-sw- n AXns\ Jp -B ]q W-ambpw ]n p-w- p- p. Nne imkv{x- - m CXn\v hn]-co-x-ambn Hcp hnhr- X-amb AYhm Xpd {]] k ]w apt m- p- sh- p- p. {]] w Fs -t - p-ambn hni-kn- p-sim- n-cn- p-i-bm-sw v Ah hniz-kn- p- p. Aßs\ BIm-i- {Zhy-ßƒ {]] ti{μ-øns BI j-w-i n adn-i-s- p Xv hsc AXy-[-nIw t\ a-bp- Xpw _ -a coxn-bn-ep-am-bn-øo-cp- p. Cusbmcp k ]-Øn {]] w ho pw kwl-sn- -s -Sp-hm\pw ]p\ kr-jvsn- -s -Sp-hm-\p-ap km[y-x-bn-. Cu hnhr-x-k- ]sø Jp -B AkμnKvZ-ambn \ncm-i-cn- p- p. Hcp knwkp-em-cn- n-bn \n mwv {]] w DZv`-hn- -sx pw as mcp knwkp-em-cn- n-bn AXv HSp-ßn-Øo-cp-sa- p-ap- Xv IrXy-X-bp- Xpw Dds {]Jym- ]n- -s - -Xp-amb Imcy-am-Wv. sszh- Øns GI-Xzhpw AXn \n p krjvsn-bpss DZv`-hhpw ]n osv sszh- Øns GI-Xz-Øn-te- p B krjvsn-i-fpss as- hpw Cu hn-\- tø- mƒ \ mbn {]Im-in- n- m km[y-a-. 14

lzvdøv AlvaZpw(A) k kønzv AlvaZv Jm\pw tej\w {]m Y\ \njv^eamsw pw F mw hn[nlnxamsw pw hnizkn k kønzv AlvaZv Jms\ hmkvzø akolv (A) XncpØpIbpw \ni_vz\m pibpw snbvxp. F. A p dlow lzvdøv AlvaZp JmZnbm\nbpsS kaimeo\\pw AeoK {]ÿm\ ÿm]i\pamb k kønzv AlvaZv Jm (si.kn.fkv.sf) C ybnse apkvenw t\xm fn A{Ka ÿm\ob\pw AXpey {]`mh \mb Hcp `uxni ]finx\p ambncp p. apkƒ `cwøns ASnØd CfIpIbpw 1857 se kzmx{ y kacw ]cmpbs SpIbpw snbvxtxmss C ybnse apkvenw {]`mhw AkvXan Xn\p tijw apkvenw kapzmbøns `uxni ]ptcmk Xn mbn {]bxv\n p XpS ßnb k kønzv ]m mxy ]cnjv m cøns Hcp Bcm[I\pw ]m mxyxøz imkv{xßfm {]`mhnx\p ambncp p. Cw ojv `cwøn\p Iogn Hcp m v DtZymKØn Bcw`n At±lØns {]ikvx amb HutZymKnI PohnXw {_n ojv knwlmk\øn \n pw kv m Hm^v C ym F _lpaxn w At±lØn\v t\sns mspøp. hnizmk]cambn kønzv Hcp {]Ir 15 lzvdøv AlvaZv (A) XnhmZnbmbncp p. ]m mxy XØz imkv{xßfnepw hn m\ßfnepw AXymIrjvS\mbnXo At±lw Ckvemans\ Ahs m n v hymjym \n pibpw aximcyßfn kzx{ Nn bpw bp nhmzhpw kzoicn p IbpamWvsNbvXXv. ss nfns\bpw Jp Bs\bpw Xpey\nebn I v At±lw Jp Bs\ t]mse ss nfnse D Øn ]pkvxi Øn\pw Hcp hymjym\sagpxn. ]t XnI Hcp axm`nam\nbmbncp k kønzv k hneyw aqbndns sse^v Hm^v aplωzv F {KŸØn ep bn Bt ]ßƒ v adp ]Snbmbn DdpZphnet±lsagpXnb tej\ ]cºc ]pkvxi cq]øn Cw ojn {]kn oicn n p v. ]t At±lØns `uxni hmz {]hwamb A`n{]mbßfpw hnizmk ßfpw ImcWw ax` cmb apkvenw ]finx mcn \n pw At±lw AI p t]mbn. Deam m At±l Øns\Xncmbn ax{`jvtv I n p Ibpw. azo\øv \n v t]mepw ^XvhIƒ kºmzn v {]Ncn n p Ibpw snbvxncp p. At±lØns G hpw ASpØ Iq mfnbmbncp \hm_v aplvkn \p ap v t]mepw At±lsØ Im^n F p hnfn m asn ncp n. 1885 \hw_dn lzvdøv AlvaZv (A)k kønzns\ n `bp\iamb Nne {]hn\ßƒ lnμp fpw apkvenwifpw ASßnb Hcp kz n tiƒ n pibp mbn. 1886 ^n{_hcn 20\v tlminbm ]qcn sh v {]kn oicn Cu hn m]\øn X\n v A mlphn \n v ]e Adnbn pifpw e`n Iq Øn, k kønzv AlvaZv Jm Xs ] nbpw Xs kvt\lnx mcn Nnesc] nbpw Nne i{xp sf] nbpw `ojwnifpw kphm Øm]camb shfn]mspifpw e`n pi bp mbn ps v {]kvxmhn pibpw Ahcn NnecpsS t]sc SpØv ]dbpibpw snbvxp. AXn \ΩpsS "\Ppap lnμv' Bb ^ntemk^ ktlmzc F p hntijn n p sim p k kønzns\ kw_ n Nne {]hn\ßsf pdn pw kqnn n n p mbncp p. F m k kønzv AXv {i n p Itbm lzvdøv AlvaZn (A)s {]Jym]\ßtfbpw {]hn\ßtf bpw Ku\n pitbm snbvxn. F pam{xa, At±lw AXns t\sc Al mc{]aøamb ]pnvo `mhw {]ISn n pi t]mepap mbn. 1889 lzvdøv AlvaZv (A) AeoK kμ in AhkcØn i{xp tfmtsm w tn psim p lzvdøv AlvaZns\ ]cnlkn m\pw At±lw apxncpibp mbn p v. lzvdøv AlvaZp JmZnbm\n

(A) akolv hmzw ]pds Sphn p XpSßnb L Øn k kønzv At±lØns Hcp kvt\lnx\mb ao l knbm tim n v FgpXnb Hcp IØn, lzvdøv AlvaZn (A) s enjnxßƒ B pw bmsxmcp {]tbmp\hpw snøpibns pw Ahbn kxyw Xoscbns pw FgpXpIbp mbn F p am{xa shfn]msns\ Bkv]Z am n {]hn\ßƒ ]dbpi XnI pw Akm yamsw pw Aßs\ Bsc nepw ]dbp psh n AXv am\kn Iamb am K{`wiØns ^ew am{xamsw pw AbmfXn ZrV ambn hnizkn p psh n XnI {`m msw pw AXnet±lw FgpXn bn p mbncp p. Ckvemans ASn ÿm\ XØzßƒs Xncmb BZ i ßƒ sh p]pe Ønt]mcpIbpw Xs n GXmZriamb Zpc`n{]mb ßƒ {]ISn n pibpw snbvx k kønzns t\tc lzvdøv AlvaZp JmZnbm\n (A) bmsxmcp hntzzjhpw ImWn n. adn v At±lØns axm`nam\tøbpw kmapzmbniamb BthitØbpw A`n\μn pibm Wp mbxv. F nepw {]IrXn hmz] camb hnizmkm`n{]mbßƒ lzvdøv AlvaZns\ AXy[nIw thz\n n p Ibpw snbvxncp p. hlvbv (Znhy shfn]mspiƒ) apavpnk(znhymzv`pxßƒ) {]hn\ ßƒ apxembhsb pdn pw {]m Y\ bpss kzoimcyxsbipdn pw k kønzv {]Ncn n hnizmkßƒ Ckvemans ASnÿm\ßƒ pw Jp Bs hy amb ]mtßƒ pw FXncmsW v lzvdøv AlvaZv (A) I p. k kønzns\ t]msebp Hcp {]Kev` ]finxs {]kvxpx hnizmkßƒ At\Isc hgn]ng n m t]mcp XmsW v a\ n em nb lzvdøv AlvaZv At±l sø AØcw hnizmkøn \n pw c s SpØphm Xp\n p. k kønzns\ A`nkwt_m[\w snbvxp sim v At±lw Zo Lamb Hcp IØv "Bbns\ IamemsØ Ckvem an ' {]kn s SpØpIbpw snbvxp. ktlmzc \n hntijamb kvt\l tømssbpw BXvam YXtbmSpw IqSn At±lw FgpXnb B ktμiw {]IrXnhmZØns AKm[K Ø Øn ]Xn k kønzn\v \o n simspø Hcp BXvaob c m ]miambncp p. Jp B hymjym\sagpxm {]tnmznx\mb k kønzv AlvaZv Jp Bs\ kaqeambpw X n f n n F Xn Xm k pjvs \msw nepw At±lØns ho Wßƒ Jp Bs B[nImcnI ]mtßƒ v ISI hncp ßfmbn cn p Xn XnI pw Akzÿ \msw v ]d psim mwv Cu tej\w Bcw`n Xv. k kønzns Hmtcmhm nepw bqtdm]y XØz Nn v t\scbp AXymZcßfpw `b` nbpamwv {]ISamIp sx p l:alvazv (A) tkmzmlcww Nq n m n. At±lw C{]Imcw XpS p.: Xm sft mse Ckvemant\mSv kvt\laps v ]dbpibpw Jp B\v Hcp hymjym\sagpxm {]tnmznx\mbnxocpibpw snbvx Hcmfn \n pw Jp Bs ]mtßƒ v {]Xy hncp amb Bibßƒ {]Imin n pibpw Znhy shfn]mspiƒ e`n n p hcn {`m v Btcm]n pibpw snøp Xn\v ]Icw Hcp kxymt\zjnsb \nebn Fs hmzßƒ m[mc amb sxfnhpifpw bp n\ymbßfpw F n \n pw Bhiys SpIbmWv Xm ƒ sntø nbncp Xv...Fs hmzßƒ km[mcw \nebnep X. AXns\ pdn v kwkmcn pibpw N snøpibpw snøp h Zi e W n\ns nepw ]Xn\mbnc W n\p v. tl, Fs {]nbs k kønzv! Xm ƒ sszhønte v hnfn p hy nsb \ncmicn p Xpw \n mc\m nx p Xpw AbmfpsS hmzsø ]co n p t\m msx Ahs Xncmbn i ap Øp Xpw BXvaob \miønte p hgnbmip p... Znhy{KŸß sf nbp Xm fpss hnizmkßƒ Rm a\ nem nbn p Xv Xs bm sw n sszhw Aßs\ hcpøm Xncn s AXmbXv, Ah sszh Øns bym YhN\ßfs pw Znhyshfn]mSpIƒ {]hmni m p mimhp BXva\njvTm]camb Hcp ss\k KnI kn nbmsw pw hcnin F psh m m\hpw kxyhpw \nd hn\ßƒ ]pds Sphn m km yamb {]txyi {]IrXntbmSpIqSnbh am{xamwv {]hmni msc mwv Xm fpss hmzsa n Xm sf ]n qscp Xv aqew \nxy\miøn eis t mhp hsc c s Sp Øm\mbn v Xm sf ]ckyambn Hcp BXvaob kacøn\mlzm\w sntø Xv Fs [ aambncn p XmWv. kxylrzbtømss Xm ƒ Fs t\sc XncnbpIbmsW n, Xm ƒ v kwxr]vxntbip Xn\v Fs klmbn m Rm sszhtømsp {]m Yn p XmWv. sszhw Fs {]m Y\ tiƒ psa pw Xm tfbpw Xm sft]mse a p]etcbpw kwib ßfptSbpw ktμlhmzønt bpw Npgnbntes SpsØdn ]nghn \n p kzbw c s Sp Xn p Xm sf Ah kzbw klmbn p sa pw F\n p ZrVamb hnizmkap v. Xm ƒ Xm fpss ÿm\am\ ßsf Ipdn p ]cnnn Isf mw am nsh p GXm\pw BgvNIƒ Ft mssm w hkn pibmsw n am\pjniamb {Kmly i n XoX amsw v Xm fn p IcpXp ]ekw KXnIfpw bp nbp ßfpw km yxbnepƒs Sp Xpw Xs sb p Gfp Øn {Kln pxp Sßp XmWv. kb kns bpw ^ntemk^nbptsbpw D X injc ßƒ Xm ƒ {]m]n n ps ncn nepw, AXns ssnx\y Øm {]`m]qcnx\mbn ps mepw B {]`m]qcw kz Kobamb {]Im iøns\xcn \n mcamip p... Rm Cu IØv Zo Ln n m\pt±in p n. AkμnKv[amb hm pifn Rm\nXm Adnbn p sim p p. C meøv DSseSpØn p kwibßƒ ZpcoIcn p Xn \mbn pw hgn]ng n s Sp Xn \n pw Fs kapzmb ktlmzc ßsf c n p Xn\mbn pw sszh Øm \ntbmkn s ncn p h \s{x Rm... Cu ktμisø emlhtømss IømfcpXv. th p thmfw, A ln p hn[w Xs BtemNn Xn\v tijw AXn\v adp]sn \ Inbmepw! Cu ktμiw l: AlvaZv (A) Xs kp{]kn amb Abn\sb IamemsØ Ckvemw F IrXnbn {]kn oicn psh nepw k kønzv XnI au\w Ahew_n p. 16

k kønzv Xs ta ]d ho Wßƒ Dƒs m p c p ]pkvxißƒ ]pdønd nbncp p. A±pB h CkvXnPm_Øv, Xlvco ^odkpen X^vko F n hbmbn cp p B c p ]pkvxißƒ {]m Y\ Hcp Bcm[\ am{xamsw pw AXp Hcp Bcm[\sb \nebn sszhw kzoicn p XmsW nepw {]m Y\ v ^eap s t m {]m Y\b\pkcn v Imcyw km[n psat m IcpXp Xv icnb s pw BWv AXnet±lw ka Yn Xv. F m Imcyßfpw hn[n \n Wn XßfmWv sszhw {]IrXn \nba ßfn CSs]Sp n. Hcp Imcyw kw`hn psa v sszhw \n Wbn n p s n AXn\mbn p {]m Ynt Bhiyan. Hcp Imcyw kw`hn p Ibns mwv sszh\n Wbsa n AXn\mbn {]m Yn Xv sim v bmsxmcp ^ehpan. Aßs\ sszhøns t\ p am{xw Xncnbptºmƒ Hcp Bcm[\sb \ne v sszhw AXv kzoicn p Xmbncn pw. CXmbncp p k kønzns A`n{]mbw. k kønzns Cu Bibßƒ CkvemanIas v am{xa. Jp B i nbp w Jfin p Xpw {]hmnincyiƒ v hncp hpamsw Xp hy amwv. lzvdøv AlvaZv (A) BIs, Xs G hpw henb BXvaobmbp[ambn ]cnkwn Xp Xs {]m Y\bmbncp p. AXn\m Cu A_ XØzßsf Jfin t Xv Xs A\pt] Wob [ aamsw v At±lw IcpXpIbpw snbvxp. "_d møp ZpB' F t]cn {]m Y\bpsS XØz clkyßƒ hnizoicn p sim v Hcp ]pkvxiw cnn pibpw snbvxp. {]m Y\bpsS XØzclkyßsf kw_ n Adnhpw {]m Y\bpsS DXvIrjvSamb A\p`h m\hpw k kønzn\ns v ]d tijw At±lØns A`n{]mbßsf kaqew Jfin p sim v lzvdøv AlvaZv C{]Imcw ]d p: CØcw A_ hnizmkßsf DS phm\m bn mwv Rm sszhøm \ntbmkn s ncn p Xv. AXvsIm v Fs Nne {]m Y\Iƒ ap Iq n kønzv kmln_ns\ Adnbn psim msa v Rm hmkvzm\w snbvxpsim p p. am{xa Rm\Xv {]kn w snøpi bpw snømw F m Fs hmzß ÿm]n s Sp ] w kønzv kmln_v Xs Cu sx mb Nn mkxnsb hns mgntb Xm Ip p... kønzv kmln_n\v Fs ASp hcm Ignbp ns n kxyw kzoicn psa q hmkvzø tømspiqsn Xs ] n, sszhk hn[øn Rm {]m Y\ \SØnb tijw F\n v shfn Sp kwkxn Iƒ shfns SpØnsIm m Fs A\phZnt XmWv. AXphgn s]mxpp\ßƒ v {]tbmp\ap m Ipat m. kønzv kmln_ns A`n{]mbßfmWv bym YØn icnsb n F\n v C mcyøn bmsxmcp hnpbhpw e`n p X. As ntem _p nbp h kønzv kmln_ns sx mb hnizmkßfn \n p c {]m]n p sszh am K Ønte v XncnbpamdmIpw (_d m ØpZpB) C{Xbpw {]kvxmhn tijw HSphnembntN Ø Hcp ]m kn IhnXbn l:alvazv (A) C{]Imcw FgpXn. {]m Y\ v h ^ehpap s n AsXhnsSsb p tnmzn p tl a\pjym, QSpXnbn Fs BSptØ v hcni! Rm D kqcy t\t]mse {]m Y\bpsS ^ew ImWn p Xcmw. `{Zw! sszhøns i n clkyßsf \ntj[ns m. hm piƒ axnbm q. kzoirx ambnøo Fs {]m Y\bpsS ]pe t\m n m q. ChnsS kzoicn s {]m Y\ sb p ]d Xp tejvdmans acwsø pdn msw v lzvdøv AlvaZv(A) Xs hy am n bn p v. 6 sim Øn\p n ]fin v tejvdmw acwasbp XmsW v X\n v e`n Hcp shfn]msns ASnÿm\Øn B almxvamhv {]hn\w snbvxn p mbncp p. CXn\v ]pdta {]kvxpx IrXnbpsS HSphnesØ t]pn AsXgpXn Øo Znhkw At±lw I Znhy Z i\w hnhcn n p v. AXv tejvdmans ZmcpWamb A ysø Ipdn p hy amb kqn\ifsßn bxpambncp p! k kønzns {]IrXnhmZ ]camb kn m ßsf lzvdøv AlvaZv(A)i nbp w hna in pibpw At±lsØ BXvaob ]co WØn\v Wn pibpw snbvxpsh nepw At±lw XnI au\ahew_n p Ibt{X snbvxxv. lzvdøv AlvaZns\Xncmbn At±lw ]n osv Hc chpw DcnbmSnbn. F `b` ntbmsp IqSn am{xta B almxvamhnt\ pdn v ]n osv kvacn pibp mbp q. A mcwøm Xs, lzvdøv AlvaZv(A) k kønzns\ Hcp an{x ambn IW m nt m p. lzvdøv AlvaZn(A)s\ Bt ]n p sims mcmƒ Hcn k kønzn\v \os mcp IsØgpXnbt mƒ, At±lsØ FXn p h _p n si h\mwv F v k kønzv {]kvxmhn Xmbpw lzvdøv AlvaZn (A)s Hcp ]pkvxiøn\v Jfi\ sagpxm Xp\n as mcmsf At±lw hne nbxmbpw auem\m lmen {]kvxmhn n p v.(lbmsø PmhoZv, J. 2 `m.437) Xs FXn phm\pw \ntj[n phm\pw _ s Sp Xn p ]Icw Ckveman\p th nbp Xs c mthesb Atemkcs Sp ØmsX Xs A yw t\m n m pisb kao]\sa nepw kzoicn p XmIpw kpc nxsa v lzvdøv AlvaZv (A) ax]finx mtcmsv ]d ncp p. B almxvamhn\p mb AXpeyamb BXvaob hnpb ßƒ k kønzns\ hnnmc akv\\m nsb pthww IcpXm. Fs m k kønzv Hcp _ i{xp hmbn Xncn n. B ]pwymxvam hns\xncmbn ]n ossmcn epw Hc cw t]mepw ]d Xpan. F nepw k kønzv AlvaZv Jm sszhni in ncbmhpi Xs snbvxp. lzvdøv AlvaZv(A) {]hnn Xn hæw Xs k kønzv Bbpcm yøn ]e Zpc m\p `hßfpap mbn. hm Iy ImeØv At±lØn\v koa ]p{xs ZmcpW acww ImtW nh p. Cu hnclhyybn \n pw tamn\w t\sp Xn p apºmbnøs as mcp `b c ZpJhpw At±lsØ ]nsniqsn. AenK timtfpnse si ns \n amwm Yw At±lw hfsc ]msps] p ]ncns SpØ 1,05,490 cq] imw _nlmcn em Fs mcmƒ 17

]nspßn f psh XmWXv. A]am\ `mchpw ZpJhpw \nanøw At±lw aq p Znhkw hsc Blmcßsfm pw Ign ns p am{xa ]e XhW {] b v hogpibpw snbvxp.xzhkcøn Xm AeoKdn Xs bp mbncp ns n ]nxmhv timi]mchiyw \nanøw acwast t\ F p ]p{x kønzv alvaqzv {]kvxmhn pibp mbn p v. k kønzns Ncaw ASpØn p s v sszhøn \n p AdnhpIn nbxns\ XpS v lzvdøv AlvaZv (A) 1897 am v 12 mw XobXn Hcp hn m]\w aptj\ At±lsØ kxyw kzoicn p Xn\v Wn p Ibp mbn. AXnen{]Imcw ]d n cp p. {]m Y\ ^en ns [mcw kønzv kmln_n v ] nb Hcp ]nghmwv, IjvSw! \m Xv Znhk sa nepw At±lw Fs ASp Xmakn ncp psh n \hhpw hnip hpamb hnhcßƒ At±lw t\snbncn pambncp p. C\n \mw XΩn adptemiøv h mbncp pw I pap pi. t\cn p IqSn mgv \SØphm IqSn Ahkcw e`n ns Xv IjvSw Xs!. kønzv kmln_v Cu hn m]\w {i m ]q hw ]cmbww snøs. Fs m C\n IqSn mgv v ]Icambn Cu hn m]\w am{x amwp Xv. (hn m]\w12 3 1899; XZv nd H mw ]Xn v, `m 289). F m \akvimcw, t\mºv XpSßnb \n _ I aßƒ t]mepw Dt] n p Ign ncp k kønzn\v B kz Kob hnfn pøcw \ Im\p `mkyw kn n n. At±lw IrXyw Hcp sim w Ign p 1898 am v 28 mw XnbXn NcaaS p. t]pv 9 \n pw XpS kmº-øni Acm-N-I-Xzw, Aim- n F nh C p Ahÿ am{x-a-. CsX mw hfsc `bm-\-i-amb Hcp `mhn-bpss kqn\ IqSn \ Ip- p- v. ]minkvxm\v kzmx-{ yw e`n- n v 62,63 h jw ]n n- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. AhnsS CsX mw AXns F m koa- I-sfbpw AXn-ew-Ln- n-cn- p- -Xmbn ImWmw. \nxyhpw Chbn-se mw AhnsS h [-\hv am{x-amwv ImWp- -Xv. \msf F m-bn-øocpw F v B pw H pw ]d-bm ] mø Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm v tim`-\- amb Hcp `mhn \ap-s -ßs\ {]Xo- n- m km[n- pw. Cw o-jp-imcpss ASn-a-Ø-Øn \n pw tamn\w e`n p F Xv icn. F m kz w Bfp-I-fpsS ASn-a-Ø-Øns Nße apsº-tø- mƒ IqSp-X srcp- n- -f-bp-i-bmwv snbvx-xv. A mlp B \msn-t\msv IcpW snmcnbp-am-dm-is. ]min-kvxms\ t\sn-sb- Sp-ØpsIm v ]minkvxm ÿm]- I {]Jym-]n- n-cp- Xv ChnsS F m ax-ÿ pw ax-kzm-x{ yw Ds - m-bn-cp- p. ]min-ÿm ]uc F \ne v F m ]uc- mcpw Xpeycm-Wv. F m C -hnss Alva-Zn-ItfmSv Fs - m-amwv snbvxp-iq- m-ø- Xv. sx mb Imcy-ßƒ Btcm-]n- p- p. lzvdøv JmØ-ap Aºnbm lzvdøv apl-ωzv apkvx^ (k) Xncpta-\n-bpsS ASn-aØ-Øn Ign- p- IqSp -Xn\v Hmtcm Alva-Znbpw Bbnc-am-bncw kzmx-{ y-tø- mfpw ap K- W\ \ Ip- -h-cm-wv. AXn-\mbn Xß-fpsS inc-t -Z-Øn\v t]mepw Ah Xøm-dm-Wv. Alva-Zn-Iƒs - Xn-cn I p-si pw Ip{]-N-c-Whpw \S- Øn-s m v Alva-Zn-I-sf- p-dn v ]dbp- Xv \Du-Zp-_n- m-lv Rßƒ Xncp- \_n (k) sb \nμn- p- -h-cm-sw- m- Wv. Rßƒ Rß-fpsS ]ucm-h-imi- \n-tj[øn\v Hcp ]p p-hn-ebpw I n- p- n-. AXv Rßƒ v {]iv\-a-. F m hn[ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Rßƒ v \ntj-[n- -s - mepw Rßƒ kln- m Xøm-dm-Wv. kln- p- p-ap- v. F m Cu apkvenw \ma-[m-cn-i-fmb ap m-h K-Øn-s bpw `c-wm-[n-im-cn-i-fp-ssbpw B{K-l-a-\pk-cn v Rßƒ Rßsf Xncp-\_n (k) bpss Zmk-Xz-Øn \n v Hcn- epw am n-\n Øm Xøm-d-. Alva- Zn-Iƒ ]min-kvxm-\n Xß-fpsS kω- Xn-Zm-\m-h-Imiw hn\n-tbm-kn- m-øxv F p-sim- m-sw- -dn-bm-tam? ]m nkvxm `c-w-iqsw ]d-bp- Xv \nßƒ v thm v snø-w-sa- n, kzmx{ yw thw-sa- n \nßƒ apkvenw-i-f-s pw \nßƒ v Xncp- \_n (k) bpambn _ -an-s pw \nßƒ {]Jym-]n- pi F mwv. F m A m-lp-hmsw kxyw! Rß-fn-ep Hmtcm Alva-Znbpw Xß-fpsS icocw Xp w Xp -am- m Xøm-dm-Wv. F m Rß-fpsS bp-am-\\pw t\xm-hp-amb lzvdøv apl-ωzv apkvx^ (k) Xncp-ta-\n-bn \n pw Rßsf AI- p Hcp kωxnzm-\-h-im-i-øn-te pw Rßƒ Xncn- p-t\m- p-i-t]mepw snøp- n-. AXp-sIm v Aß-s\-bp kzmx{ yw `uxn-i-cmb \nßƒ v `qj-w-am-bn-cn- -s. Aß-s\-bp kzmx-{ y-øn\v ]Icw Rßƒ CjvSs -Sp- Xv Xncp-\_n (k) bpss ]mz- Øns a X-cn-I-fmbn amdn-s m v A m-lp-hns bym Y Zmk-cm- n- Øo p ASn-a-Øz-sØ-bm-Wv. AXv {kjvsm-hn-t\m-sp IS- m-sp-isf a\- n-em- n-ø- p-sim v AXv \ndth- p- -h-cm n Rßsf am p- XmWv. AtX-t]mse krjvsn-i-tfm- Sp IS-a-Iƒ a\- n-em- n-s m v AXv \nd-th- p- -h-cp-am- n-øo p- - Xm-Wv. C im A m-lp-x-be Hcp Imew hcpw; RßfpsS Cu hn\-bw- Rß-fpsS Cu ASn-aØw temi- Øn v bym Y kzmx-{ y-sa- msw v ImWn- p-sim-sp- p- -Xm-bn-cn- pw. C v kzx-{ -cm-sw v ]d-bp- -h A\m-Nm-c-Øn-s bpw a p `mcß-fp-ssbpw _ \Øn-em-Wp- X.v Chtcm Ch-cpsS a tfm apl-ωzo ako-lns Zmk-Xz-Øn Hcp \mƒ A`n-am\w sim p- -Xm-bn-cn- pw. CXp-ap-tJ\ Ah v JmØ-ap Aºnb, lzvdøv apl-ωzv apkvx^ (k) ChnsS ÿm]n- m h bym Y kzmx{ yw F m-sw v a\- n-em-ip- -Xm-Wv. A mlp Cu kzmx- { y-øns Zn\-ßƒ thkw ImWn- pam-dm-i-s. A mlp Ab hy n- Isf \ntj-[n- p- -Xns ^e-ambn D m-ip B `oi-c-amb Ah-ÿbn \n pw c -s -Sp-am-dm-I-s. A mlp Hmtcm Alva-Zn pw atbmspw ÿnc-nn-ø-x-tbmspw Cu ImTn-\y-Øns \mfp-iƒ ZpB-bn Ign- p-iq- m Xu^oJv \ Ip-am-dm-Is. hnh Ø\w Fw. \mkn AlvaZ,v simsn-b-øq - 18

lpzq-zns Zp hym-jym-\hpw {]Ya apkvenw s\mt_ tpxm-hns {`jvspw tej\w axmbmymkvxniøzøns kω ±Øm kz w cmpyøp\n pw XnckvIrX\mb alm\mb imkv{x {]Xn`bmbncp p s{]m^.a_vzpkemw kmln_v sf Ão Ign- m Bcv F tnmzy-øn\v Xs cmpyw \ Inb DØ-c-amb tum. A_vZp em-ans tzl-hn-tbm-k-øns ]Ømw hm jn- I-Øn-\v, apº-sø-t mse Xs XnI \n w-k-x-bn-eqss {]Xn-I-cn v De-am- ƒ \S-Ønb lpzqzv \nb-a-ßfpss Zp hym-jym-\-øn\v hiw-h-z-\mbn-t m-b-xn kz w \m p-im-cn \n p Xs -bp _p n-po-hn-i-fpssbpw imkv{x-im-c- m-cp-ssbpw hna i-\sø AXn-Po-hn- m-\p Xo{h-b- -Øn-em-bn-cp- p. apj-d^pw ]miv cmjv{so-b-nn-{x-ß-fpw CXn-\n-Sbn Ncn-{X-Øns Nh- p-sim- -I-fnte v hen-s -dn-b-s - p. Bkn^v Aen k Zm-cn-bpsS ]pxnb X{ ßƒs m pw hne-i n- mø Hcp Iq w _p n-po-hn-iƒ C pw Cu {`jvsn-s\-xnsc Xß-fm-em-hpw-hn[w {]Xn-I-cn- p- p- v... 1996 \hw-_ 21-\m-bn-cp p tum. A_vZp emw Xs Fgp-]-Xm-asØ hb- n A -cn- -Xv. ]min-kvxm ]ucxzw Hcn- epw Dt]- n- msx hfsc h j-ß-tfmfw hntzi cmjv{sß-fn Kth-j-W-ß-fp-ambn PohnXw \bn At±-l-Øn\v 1979- emwv s\mt_ kωm\w e`n- -Xv. ASn-ÿm\ IW-ßƒ n-s-bn-ep _e-øns hn\n-b-a-sø- p-dn- p Is -Ø-ep-Iƒ mwv At±-l-Øn\v kzounjv IΩ n ]pc-kv mcw \ In BZ-cn- -Xv. AXm-bXv hnzyp-xvim- n-i- _-hhpw Zp _e AWp-tI-{μ-_-ehpw XΩn-ep GIo-I-cWamWv At±lw sxfn-bn- -Xv. KWn-X-im-kv{X-hp-ambn Cu Xnb-dn v At`-Zy-_- -ap v F Xv CXns\ IqSp-X k o W-am- p- p. A_vZp em-an\p tijw hfsc Ipd p imkv{x-im-c- m am{xta Cu taj-e-bn {]h Øn- n- p-ap q F Xv IqSn ta -d hkvxp-x-i-fp-ambn Iq n hmbn- ps{]m^. C^vXn-Jm AlvaZv. _n. ]min-kvxm-\nse ap m-bnkw CkvemanI ico-a-øns t]cn \n an-s -SpØ in m-\n-b-a-ßƒ lpzqzv Hm Un- kv F t]cn 1979 apx Xs \ne-\n p hcp- p. lpzqzv \nb-a-ßsf Xßƒ mhp hn[-øn-sem-s Zp hym-jym\w snøp- -Xn, Xm m-en-i-am-bn- msw- n-epw, hnp-bn- p-sim- n-cn- p ]min-kvxm-\nse CkvemanI `c-w-iq- S-Øns Zp hm-inbpss ^eambn temisø {]Ya apkvenw s\mt_ kωm-\-tp-xm-hmb tum. A_vZp eman-s\-xnsc G s -Sp-Ønb {`jvsn\v Ign amktømss 3 ]Xn m v XnI pign p. Pohn- n-cns At±-lsØ AwKo- I-cn- m-xn-cp `c-w-iq-shpw ax-ta[mhn-i-sf v kzbw {]Jym-]n- p- -hcpw At±lw acn- n v ]Øv h jw Ign- n pw A\-ßm- md \bw kzoi-cn- p-sim- n-cn- p- -Xn cmpy-øp-s- \ofw Aa j-øns apdp-ap-dp- p-iƒ Db p-xp-s-ßn-bn- p- v. Cu {`jvsneqss ]min-kvxm, a v ]e taj-e-ifnepw ImgvN-sh- p-sim- n-cn- p Im]-Sy-Øns Zptcym-[-\-ap-J-Øn\v Hcp ]pxnb Nmb- q v IqSn tn Øpsh- n-cn- p- p. lpzqzv \nb-a-ßƒ F m hnip Jp -B-\n-eqsS sszhw Ah- X-cn- n \nb-a-ßƒ F v hnh-. sime-]m-x-in-sb, sim -s - -hs _ p- ƒ Zbm-[\w kzoi-cn- msx am p-\ Im-Xn-cp- m, h[-in- bv v hnt[-b-am- m\pw tamjvsn- p- -hs ssiiƒ sh n- -f-bm-\psam-s -bp \nb-a-ßƒ CXns ]cn- [n-bn hcp- -Xm-Wv. Ckvemw Xs ax-ambn kzoi-cn v AXp-t]- n p t]mip- -hs\ Fdn- p-sim- m\pw lpzqzv \nbaw A\p-im-kn- p p F v Nne ]fin-x- m Jp -B-\nI hymjym-\-ß-fpss ] m-ø-e-øn imtyw ]nsn- p- p- v. ]t Jp -B- \n Hcn-SØpw Xs Ckvemw kzoicn- m-ø-hsc \n _- -ambn AXns IpS- o-gn sim v hc-wsat m AXn\v GXv \nir-jvs-amb coxnbpw Ah-ew-_n- m-sat m Fs m pw Hcp ]cm-a i-hp-an-. adn v hy n v AXv XnI ax-kzm- X{ yw \ Ip- p- vxm-\pw. PnlmZv F ]Z-sØ, Xß-sf-s m- m-hp hn[-øn-sems Zp hym-jym\w snbvxv, BtKm-f-X-e-Øn CkvemanI `oi-c-hmzw F ]pxnb kw bv v {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw \ Inb ax-]-fin-x- m-cn G hpw ap ]- nbn-ep- -h-cmwv ]mi-n-kvxm-\nse Deam- ƒ. BIm-i-Øn\p Iosg-bp G hpw \nir-jvs-cmb PohnI-fmbn Xs ax-ønse De-am- ƒ amdp ImesØ temim-h-km-\-øns ASbm-f-ß-fn H mbn hnti-jn- n {]hm-n-i-t{i-jvt-\mb apl-ωzv \_n (-k) Hcn- epw ax-{]-n-c-w-ønt\m Bi-b-{]-N-c-W-Ønt\m A{I-a-Øns ]mx kzoi-cn- n-cp- n-s v At±-l- Øns Poh-N-cn-{X-Im-c- m Ghcpw kω-xn- p- p. hniz{]-ikvx ]m mxy Nn -I\pw Zm i-\n-i\pw {KŸ-Im-c-\p-amb hneyw aq AXn {]Y-a-ÿm-\o-b-\m-Wv. CØ-c-samcp {]Xybimkv{X kml-n-cy-øn ]ns -sb-ß-s\- bmwv {`jvsv t]mep A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ IS- p-iq-sn-bxv? kmaq-ln-i-po-hn-x- Øn ax-ku-lm Z-Øns sh nsh-fn w \ Im-\mWv Xm InW- p-]-cn-{i-an- p- -sx v BW-bn p ]d ]min-kvxm ap {]-kn-u v ] thkv apj-d^v Idm- n-bn-ep t {X-Øn-e-S w kμ i\w \SØn Xs {]P-Iƒ n-s-bn-ep bmym-ÿn- Xn-I-cpsS `qcn-]- -Øn \n pw B[p-\n-Isc AS Øn-am n ssibsn hmßn-b-t mƒ `uxn-i-im-kv{x-øn 19

tºmƒ At±-l-Øns {]k- n-bpss bym Y cq]w \ap v t_m[y-am-ipw. 1954-emWv ]min-kvxms Cu _p n-hn-kvabw kz w cmjv{sw Dt]- n v Cw - n-se-øp- -Xv. AXn\v Imc-Wtam? Xm Xmtem-en- n-cp hnizm-km-z i-ß-tfmsv \oxn ]pe ØnbXpw! AlvaZnøm {]ÿm-\-øn s] -Xn-\m At±-l-Øn\v ]em-b\w sntø n h p: lpzqzv \nb-a-{]-imcw Cu {]ÿm-\-øn\v Ckveman-IX Ah- Im-i-s -Sm km[y-a F De-am- fpss ^Xvh AXym- m-[p-\n-i-sa v kzbw hnti-jn- n- p Xß-fpsS cmjv{s-x-{ - -Xbv v Hcp am mbn Iq n-t Øp-sIm v Xs ]miv `c- W-IqSw C pw sim v \S- p p! BcmWv bym Y apkvenw F tnmzy-øn\v DØ-c-a-t\z-jn- m ]pds - m ] n-i-fn-en-cp v Ckvemw {]kw-kn- p- -h-c-s- -ap ]e pw km[m-c-w m-cmb hnizm-kn-iƒ Is -dn v sim -se lpzqzv in Xs hn[n-t - n-h-cp-sa- -Xn-\m AXn-te v t]mip- n-. kpƒ^n- Aen `qt m-bp-ssbpw knbm- -Dƒ- -l-jns bpw GIm-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb `c-w-kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ n-s-bn De-am- ƒ Dd p Xp n-b-t mƒ Hcp-]mSv lpzqzv \nb-a-ßƒ ]min-kvxm-\nse Ckvem ani ico-a-øn IS- p-iqsn F Xv GsXmcp Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw kv^sni Xpey-amb hy -X-tbmsS I dn-bm Ign-bp- -Xm-Wv. tiw{_nuvpv k h-i-em-im-e-bnse `uxn-i-imkv{x hn`mkw eivn-d-dmbn HutZym-Kn-I-Po-hnXw XpS-ßm, ]t, A_vZp em-an\v Xs ]em-b\w sim v `mkyw e`n- p. Kth-j-Wßƒ n-s-bnepw At±lw \nc- cw Xs hnizm-km-z i-ß-tfmspw AXns \yq\-] w hcp h m- -tfmspw Xs amxr-cm-py- `-c-w-iqsw ImWn- p {Iqc-amb a Z- \-ßƒ pw ]ov-\-ßƒ p-sa-xnsc At]- -bpss kzc-øn kwh-zn- psim-t -bn-cp- p. G -hp-sam-sp-hn Xm acn- m Xs ]minkvxm-\nse AlvaZn-øm-tI-{μ-amb d_vhbn AS w snøww F B{K-lhpw {]I-Sn- n- p. B B{Klw ]e-xcw kω Z-ßƒ pw hg-ßnb tij-amwv Kh sa v ]q Øo-I-cn- -Xv. ]miv lpzqzv \nb-a-{]-imcw A_vZp- -em-an\v Ah-Im-i-s -Sm ]msn- m-bncp- p. ImcWw lpzqzv \nb-a-{]-imcw AlvaZn-Iƒ apkvenw-i-f-. CXn-\n-Sbn s\mt_ kωm\w t\sp BZy apkvenw F ÿm\w ]minkvxm Bt m-ani F\ Pn IΩojs\ ÿm]n- p- -Xn ap ssi-sb- Sp- p-ibpw ]miv {]kn-u ns HutZym-KnI imkv{x D]-tZ-jvSmhv F coxn-bn Ipd v Imew {]h Øn- -X-S- -ap ]expw AlvaZnøm {]ÿm-\-øn hniz-kn- p- p F H - m-c-w-øm k m ad- p-i-f- n-cp- p. "A_vZp emw Zv ^kv v ap kvenw s\mt_ temtd v' F I_-dn-S- Øn simøn-sh hm p-iƒ hsc HSp-hn De-am- -fpss t\xr-xz-øn-ep- -h am n-sb-gpxn "apkvenw' F hm v ambv p-i-f- p-sim v! B hm n- msx _m n-h-cp hmniw D m- p A Y-iq-\y-X-sb- p-dn v H m-tem-nn p t\m q! ""CXv apgp-h\pw cmjv{so-b-am-wv, anã kemw, F\n-s m-c w kabw Xcq, Rm Xs icn-s -Sp- Øn-Øcmw Cu Zpc-hÿ'' {][m-\-a- { n-bm-bn-cns Xs ImW-W-sa v B{Klw {]I-Sn- n v A_vZp eman\v t_\-ko `qt m \ Inb adp-]-sn-bmbn-cp p CXv. ]t Xs cmjv{sob Pohn-X-Øn\v t]md-te -cp-sx v B{K-ln t_\-ko HSp-hn AhcpsS hm v ]men- n F p am{x-a-, ]d- p-d- n A`n-apJw Ah-km\ \nan-j-øn d±m- p-ibpw snbvxp. CkvemanI Pohn-X-co-Xn-bn, B[p-\nI imkv{x-tømsv A_- -him h p-tn ap hn-[n-isf XpS- p-am- p-ibpw apkvenw cmjv-{s-ßfn imkv{x-ta-j-e-bnepw hnzym-`ym-k- Ønepw IqSp-X \nt -]-ßƒ \SØn Adnhv t\sm GX w hscbpw t]mi-w-sa {]hm-ni Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Blzm-\sØ inc- m- h-ln- p-ibpw snbvx Xs Pohn-X- Zu-Xy-tØmSv Ckveman-I-sa v sim ntlm-jn- p Xs `c-w-iqsw tamiamb coxn-bn {]Xn-I-cn- -Xn Gsd a\w-s\m tij-amwv A_vZp emw Ime-b-h-\n-I-bv - p-d-tø v ad- Xv. apkvenw cmjv{s-ßƒ apgp-h\pw tn v Hcp "CkvemanIv kb kv ^ut -j ' cq]-h -cn- Ww F v ]e-hpcp Bh Øn Ct±-l- Øns tcmz\w De-am- -fpss CS-s]- S-ep-Iƒ ImcWw C pw shdp-samcp kz]v\-am-bnøs Ah-ti-jn- p- p. s\mt_ kωm\w e`n tijw At±lw \S-Ønb temi-cm-jv{s-ßfpss Xe-ÿm-\-ß-fn-te- p bm{xbv n-ss, en_n-b-bn-se-øn-b-t mƒ tiw K±m-^n, Xs cmjv{s-øn-\pth n AWp-t_mw-_p- m- n-øcptam F v tnmzn- -t mƒ, Xm AØ-c-Øn-ep Hcp imkv{x- -\ F m-bn-cp p A_vZp emw simspø adp-]-sn. hn`-p-\-øn\p apºp C y-bn-se Xs ss{]adn hnzym- `ymkw \S-Ønb A[ym-]- Isc mwm hfsc Bth-itØmsS \ΩpsS Kh sa v kμ i- \-Øn-\nsS kuicyw snbvxp-sim-sp- ØXv At±lw F pw FSp-Øp-]-d-bmdp- m-bn-cp- p. F m, ]pckv mce_v[n v tijw amxr-cm- PyØv kμ i-i-\mbn FØn-b-t mƒ {]`m-j-w-ß-fn Hcn-SØpw CkvemanI ]cm-a i-ßƒ \S-Ø-cpsX v ap -dn-bn v \ In ]minkvxm! t\sc adn- v, kz w cmjv{s-ønse BW-h-c-l-ky-ßƒ hy n-]-c-amb Bh-iy-ßƒ v tnm Øn-s m-spøv ]nd \msns\ A]-am-\-Øns Iq p- Ip-Ø-en-te v ssi]n-sn v B\-bn tum. F.-Iyp. Jm ]min-kvxm-\n- Iƒ n-s-bnse Bcm-[y-]-cn-th-j-Ønte v Db Ø-s - Xv Hcp cmjv{s- Øn\v AXv A ln- p `c-w-iq- SsØ am{xta e`n- p- p q F bmym YysØ DZvtLm-jn- p- p. ]min-kvxm Dt]- n A_vZp emw F imkv{x-{]-xn- `bv v C y-b-s- -ap a v cmjv{s-ßfn P\-k-ΩnXn IqSn-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. kz w cmpy-øns ]mt-]p-kvx-i-ßfn t]cv ]cm-a in- -s -SmsX t]mb Cu {]Xn`mimenbpsS AXn-k- o Wamb ]T-\-ßfpsS XpS -bm-bp Kth-j-W-ßƒ \ΩpsS sim p ticf-øn-ep KWn-X-im-kv{X-hn-Zym Yn- Iƒ n-s-bn-e-s w \S- p p F Xv ip`-{]-xo- bv v hi-\ Ip- p. ""\nßƒ køn-zn-tbm, kp n-tbm, inbmtbm Bbn-t mfq; ]t, \nßsf- mwv bym Y apk am- m-cm-ip- Xv?'' F {]ikvx Ihn apl-ωzv CJv_m-ens Ihn-Xm-i-Iew ChnsS ho pw {]k- -am-ip-i-bm-wv. 20

tbip: anyymhmzßƒ Jfin s Sp p F. B ae_mcn tej\w sszht{]jnx\mb alm\mb Hcp {]hmni\mwv tbip. ss nƒ hc p ImWn p tbiphns Ncn{Xw AhyIvXXIfpw kμnkvz[ifpw \nd XmWv. A Man That Is Called Jesus F ]pkvxiøn \ns SpØXmWo tej\w tbip _XvetlanemWv P\n sx pw ap Ønaq mw hb n At±lw {IqinX\msb pw {InkvXo btemiw apgph ]Tn n s Sp Ibpw hnizkn s SpIbpw snøp p, F m Cu c v hkvxpxifpw sx msw v sxfnbn s ncn bmwv. tbiphns P\\w \S Xv s_xvetlane adn v \ktdøn emsw mwv kap Xcmb B[nIm cni k`m]finx mcs w Ct mƒ kωxn ncn p Xv. k n{zw kwl Øn\pw (blqz \ymbm[n]k`) t]m nbmkv ]oemtømkn\pw apºmsi tbip hnnmcw mbn lmpcm s Xv ap Ønaq mw hb nemwv F Xnt\ mƒ \m Xnt\mSSp n {]mbønembncn m\mwv IqSpX km[yx. tbiphns P\\kabtØbpw ÿetøbpw kw_ n p Cu hkvxpxm]camb ]nghpiƒ Fßns\ DZv`hn psh pw ]n osv Fßs\ AXn\v km h{xnimkoimcw e`n p sh Xpw IuXpIIcamb hkvxpx IfmWv. Cu ]nghpiƒ BIkvanI ambn kw`hn X. As n ]ns Aht_m[ ]q htam IcpXn q ntbm krjvsn XmIWw. F n AXv F vsim v kw`hn p. GXmbmepw tbiphns\ kw_ n kxyk amb At\zjWßƒ At±lØns bym Y Pohn XtØbpw kz`mhtøbpw _m[n n. tbiphns bym YalØzw At±lØns P\\kabØntem P\\ÿm\Øntem A \nesim p Xv F v \mw a\ nemt Xp v. anyymhmzßƒ Jfin s]sp p Cu hkvxpxifpss ASnÿm\ Øn am{xa {InkvXob thz ]pkvxiøns B[nImcnIX tnmzyw snøs Sp X.v tbiphns P\\ kw_ nbmbn kphntij Imc mcpss XncpshgpØpIfn {]Xn]mZn s F m kmlncy sxfnhpifpw kwib{kkvxamwv. Hcp \n nx ÿeøpw kabøpw \S Hcp kw`hw ]n osv AtX ÿeøpw kabøpa \S Xv F v sxfnbn s Sptºmƒ AXv kw_ ambn ]dbs F mimcyßsf Ipdn pw \mw ktμln pi F Xv XnI pw kzm`mhniamwv. {]txyin v B kw`hsø pdn v _mlyambpw kzx{ ambpw a p bmsxmcp sxfnhpans ncns Aßs\ Nn n p Xn kmwkxyhpap v. P\\Øn\p tijw Xms\mcp tdma {]PbmsW p tcjs SpØm ]q W K `nwnbmb Ahÿbn \ktdøn \n pw sxmæqdp Intemao AIsebp _Xvetlan te v adnbw AXnZpjv camb bm{x \SØp p1 ]n osv s]mxp k{xtømsv tn p ImensØmgp Øn tbiphns Xncp ndhn \S p p.2 XpS v hnzqc \ {XØm am KZ i\wsnøs Ing v \n p m\nifpss BKa\w. AXn\v tijw \hpmx iniphn\v AhcpsS hne]nsn p Xncpap mgv bpss ka Ww.3 slsdtzm cmpmhns iniplxy4 XpS v DÆntbiphnt\bpw FSpØp sim p adnbbpssbpw tpmk^n s bpw CuPn]vXnte p ]em b\w.5 Chsb mw Xs ]ekvxo Ncn{XØnse kxyk amb hkvxp Xtb mƒ kphntijimc mcpss NaXvImc]q Wamb I nx IYI fmsw v ss nƒ hna ii m ]dbp p. kphntijßƒ hc p Im p tbiphns PohNcnXØn Hmtcm Znhkw Ignbpt mdpw `mh\m I nxßfmb IYIƒ sim v B PohnXw BhcWw snøs Sp Xmbn \mw ImWp p. kmam\y _p nbpss ho WtImWn t\m pibmsw n kphntij ßfnse tbiphns PohnXØns Ahkm\ImesØ hnhcwßƒ At±lØns P\\IYtb mƒ Ahnizk\obambnØocp p. CXns ^eambn ]Xns\ mw \q m n Bhn `hn Hcp Nn mkcwn p apºn kphntijßƒ hc pim nb tbip hns PohnXw Atßb w hnnn{xhpw Akw`hyhpambn amdn. AhcmIs tbiphns Ncn{X] camb AkvXnXzsØ ]q Wambpw \ntj[n p hcpambncp p. {_qtwm t_mh ( Bruno Bauer ) B _ v Im tøm^v( Albert Kalthoff) B X {Uqkv(Arther Drews) F o {]ikvxcmb Nn I mcpw ]finx mcpw B Nn mk cwnbn s] hcmbncp p. _ {S v d (Betrand Russell) t]mepw 21

"Ncn{X]cambn tbip Pohn ncp n pt m F Imcyw XnI pw kwibmkv]zamwv'6 F mwv A`n{]mbs Xv. tbiphns Ncn{X]camb AkvXnXzØns\Xnscbp kwibw KuchXcamb coxnbn BZyambn {]ISn n p Xv Ccp\qdp h jßƒ p apºp am{xamwv F hkvxpx {it bamwv. AXn\v apºp kpzo Lamb ]Xns\ p \q m p Imew kvtxm`p\iamb Cu kxy sø pdn v AØcsamcp shfns Sp Ø B[nImcnI ÿm\ßfn \n pw D mbn n. tbiphn hnizkn ncp hcpss \ne]msns\ Cu shfns SpØ AXoh Zp _ eam n. kxyøn\v Ft msg nepw AXns km[px sxfnhpifpss A]cym]vXX aqew ssitamiw h pt]mbn ps n ChnsS tbiphns ImcyØn kw`hn Xv AXmbncp p. tbiphns PohnX sø Ipdn v ss nƒ ]pxnb \nba Øn\pw {InkvXob ax kmlnxy ßƒ pw ]pdøp\n p sxfnhp Iƒ \s Ipd n pw Ncn{XØn at sxmcp hy ntb mfpw temi P\XbpsS hensbmcp hn`mksø At±lØns PohnXØn\v BI jn m Ign p F Xv hmkvx høn hnkvabicamwv. tbip hns PohnXsØ pdn v kp{][m\ amb _mlysxfnhpifpss Zu e`y Øn\v ImcWw {InkvXp k`bpss \ioicw {]hwxbmwv. Hcn sszhambn Ahtcm[n s tbip hns euini PohnXsØ kw_ n p kie sxfnhpifpw \in n p Xn Ah hfsctbsd hnpbn pibp mbn. tbiphn Atcm]n s] Cu sszhnixsb pdn p hntbmpn piƒs Xnsc A]Io ØnIcw F v ]d v k` Ct mgpw XpScp \bw thz\mp\iamb Hcp kxyamwv. A]v kn vfb (Upton Sinclair ) ]dbp p: "F m ]ucmwni IYm]m{Xßfnepw kw`hn Xv t]mse CXnlmk \n amxm ƒ At±lØn Hcn {]h Ø\amcw`n p. At±lØns Ncn{X tcjifn hymp Ncn{X \n amxm ƒ kmxznixtbmss {]h Ø\ßfn hym]rxcmbn. hn`mkob hmz m At±lsØ ] ns SpØp. A hnizmknifpw A[nImctamlnIfpw AhcpsS Bhiyßƒ v th n At±lsØ D]tbmKn p. ]Xns\ p \q m p Ifmbn Cu Xo{hbXv\w XpScpI bmbncp p. AsXmcp BtKmf {iaambncp p. am\hcminbpss `mkt[bw B {iahpambn _ nx hpambncp p.7 F mbncp mepw Ign c mbncw h jsø blqz Ncn{Xw \ Ip sxfnhpiƒ tbip shdp samcp CXnlmk ]pcpj am{xam bncp psh ho WØn s\xncm bncp p. tbip F Ncn{X ]pcpj \ne\n ncp p F v am{xa At±lw blqznifpss ax]chpw cmjv{sobhpamb sfiyzm VyØn\v A]cnlmcyamb BLmX ta n p Ibpap mbn F \ne]mspimcpam bncp p blqz. tbip Xo bmbpw Ahcn s Hcmfmbncp p. AXv sim v at sxmcp P\X tb mfpw blqzniƒ tbiphns\ kw_ n p ]d Imcyßƒ hnizmktbmky amwv. At±lw I nxamb Hcp CXnlmk IYm]m{X ambncp p sh n blqzniƒ B kxyw D Øn hnfn p ]dbpambncp p. Ign F{Xtbm \p m pifmbn XnI pw km niamb Hcp IYm]m{XØns\Xnscbmbncp p blqz m XßfpsS [njwm ssh`hhpw {]mtbmkni _p nbpw sim v ] pw \Jhpap]tbmKn v t]mcmsnbxv F v ]dbp Xv Hcp Akw_ w am{xamwv. ]t tbiphns kz`mhsøbpw hyivxn XztØbpw Ipdn v blqzniƒ {]ISn n A`n{]mbw Rßsf GsX nepw hn[øn kzm[o\n n ps v [cn cpxv. blqzniƒ Ft mgpw tbiphns\xnsc ia\w hcmø i{xpxbnembncp p. tbip hns\] nbp AhcpsS [m anihpw ax]chpamb hnebncpøepiƒ ] ]mxnxz]chpw Ahnizk\o bhpambncp p. ]t tbip F hy n Pohn ncp pthm F X Øn blqznifpss ]cma ißƒ Hcp sxfnhmbn Rßƒ FSp p p F pam{xw. tbiphns Ncn{X]camb AkvXnXzsØ kw_ n N Ct mgpw ]finx m nsbn am{xw HXpßp Hcp ss[jwni kwhmzamwv. CXv HcpImcyw hy am p p. Cu hnjbsø kw_ n v \mw \SØp hn]peamb N Iƒ B[mcam p sxfnhpisf mw kphntijßfn \n p XmWv. Ahsbm pw Xs tbiphns\kw_ n hmzapj ßƒ v ka Yßtfm kpkωx ßtfm A. _p n]cambn Ah kmwkxyap Xpa. hmkvxhøn sxfnhpisf mw \ncmimp\iamw hn[w A]cym]vXßfmWv. sszh Øns ]p{x\msw v IcpXn {InkvXym\nIƒ Bcm[n p tbiphns\ K `w [cn Xn\pw {]khn Xn\pw I\ymadnbtØ mƒ km[yx akvze\adnbøn\msw v Bsc nepw hmzn m kphnti jsø am{xw B[mcam n AhcpsS ]nghpiƒ Nq n m m km[ya. ss nfnse sxfnhns A`mhsØ ] n Adnbmhp {_qtwm t_mh dn\pw kam\ Nn mkxn mcptsbpw tbiphns\kw_ n Ncn{X \ntj[øn AZv`pXan. {InkvXp hpw At±lØns A\pNc mcpw CltemIw hn pt]mb AtX thkxbn ln{_p `qanibn Infn Øph {InkvXpaXsØ {Ko v tdma antømfpnbnte v ]dn p \ Xns\] nbpw Ah dnbmam bncp p. Hcp k m\sø kzoicn pi F Xv A mlphn\v (Ahs ÿm\øn\v) tbmpn X. Ah ]cnip \mwv. GsX nepw Hcp Imcyw Ah Xocpam\n p Ign m "D mhpi' F h ]dbpi am{xw snøp p. At mƒ AXp mip p.(f ncns Ah\v k m\ßfpss Bhiysa?) (hnip Jp B 19:36) 22

k^eamb Bib {]NmcWw Jp B\nse amxri ax{]ncwøn HuNnXyhpw hnthihpw bpivxn Zo bpw {][m\ LSIßfmWv. kwl jßf kxy Øns {]kcwamwv {]NcWØneqsS kw`hnt Xv aplωzv \Po_v Jm tej\w `qan DWßn hc p t]mhpibpw X qew kkyexmzniƒ pw Poh Pmeßƒ pw \ne\n m Ign bmsx hcnibpw snøptºmƒ, `qan sbbpw AXnse k h hkvxp sfbpw lcnxm`ambn \ne\n Øp Xn\p th n {]] \nb mhv BImiØv \n v PohPew Cd p p. Cu {]Xn`mkw A\p kyqxw XpS psim ncn p Hcp {]m] ni \nbaamwv. Cu {]IrXn \nbaøn\p am w kw`hn p Isb Xv Akm[yamb Imcyam Ip p. A mlp ]dbp p: em X_vZoe en kp Øn mln. AXm bxv, \nßƒ Ahs \S]Sn {IaØn\p bmsxmcp hyxymkhpw ImWpIbn. `uxoi temisø Cu \S]Sn{Iaw Xs bmwv Bflob temiøv P\ßsf kap cn p Xn\p th n DZmlcWambn A mlp hnip Jp B\n FSpØp ]d n p Xv. AXmbXv a\pjy [m aniambpw, kmwkvimcn Iambpw, Bflobambpw A[:]Xn p tºmƒ sszhoi khn[øn \n v GsX nepw Hcp hcnjvtzmk AhXcn p sim v P\ßsf A mlphnte v Wn pibpw k ]Ÿmhn \bn pibpw, Aßs\temIØv Hcp ]pxnb BImihpw Hcp ]pxnb `qanbpw krjvsn pibpw snøp p. CXv hnip Jp B {]tlmjn p Hcp Bflob {]m] ni {]Xn`mk amwv. lzvdøv BZw \_n (A) apx Ctßm v GItZiw Ht Im e w {]hmni m `qanbn {]ISambn p Xv Cu Hcp Bflob {]m] ni {]Xn`mk \nbaøn\ \pkrxambn mwv. {]mhni m `qanbn sszhøns {]Xn\n[n IfmWv. Ah P\ßsf sszhøn te v Wn p p.bym Y sszh sø] n P\ßsf {]t_m[n m \mwv Ah sszhøm \ntbmknx cmbncn p Xv.Cu {]t_m[\ I Øhyw Ah sszhøns Xr]vXn pw, B Iƒ \pkr Xambpw `qanbn btymnnxw \n hln p p. temiøv AhXcn Hcp {]hmni\pw sszhønte v P\ßsf Wn p Xn\mbn Bbp [ßƒ D]tbmKn pitbm, a Z\ap diƒ kzoicn pitbm snbvxn n sb Xv Ncn{XkXyamWv. AØc Ønep Hcp A ym]\hpw \ap v ax kmlnxyßfn ImWphm\pw km[ya. F m {]hmni mcpss A\pbmbnIƒ Imem tcw bym Y A ym]\ßfn \n v AI p t]mip Xns ^eambn k pnnx at\m`mhniƒ BbnXocpIbpw, Xßƒ am{xamwv bym Y sszh Øns h m sf v Akln jvwpxtbmss {]tlmjn m XpSßpIbpw snøp p. Cßs\ Hmtcm ax hn`mkhpw snøp Xns ^eambn P\ßƒ v bym Y kxyw a\ nem m\p IhmSßƒ AS s Sp p. h Øam\ ImeØv ssh m\ni cwkßfn a\pjy hnpbw ssihcns nepw [m an Ihpw Bflobhpamb Aht_m[w C møxn\m a\pjy A[:]X \Ønte vv hgpxnhogp p. a\pjy A mlphn \n v AI pt]m bncn p p. XXv^eambn F mbn SØpw Aim nbpw Akam[m\hpw {]ISambn sim ncn p p. sszh Øns bpw axøns bpw t]cn a\pjy ]ckv]cw Ieln p sim ncn pibmwv. FhnsSbpw ax hntzzjønt bpw ax kv] bpss bpw Icmf lkvxßƒ a\pjypo hnxßsf \n{kln p sim ncn p `bm\iamb ImgvNIfmWv \mw I psim ncn p Xv. C sø kaqlw ]ckv]cw ax klnjvwp Xbn mø Hcp BƒIq ambn amdnbn cn pibmwv. Xßƒs Xncn Hcp hm v t]mepw tiƒ m, AXv AhcpsS ax {]amwßƒ v A\pIq eamsw n t]mepw tiƒ m CjvSs]SmØ Hcp ax kmaplni A co w \ap v Np pw kwpmx ambnsim ncn pibmwv. F m Hmtcm axøns bpw h m ƒ, XßfpsS axm ym]\ßfpss shfn Øn, sszhw Ds pw Ah \ΩtfmSv kwkmcn p ps pw A\p`hØneqsS bp n pw _p n pw \nc p XcØn P\ßsf t_m[ys]spøm _m[yÿcmw.v AXmWv bym YØnep sszhoi hnizmkw. CØcw A\p`hØne[n jvtnxamb sszhoi m\øns h m mfmbncp p {]hmni m. Ah Xßƒ v e`n ps m ncp A`uaoI m\sø kw_ n v a p axÿcpambn kwhzn m Hcn epw `bs ncp n. ]ns n \mwv AhcpsS A\pbmbnIƒ C v `bs Sp Xv. k h {]hmni mcpw sszhøns ImcpWysa KpWsØ kzmbøam ns m,v a\pjyip esø sszhøns im]øn \n pw in bn \n pw tamnn n m\pw, sszhhpambn _ n n p \n Øm\pw {ian hcpambncp p. Cu KpWamWv XZm\pbmbnIƒ kzmbøamt Xv. Ckvemw hn`mh\w snøp Bib kwhmz hpw CØcw KWØn Dƒs] XmWv. AwK_ew h n n pisb Bibw Hcn epw Ckvemans AP bn C. P\ßsf krjvsn {kjvsmhns\ ]cnnbs]spøn simsp pibpw Ah\pambn AKm[amb Hcp _ w ÿm]ns Sp pibpw snøpisb p XmWv. AXpsIm v sszhønte v Wn p h\v 23

sszhhpambn At`Zyamb _ w D mbncn Wsa v Ckvemw I n p p. Bimhlamb Hcp Bib kwhmzøn\p Ckvemw hn`mh\w snøp am K \n tzißƒ k h axÿ pw shfn taip XmWv. ktμi{]ncww: Jp B\nI\n tzißƒ ZAvhsØ Ce mlv A mlphn te v Wn pisb ]cnip amb I aw {]hmni mcpss hntbmkm\ cw Hmtcm hnizmknbpw \ndtht ISabmsW v hnip Jp B ]dbp p. AXv C{]Imcw D]tZin p p: XØz m\hpw \ D]tZihpw sim v \ns \mys am KØn te v \o (P\ßsf) Wn pi. F hpw DXvIrjvSamb coxnbn AhtcmSv kwhmzw \SØpIbpw snøpi. Xs am KØn \n v hyxnnen v t]mip hs\ kw_ n v A mlp\ mbn Adnbp h\mwv. t\ am Kw {]m]n ] htcbpw Ah \ mbn Adnbp p. (kqdøv A l 126) hnip Jp Bs Cu hn\ Øn A mlp Hcp hnizmkntbmsv ktμi {]NmcWw snøm \n tz in p txmssm w, AXns {]h Ø\ coxntbbpw bp ntbbpw Ipdn v hnizambn shfn w hoinbn p v. A mlp As n sszhw F hm v F m axhnizm knifpw D]tbmKn p H mwv. F m axßfpw Hcp XcØnes n asddmcp XcØn sszhønte v P\ßsf Wn p hcpamwv. F m Ckvemw A mlphn te p Ww BZchmb \_n Icow (k) bpambn _ s SpØn s m mwv ]d n p X.v \ns d ns am KØnte v Wn pi. BZchmb \_n (k)bpss sszhhpw a p hcpss sszhhpw XΩnep hyxymkw F mwv? sszhimkv{x ]cambn a p hcpss sszhøns KpWØnepw købnepw {]h Ø\ Ønepw aplωzv \_n(k)bpss sszhøns AXpeyXbpw GIXz hpw bp nhnnn \Øn\v hnt[am n bm hy amhp XmWv. a p h A]q W\mb sszhøns hyxy kvxßfmb ZniIfnte mwv P\ ßsf hnfn p Xv. AhcpsS sszhk ßsf mw am\pjni `mhßƒsim v hnieamsw v \njv] ]T\Øn \ap v t_m yamipw. A mlp ]dbp p, A tbm aplωzv (k) \o kzbw GsXmcp sszhønemwv FØn tn n p Xv, GsXmcp A mlphn emwv \o hnebw {]m]n n p Xv,\ns lrzb ZrjvSnsIm v GXv A mlphns\bmwv \o I pap n bn p Xv, kºq Whpw khntij hpambcoxnbn GsXmcp A mlp hmwv \n n hnfßnbn p Xv,B A mlphnte v \o P\ßsf hnfn pi. AXpt]mse, A mlp hns F m khntij KpWß sfbpw kzmwioicn psim v A m lphns amxribmbnøo BZchmb \_n(k) bpss sszhøn te v \nßfpw P\ßsf hnfn pi. Fs pw Pohn ncn p h\pw ÿeime kab ]cn[niƒ Xo X\pw k h \pw k hi \pw k hhym]nbpamb, F m hn[ \yq\xifn \n pw Zu _ey ßfn \n pw \njv{inbxzßfn \n pw ]ca ]cnip \pw Acq]nbpw Bb B A mlphnte v \nßƒ P\ßsf Wn pi. Hmtcm axkvycpw a\ nemt Imcyam WnXv. Xßƒ hn`mh\w snøp axønte P\ßsf hnfnt Xv. adn v Xßƒ a\ nem nb sszhønte v sxfnhpifpssbpw, ASbmfßfpsSbpw ASnÿm\ Øn P\ßsf hnfn pi. BbXn\m Bib {]NmcW Øns H masø coxn F p ]dbp Xv, sszhhpambn At`Zyamb Hcp _ w ÿm]ns Sp Ww F p XmWv. AXn \n mwv as m coxnifpssbpw DZv`hw. t\m pi Ckvemans {]mhmn I\mb BZchmb \_n (k) v GItZiw ap Xv hb v {]mbam bt mƒ AXmbXv \nd bphxz Øn a mcpss \m\mxcw ZpjvIrXyßfnepw, ]m]i aßfnepw, a\ paspøv \KcØn\p shfnbn ct m aqt m \mgni AIsebp Hcp Ip n ]pdøv ]I t]mepw Bcpw H v IbdnsN m `bs Sp B Kplbn, lndm Kplbn kz w kapzmbøns kwkv c WØn\pth n {]] \mys k n[nbn tigpibmwv. ap Xv hb p apx \m Xv hb p hsc GItZiw ]Øp h j mew At±lØns {]m Y\Iƒ kz w Imcyßƒ p th nbp Xmbncp n.kmaplni kwkv cwøn\p th nbp Xmbncp p.hy n]camb ImcW \nhmcwßƒ p th nbp IÆp\o Bbncp n AhnsS howxv, adn v a bnse P\ßsf ss]imnnixbpss Icßfn \n v tamnn n psim v ]caimcpwni \mb A mlphns bym Y Zmk m cm nøo m Fßs\ km[n p sa Nn bmbncp p. DulØne[n jvtnxamb sszhßsf Bcm[n p hsc Fßs\bmWv kxysszh Øns Zmk mcm nøo m IgnbpIsb Nn bmbncp p. AXpsIm v Hcp ZmCuCe mlv, A mlphnte v P\ßsf Wn p Hcp hy n BZchmb \_n (k)bpss lrzb thz\isfbpw, hnimcßsfbpw AtX Z WØn DƒsImt Bhiyw D v. ktμi {]NcWØn ln vaøn(bp n)s ÿm\w. {]kvxpx hn\øn A mlp hnte v Wnt coxnbpw cq]hpw hnizoicn n p v. A mlp ]dbp p:h matøxv ln vatømsp IqSn,bp n]q hamb coxnbn D]mbßƒ Bkq{XWw snbvxp sim v A mlphnte v P\ßsf Wn pi. c matøx,v \ D]tZitØmSp IqSn, A mlp hnte v P\ßsf Wn pi. C\n h kwhmzhpw \StØ Xmbn h m \ coxnbn Ahcpambn kwhzn pi. aq matøxv, AhtcmSv G hpw \ coxnbn kwhmzw \SØpI. AXmbXv \mw ]et mgpw Bib {]NmcWØn\pth n Cdßptºmƒ, \ΩpsS Bib {]NcWw N bnte pw, hmz{]zn hmzønte pw hgpxnt mimdp v. F m hnip Jp B ]d am\zwvuw H matøx,v bp n ]q hamb coxnbn D]mbßƒ Bkq{XWw snøpi F XmWv. hy n _ ßfneqsS \ΩpsS ktμisø,bibsø ^e{]zamb coxnbn {]Ncn n m Ignbpw. hy n]camb {]NmcW {]h Ø\ßfn bp n v hfsc 24

{]m[m\yap v. bp n]q hamb coxnbn D]mbßƒ Bkq{XWw snøpi sb Xv Hcp hnimeamb hnjb amwv. hnip Jp B Hcp sndnb hm n Bib {]NmcWØns ASnÿm\]camb XØzØn te v apkvenwifpss {i Xncn ncn p IbmWv. Hmtcm hy nbpssbpw bp n`{zamb {]hrøniƒ hyxy kvxamwv. kab kμ `ßfpsSbpw kmlncyßfpssbpw ASnÿm\ Øn bp n]q hamb coxnbn D]mbßƒ Bkq{XWw snøp Xns am\zwvußfpw hyxykvx ambncn pw. AXpsIm v hnip Jp B bp nbpss hni ZoIcWw hn psim v kmlncyßfpw kμ `ßfpw A\pkcn v G hpw \ coxnbn {]h Øn m I ]n ncn p p. bp n v ]cn[niƒ C møxpsim v CXn hnizm knitfmsv hnimeambn Nn n m ]d ncn pibmwv. A mlphn te v hnfn ptºmƒ P\ßƒ G hpw IqSpX hntcm[nifpw hntzzjnifpw BbnØocp p F XmWv {]hmni Ncn{XØn \n v a\ nemip Xv. Cu kμ `Øn ln vaøv Bhiys Sp Xv G hpw IqSpX kvt\ltømspw, arzpextbmspw IqSn s]cpamdpi sb XmWv. hnip Jp B \_n(k)sb dlvaøp en Be ao F mwv hntijn n n p Xv. AXmbXv, apgp temiøn\pw ImcpWyambn mwv \_n (k) h n p Xv. AXmbXv F{X I v `mcn DØchmZnXzambncpt m \_n(k) v D mbncp Xv A{X I v henb NnIn mcoxn A mlp \ IpIbp mbn.axmbxv \_n(k)bpss lrzbw a p h vth n ImcpWmabambnØo p. Ncn{XØns GSpIfn \n v ln vaøns (bp nbpss) {]h Ø\coXn \ap v a\ nem Ip Xv, Cu hntzzjøn\pw sshcm KyØn\pw i{xpxbv pap NnIn koamxoxamb kvt\ltømspw arzpextbmspw IqSn s]cpamdp Isb XmWv. \ΩpsS hnfnbpss ImTn\yhpw arzpexbpa\pkcn m bncn pw a p hcpss {]XnIc Whpw. ln vaøns (bp nbpss) as mcp hiw kmlncyßfpw kμ `ßfpw A\pkcn v kwkmcn pisb XmWv. Imcyßƒ kab hpw kμ `hpw A\pkcn v {]tbmkn ptºmƒ AXv hfsc `wknbp XmbnØocp p.axpsim v \mw Hcp`mKØv \_n (k)bpss PohnX coxnb\pkcn v a p htcmsv AXy[nIw ImcpWytØmsS s]cp amdp txmssm w adp`mkøv \ΩpsS kwkmcøns coxnbnepw ssien bnepw Hcp ss\ aeyw D mbncn Ww. \ΩpsS kplrøv \ΩpsS kwkmcw ImcWambn \Ωfn \n v AI v t]micpxv F hnnmc tømssbmbncn Ww \mw kwkmcn t Xv. ln vaøns (bp nbpss) as mcp hiw F v ]dbp Xv, a\pjys am\knihpw kz`mh]c hpamb {]IrXa\pkcn v kwkmcn Wsa p XmWv. {]] Ønepw CØcØnep Hcp ]msv DZml cwßƒ ImWmhp XmWv. Hmtcm si nshpw \n an p Xv AXnt Xmb πm\\pkcn v hyxykvx coxnbnepw cq]ønepambncn pw. B πm\\pkcn v Xs bmbncn Ww B si nsønepw AXnse apdni fnepw {]thint Xv. F m Hcp ]pxnb hy n B si nsøn {]thin ptºmƒ AXnt Xmb Nne hnjaßfpw _p nap pisfms D mipw. F m B si nshpambn Hcp _ w h p Ign m ]ns AXn hfsc \njv{]bmkw {]thin m km[n p XmWv. CtXt]mse, F m hy niƒ pw Ckvemant\mSpw, AlvaZnøØn t\mspw Xm ]cyhpw kvt\lhpw D mbncn Wsa n. AXpsIm v BZyw Ahcpambn \ coxnbn ]cnnbw D m nsbsp Ww. Ahsc \ hæw ASpØdnbWw. CXv Hcp XcØn {]ImiamWv Xcp Xv.Cu {]ImiØn ]n osv ktμiw FØn p Xv hfsc Ffp ambnøocp XmWv. ln vaøn\p(bp n v) Hcp ]msv {]h Ø\ Xeßƒ D v. AXv kμ `hpw kmlncyhpw _p nbpw bp nbpa\pkcn v {]h Ønt XmWv.GXmbmepw Bib {]NmcWØn\v ln vaøv(bp n) G hpw A\nhmcyamb ASnÿm\ am\zfiamwv. ktμi {]NcWØn D]tZiw A\nhmcyw {]kvxpx hn\øn Bib {]NmcWØn\v \mw A\ph Ønt ASpØ coxnsbipdn v ]d n p Xv \ D]tZiw simsp pisb XmWv. \ D]tZiw \evipi F Xv sim v Dt±in p Xv, ZAvhsØ Ce mlv (Bib{]NmcWw) hmz{]xn hmz ßtfm, N ItfmA.adn v GI] obamb kwkmcamwv, D]tZi amwv.cxn \n v a\ nemip Xv hnip Jp B hmz{]xnhmzßfpw N Ifpw G hpw Ahkm\ ambn mwv sh n p Xv F mwv. BZyw ln vaømwv (bp n) sh n p Xv, ln vaøn(bp nbn)eqss \ A co w D m nsbspøp Ign m, \ kmlncyßƒ krjvsn s pign m ]ns ASpØ ]Sn \ D]tZißƒ \ IpIsb XmWv.\ D]tZißƒ F p ]dbp Xv, sxfnhpisf IqSmsX, kxyk hpw hy hpw ]cnip hpw BI jwobhpamb D]tZißfmWv.AXn\v bmsxmcp hn[ kmapzmbni `n n pifpambn _ an. axkv] Ifpambpw _ an. AXv lrzbøn \n v DZv`hn pibpw lrzbøn {]`mhw snepøpibpw snøp p. Npcp Øn sxfnhpifpss ÿm\w Ahkm\amWv hcp Xv. kwkmcw Bcw`nt Xv \ D]tZißƒ sim mbncn Ww. \ap v hmkvxh Øn Cu P\ßƒ \jvss] v t]mipsa p A\pIºm]camb Hcp Zp:JamWv D sx v \mw P\ßsf t_m[ys]sptø XmWv. Cu kaqlw \miønte v B]Xn psim ncn pibmwv. sszhhpambn p ChcpsS _ w km ha.`uxoiøne [njvtnxamb Hcp sszhoi hnizmkamwv. AXneqsS Xn Iƒ ZqcoIcn s]sp n. \ Iƒ kzmbøamip n. F psim v Cßs\ kw`hn p p?a mlphn \n v hcp h hcp p, Ah P\ßsf Pm{KXs SpØp p. F m kaqlw Ft mgpw A{i at\m`mhw \Sn psim v B 25

tej\w ax-øns Bh-iy-I-Xbpw {]m[m-\yhpw auem\m Kpemw dkq kmln_v cmp-in(-d) axøns Bh-iy-I-X-sbbpw {]m[m-\y-søbpw kw_- n tnmzy-ßfpw Ah-bv p adp-]-sn-ifpamwv tej-i hni-zo-icn- p- -Xv. hmkvzø ako-ln(a)s {]Kev` klm-_n-bmbncp p tej-i. Ign e Øns XpS. aq m-asø tnmzyw: B[p-\n-I-bp- K-Øn ax-øns Bh-iy-apt m? adp-]sn: Hmtcm Zn\-Ønepw bpk- Ønepw ax-øns Bh-iy-ap-s - nepw Fs A`n-{]m-b-Øn as -s tø- mfpw IqSp-X-embn ax-øns Bhiyw C m-wv. ax-øns bym Y e yw sszh-øns KpWßƒ kzmwio-i-cn v a\p-jy [m ani aqey-ß-fpss Dc-I- m-hww F Xm-Wv. [nj-wm-im-en-ifpw A`ykvX-hn-Zy-cp-amb Bfp-Iƒ v ASßp C sø temi-øns B]- ev -c-amb Ahÿsb a- n-em- hp- -Xm-Wv. sszhn-i -Kp-W-ßfpw \ -Ifpw Ah-K-Wn- -s -Sp- p-sh p am{x-a Ahs AkvXnXzw Xs \ntj-[n- -s - n-cn- p- p. ax-øns Bh-iy-I-Xbpw AXns al-xz- ]q W-amb A ym-]-\-ßfpw XqØphm-cn-I-f- n v a\p-jy-ipew a\p-jya-\- ns h -\-Isf ]n p-s-cp-i-bm- Wv. ]pcm-x-\-imew apx a\p-jy-{]- IrXn txsn-s m- n-cp (sszhkvt\ lhpw aqey-ß-fp-ss ÿm]-\-hpw) Imcy-ßƒ C v temiøv Fhn-sSbpw Is -Øm km[n- p-i-bn-. h Øam-\ -bp-k-ønse P\-ßƒ Xß-fpsS _p n-]-c-amb kma Yy-ßsf aqey-ßfpss Dc-I- m-bn -Im-Wp- p. AXns ]cn-w-x-^ew hfsc hy -am-wv. kv{xo]p-cpj kωn-{i-amb s]cp-am w Ah-cpsS IW- n Ipeo-\hpw kwkvim-c-k-ºq Whp-am-Wv. \ - cmbn-sim v timf-\n-ifn Iq mbn Pohn- p- p. hnhm-l-_ w aptj\ b msxxs k m-t\m-ev]m-z\w \S- Øp- -Xns\ Ah ]n p-w- p-ibpw kxyøn \n v apjw Xncn p Ifbp p.chnss \mw CXv ]dbp tºmƒ sxfnhpiƒ H pw \ Ip n. adn v P\w CXv AwKoIcn mepw,cs nepw \mw ]dbp Imcyw Hcp Ncn{X hkvxpxbmwv. {]m] ni \nbaßfpambn _ s pins p Cu Imcyw, hmkvx høn Hmtcm hy nbpssbpw, lrzbønse i_vzamwv.axv lrzbøn \n v \n Kfn psim v lrzbøn {]`mhw snepøp p. AXpsIm v hnip Jp B ]dbp Xv N v [ndpxnim cpxv. \ap v \ΩpsS Pb]cmPbßf e yw, adn v AhtcmSp \ΩpsS klxm]w kxyk amwv F v P\ßƒ a\ nem Ww.\ΩpsS thz\ah a\ nem Ww. kwhmzøn G hpw \ am Kw Ahew_n pi Cßs\ ln vatømspw(bp n) \ D]tZitØmSpw IqSn P\ßƒ v Imcyßƒ a\ nem n simsp Ømepw A[nIw BfpIfpw AXv AwKoIcn Wsa n. Ah FXn ns `mktø v Xncnbp 26 XmWv. AhcpsS IÆpIfn \n v FXn ns XoPzmeIƒ {]hln m XpSßpw. Ah \nßtfmsv a nsm th n cwkøndßpw. Jp B ]dbp p, Bkμ `Øn \nßƒ p \n tziw, \nßƒ kss[cyw B FXn pisf t\cnsw sa mwv. \nßƒ kaqløn im nbpw kam[m\hpw \ne\n Øm ]camh[n ]cn{ian n p v, hntzzjw ]cøp coxnbn \nßƒ s]cpamdnbn n.\ bnte mwv \nßƒ Ahsc Wn n p Xv. F m Ct mƒ kwhmzøns bpw N bpssbpw XeØnte v Imcy ßƒ \oßnbncn p p. ]t Jp B B kμ `Øn \tωmsv ]dbp Xv,Xn s Xnsc \ sim v t]mcmspi.ah Xn tbmspiqsn s]cpamdptºmƒ \nßƒ \ tbmsp IqSn s]cpamdpi.ah Zp _eamb sxfnhpiƒ ka n ptºmƒ \nßƒ ka Yamb sxfnhpiƒ ka n pi.axy[niw i hpw lrzbmh PIhpamb sxfnhpiƒ ka n pi.\nßƒ F pw \ bpss {]Xn\n[nIfmbnXocpI. Ah Xn bpss {]Xn\n[nIfmbn Xocp XmWv. ChnsS FhnsSbpw Bbp[ søtbm, A{IasØtbm, ] n ]dbp n. DØa [m ani KpWØne[njvTnXamb {]h Ø\ ssienbmwv Ckvemw A\pimkn p Bib{]NcW ]mtw. Cßs\ hnip Jp B ]d px am K\n tzißsf, am\zfißsf Bbp[am ns m v Bflmhns\ ip oicn psim v {]m Ym\m\n `camb a\t mss bmwv Bib {]NmcWØns I ahoynbn PmKcqKcmth Xv. ImcWw Cu Jp B\nI \n tzi ßƒ Hcn sh nxnfßnbxns Ncn{X km yßƒ \ΩpsS ap n D v.cxv Ht mct m ZnhksØ {]h Ø\a. adn v \nc cw, ÿmbnbmb kz`mhtømss Cu cwkøv \nebpd n pibmsw n, BZysØ mfp]cn Ne\mflIamhp IbmsW n KXIme kvacwiƒ \ap v km Yam m km[n p XmWv.

AXns\ \mk-cn-i-x-bp-ssbpw [m an-i- X-bp-sSbpw apj-ap{zbmbn Icp-Xp- Ibpw snøp p. a p- -h-cpss A zm\^e-ßƒ _ew {]tbm-kn v A]-l-cn- p `c-w-iq-s-ß-fpap v. AXp-hgn Xß-fpsS \m p-imsc ^e-øn ASn-a-I-fm n sh p- p. Aßs\ hen-b-hcpw sndn-b-hcpw [m an-i- \ne-hm-c-øn- Xmgp-Ibpw A[m an-ix \ -bmbn ]cn-k-wn- -s - Sp-Ibpw hgn-ti-sns\ \oxn-bmbn Xpey- X-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snøp- p. At mgmwv ax-øns Bh-iy-IX hfsc Xo vw-am-hp- -Xv. C m-e-øv Hmtcm cmjv{shpw Hmtcm hy nbpw Pohn-X-Øn im nbpw kam-[m-\-hp-amwv B{K-ln- p- -Xv. F m axsø \ncm-i-cn- p-ibpw a\p-jy-_p- nsb am{xw am K-Z i-\-øn-\mbn B{i-bn- p- Ibpw snøp-tºmƒ P\-X-Iƒ ]q Wambn \in- p-ibpw cmpy-ßƒ H -s - Sp-Ibpw ] -W-ßƒ \mi-øn\v hnt[- b-am-hp-ibpw snøp Xv \mw ImWp- p. Zp _-e-amb Hcp Kh sa dv i -amb H n-t\msv kam-[m-\-ønte s -Sm ]cn-{i-an- p-tºm-ƒ i hpw hnp-bn-i-fp-amb cmjv{s-ßƒ ]cm-pn-xsc \ncp]m-[n-i-amb Iog-S-ßen\v \n _- n- p- p. Xßƒ ]cm-pn- X-cm-bn-cp- p-sh- n X-ßƒ \ncp-]m- [n-i-ambn Iog-S-ßn- m-bn-cp- p-sh Imcyw Ah ]cn-kwn- p- -tx-bn-. Hcp cmjv{s-øn\v C v Iog-S-tß- nh- mepw \msf B cmjv{sw hnp-bn- m km[y-x-bnt? C v hnp-bn- h \msf ]cm-p-b-s -Sm\pw km[y-xbnt? a\pjy-`m-k-t[bw hf-cp-ibpw bn- p-ibpw snøp-w. Hcp hnπ-h- Øns apt - sø s]s v \n Øphm B p km[n pw? ]cm-pn-xcm-b-hsc A[n-Im-c-Øn-te- m Hcp `mhn hnπ-h-øn\v km[y-x-bp- v. i -amb cmjv{s-ßƒ Xßƒ v A\p-Iq-eambn txm p amcw\nba-ßƒ Hcp Znhkw Xß-fpsS Igp- Øn Xs ImTn-\y-ta-dnb Ducm- p- Sp- mbn amdp Xpw \mw ImWp- p. AXn-\m hnp-bm-h-k-c-øn ]cm-pn- Xsc Imcp-Wy-tØmsS t\m -Ww. CXmWv kzm`m-hn-i-ambpw sntø- - Xv. Imcp-Wy-tØmSpw Zb-tbmSpw s]cp-am-dp- -Xn\v ]Icw {]Xn tbmkntbm-ss- -t]m-se {Iqc-ambn s]cp-amdp- Xv kz w \misø Wn- p-hcp-øp- -XmWv. G hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv hnp-bn cmjv{s-ßƒ ]cm-pn-x-cmb cmpyßƒ v ta ASn-t n- p -k-am-[m\ D]m-[n-Iƒ kzbw kzoi-cn- -Ww. C m-cy-øn Jp -B-\n-Im- ym-]-\-ßƒ bp n \nd- Xpw kam- [m-\-ÿm-]-\-øn\v klm-b-i-hp-am-wv. AXm-bXv i{xp- k-am-[m-\-ap- m- m Xøm-dm-sW- n \nßfpw A{]-Imcw snø-ww. am\yhpw kpa-\- pap Hcmƒ `qan-bn kam-[m\w ÿm]n- p Imcyw Nn n- p-i-bm-sw- n sszhn- Im- ym-]-\-ß-fn \n tzin- -s XØz-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn- m \n _- n-x-\m-hpw. AXm-bXv Hcp I n kam-[m-\-øns ssi \o p-i-bm-sw- n adp-i- n-bpw i n- msx AXn\p Xøm-dm-h-Ww. kam-[m\øn\v apt m- p-h- -tijw bp sø kpoh-am- p-i-bm-sw- n AXv shdpw {]Xn-Im-c-am-bn-cn- pw. AØcw {]hr- Øn-Iƒ Hcp _p n-]-c-amb X{ -am-bn, A - p h IcpXp-I-bn-. Xß-fpsS tim]-a-s-ßmø h\y-pohn-iƒ a p- -h v t\sc B{I-aWw \n Øp-I-bn-. AXp Xs -bmwv {]Xn-Im-c-Zm-ln-I-fmb a\p-jy snøp- -Xpw. Ah bp w snøp- Xv kam- [m\w ÿm]n- mt\m \nb-a-k-am- [m\w \ne-\n Øm-t\m- A-. Zp _e cmpy-øn-s\-xn-cn Ah-cpsS apgp-h Bbp-[-ti-J-chpw D]-tbm-Kn- m-\m- Wv. Bbp-[-ßfpsS hnx-cww XpS-cp- n-s-tømfw bp w XpS-cpw. CØcw Nn m-coxn v Hcp _Z Bh-iy-ant? AØcw at\m-`m-h-ßfmwv bp -Øn\pw A{I-a-Wßƒ pw DØ-c-hmZn F p sxfn-bp- nt? BcmWv bp hpw {Ia-cm-ln- Xyhpw krjvsn- p- Xv? a-xtam a\pjy-_p- ntbm? c- mw temi-bp- amwv temisø Nh- p-iq-\-bm n am n-b-xv. tkz m-[n-]-xn-ifpw _p n-am- m-cmb t\xm- fpw axsø Hcp aqe- n-cpøn. CØcw at\m-`m-h-ßsf C -\-am n bp -Øns XoPzm-e- Iƒ `qansb hngp-ßp p. a\p-jy-_p- n-bn IqSp-X hnizm-k-a n- p- h Ct m-sg- nepw Hcp Imcyw a\- n- em- -Ww. axsø am n-\n Øn-b- XmWv C sø Cu Zmcp-Wm-hÿbv v Imc-Ww. Cu Zpcn-X-ßfpsSbpw sisp-xn- IfpsSbpw ] m-ø-e-øn `qan-bn kam-[m-\-øns bym Y-amb thcp- Iƒ GsX v Dd- n- m _p n-am- \mb Hcp a\p-jy\v Ffp- -a. a\pjy-_p- nsb ]n p-s-cp- Xp sim p- m-ip A\ -c-^-ehpw ax-øns am KZ i\w ]n p-s-cp- -Xp-sIm- p A\- -c-^-ehpw XΩn-ep hyxymkw a\- n-em-t -Xp- v. F m-h pw ImW-Ø- -hn[w a\pjy-_p- n-bpss \yq\-x-i-fpw ax- Øns {]tbm-p-\-ßfpw hy ambn Db Øn- m-wn- m h Ø-am- \Ime-bpKw ]cym]vx-am-wv. Cu hy hpw sxfn-hm -Xp-amb hyxymkw a\- n-em- n ax-øns Bh-iy-IX Dƒs m- p-ibpw snøp- -h A\p-Kr-lo-X. \mem-asø tnmzyw: `qx-imesø ax-t\-xm- ƒ temi-øn\p \ Inb am K-Z i\w GXmWv? adp-]sn: sszho-i -{]-hm-n-i- m-cpts-bpw ZqX- m-cp-tsbpw ZuXy-ßƒ Ft mgpw \ne-hn-ep Bh-iyßƒ pw Ah-ÿ-Iƒ p-a-\p-kr-x-ambn-cp- p. Hmtcm {]hm-n-i\pw Hmtcm ZqX\pw Z i-\-ßƒ pw shfn-]m-sp- Iƒ pw sszhn-i-am K-Z i-\ a-\p-kcn v Hcp ]pxnb am -Øn\v ASn-Ø-dbn-Sp- p. ax-]-c-amb A ym-]-\-a-\p-kcn v Hcp {]hm-n-i\pw ZqX\pw Xs A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ n-s-bn hnizm-k-øns bpw I a-ß-fp-tsbpw aqey-ß-fpss Hcp k p-en-xm-hÿ krjvsn- p- p. Xs kzbw [m an-i-kp-w-ßfpw kz`m-hhpw amxr-im-]-c-am-bn-cn- pw. At±lw A[n-I-ambXpw \yq\ambxpw \o w snbvxv Xs kap-zm-bsø anx-amb Hcp ]mx-bn Dd- n p \n Øp- p. _lp-ssz-hm-cm-[-\-bpss amen-\ytøbpw ` n-bn- m-bva-tbbpw ax-]- c-amb amxrim kaqlw \o w snøp- p. hn{k-lm-cm-[\ aqe-ap- m-ip sszh-tim-]-w AXv aqew \oßnt m-ip- p. Aßs\ `qan Aa-ehpw ]cn-ip- -hp-am-bn-øo-cp- p. Ign- p-t]mb Ime-L- -ß-fn Hmtcm {]hm-n-it bpw ZqX-t bpw A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ axw- ap-tj\ sfln-ihpw ]mc-{xn- Ihpamb -Po-hn-X-Øn-se DØ-a-am-bXv t\sn-bn-cp- p. kxy-a-x-øns bpw sszhnim ym]-\-ß-fp-ssbpw FXn-cmfn-IfpsS ISpØ FXn v A\p-`hnt Xs Ah am\-kn-i- k-am- 27

[m\w A\p-`-hn- p. AtX-k-abw sszhn-i-amb in bpw \mihpw Zpcn- Xhp-a msx bym Y ax-øns i{xp- ƒ H pw t\sn-bn-. Ah kzbw \in- pi am{x-a-, a p- -hsc \mi- Øn-te v \bn- p-ibpw snbvxp. Ign- -Im-esØ {]hm-n-i- m-cp-tsbpw ZqX- m-cp-tsbpw t\xr-xz-øn Znhy- ZuXyw Ac-tß-dn-b-t mƒ Ccp-I- n- I-fnepw kw`-hn ^ew CXp-X-s -bmbn-cp- p. {]hm-n-i- m-cp-ssbpw ZqX- mcp-ssbpw FXn-cm-fn-I-fmb tkz m-[n-]- Xn-I-fp-sS t\xr-xzøns A\- c ^ew t\m p-i. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v ^n - Hus GIm-[n-]-Xy-hpw kaqzv tkm{x- Øns [n m-chpw \ΩpsS apºnep v. ax-øn-s\-xn-cn hnπhw \S-Øn-b-h-cpsS ZpxJ-I-c-amb A yøns DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-bn-cp- p Ah. kpj-po-hn-x-tøm-ssm w kz w B{K-l-ßsf ]n p-s-cm-\p {]h-w- Xbpw a\p-jy ImWn- p p F Xv Hcp kxy-am-wv. axhyhÿ A\p-imkn- p Bflo-b-\n-b-{ -W-Øn \n pw kzx-{ -am-hm Abmsf AXv t{]cn- n- p- p. AXpsIm mwv Hmtcm {]hm-n-i-s bpw ZqX-s bpw ImeØv `uxn-i-cmb Bfp-Iƒ a-x-hyhÿ Xß-fpsS kzmx-{ y-øn\pw B{K-l-ßƒ pw `oj-wn-bm-bn-cn- psa v a\- n-em- n-s m- v AXns i{xp- -fm-hp- -Xv. Ah axsø {]Xn-Im-c-tØm-sSbpw AXns\ \in- n- -W-sa Dt±-iy-tØmsSbpw ]n p- S-cp- p. At m-gp mip kaq-l-hn- `-P-\-Øns DZm-l-cWw C{]-Im-c-ambn-cn- pw. Hcp `mkøv sim - m-cptsbpw tamjvsm- -fp-tsbpw sx n-ifp-ts-xp-w adp-`m-køv Kh sa-s ns hyh-ÿ-bpw t]mse-bm-bn-cn- pw. Kh sa v \nb-a-\n amww hgn kam-[m-\hpw kpc- bpw \ne- \n Øp-hm e y-am- p p. F m sim - mcpw I - mcpw sx n-ifpw P\-ß-fpsS kwc- -W- Øn-\p-th nbp hyhÿ XI p- Ibpw AXv ewln- p-ibpw snøp- p. Fs - m Xß-fpsS {]h Ø-\- ßƒ v XS- -ap- m- p \nb-a- Øn\v CXv Imc-W-am-hp-sa- -h `bs -Sp- p. \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-bn h{icmb hy n-iƒ v F mwv \, F mwv a\p-jy-po-hn-x-øns A Yw, F o Imcy-ßƒ a\- n-em- m km[n- n. axhpw sszhn-im- ym-]-\-ß-fpw aptj\ am{xta Ipeo- \Xzw txsm Ignbq F v \mw Xncn- -dn-bww. `uxn-i-ho- -W-ap XØz-imkv{X- - m pw `uxn-i-hm-zn- Iƒ pw euin-i-po-hn-x-øn Ffp- -Øn Ncn- m km[n- pw. CXn- \p-hn-]-co-x-ambn sszhzqx- mcpw {]hm-n-i- mcpw tlmc-h-\-ßfpw lxm-i-bpss acp-`q-an-ifpw Xm p- Xv Ah-cpsS sszhnii nbpw sszhni am K-Z i-\-hpw sim mwv. ]ns Ah v sszhw \evip kphn-tij-ßƒ aptj\ {]hm-n-i- mcpw ZqX- mcpw Ah-cpsS A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw hnpb-øns e y-ÿm-\-sø-øp- p. CXv t]mse Fs - nepw `uxn-i-cmb Bfp-Iƒ n-s-bn Is -Øm km[n- ptam? sszh-zq-x- m-cpw {]hm-n-i- mcpw apt m p sh p sszhn-im- ym-]-\- ß-fn sszh-tøm-sp IS-a-I-fpw Ahs Zmk- m-tcm-sp-ap IS-a-Ifpw hnh-cn- p- p. a p hm p-i-fn ]d- m sszhn-i-\n-ba-tøm-sp _lp-am\mz-chpw- A m-lp-hn-s krjvsn-i-tfmsv ImWn-t Zb-sb- p-dn pw ]cn-]q W-ambn hni-zo-i-cn- -s - n- p-ap- v. Ckveman-s - A- ym-]-\-ßƒ AXns ]cn-]q W al-xz-tøm-sp- IqSn Ckvemans {]hm-n-i(-k)s kz`m-hhpw s]cp-am- hpw aptj\ ]q W-ambpw Ah-X-cn- n- -s - n- p- v. a\p-jym-h-im-i-ßƒ v ]pdsa ark-ßtfmspw a p Pohn-I-tfmSpw Imcp-WytØmsS s]cp-am-dm Ckvemw ]Tn- n- p- p. Ckvemans A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ A\m-Y-tcmSpw Pohn-X-hn-`-hßfn mø Zcn-{Z-tcmSpw ImcpWyw ImWn- p- p. apkvenwiƒ Ign-h-\p-kcn v Ahsc Xo n-t m- p- p. a\p-jysc IqSmsX Ah ark-ß-tfmspw ImcpWyw ImWn- p- p. Ah XßfpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ {]I-Sn- n- m Ai- -cm-wv. CkvemanI \nba-{]-imcw Cu F m-hn[ a\p-jy-hn-`m- K-ßfpw ark-ßfpw Xß-fpsS kºøn \nb-a-{]-imcw ] p-im-cm- Wv. AXn-\m Ah Xß-fpsS I Øhyw \nd-th p-sa v {]Xo- n- s -Sp- p. klolv _pjm-cn-bn tcj-s -Sp- Ø-s Hcp kw`hw Cu A ym-]-\- Øn\v \s mcpzml-c-w-am-wv. Zmln- ph-e Hcp \mb v Hcp kv{xo Hcp InW- n \n v sh w -timcn simsp- Øp. AhcpsS Cu {]hrøn HuZmcy-hm\pw {kjvsm-hp-amb sszh- Øns ] Cu Hcp IrXyw AhcpsS hnp-b-øn\pw ]m]-s m-dp-xn pw Imc-W-am-bn. kl-po-hn-i-tfmsv i{xp-xbpw {Iqc- Xbpw ImWn- p- -Xns\ Ckvemw \ntcm-[n- p- p. ark-ß-tfmspw a p-pohn-i-tfmspw {IqcX Im p- -Xn-s\bpw Ckvemw hntcm-[n- p- p. klolv _pjm-cn-bn Hcp kv{xobp-ambn _ -s as mcp kw`hw tcj-s - Sp-Øp- p. B kv{xo Hcp ]q sb AXn\v axn-bmb ` Ww \evimsx si n-bn- p. Ah-km\w Zmlhpw hni pw ImcWw B ]q NØp. Xs krjvsn-tbmsv ImWn- -s Cu {Iqc-Xbn Ak- p-jvs-\mb sszhw Ahsf \c-i-øn {]th-in- n- p. ZqX- mcpw {]hm-n-i- mcpw Ah-Xcn- n ka-{khpw ]cn-]q Whpw kp{km-ly-hp-amb A ym-]-\-am-wn-xv. {Iqc- m-cmb tkz m-[n-]-xn-ifpw `oic-t\-xm- fpw kz w Xm ]-cy-ßƒ sh p-]p-e Øp- -hcpw Bfl-]q-P- Icpw kzm Yn-I-fp-am-Wv. Bfl-{]-iwkbpw [\-tam-lhpw am{x-amwv AhcpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ. sszhn-im- ym-]-\- ß-fn \n v cq]w sim p kxya-x-ß-tfbpw Ipeo-\-k-ap-Zm-b-ßtfbpw Ah v a\- n-em- m km[ya-. Ah-km-\-ambn Rßƒ {]m Yn- p- p. ax-øns Bh-iy-IX a\- n-em- p-hm B[p-\nI temi- Øns IÆp-Iƒ A mlp Xpd- pam-dm-i-s. kxy-axw kzoi-cn- p-sim v Ah sszh-xr]vxn t\sp- -h-cm-bn- Øo-cp-am-dm-I-s. hnh: si.-hn. l tim-b, timgnt msv 28

k ßfpw bmym Yyßfpw s{]m^: A p emw 36 h jßƒ v apºv 1975 sk]vxw_dn kzou\nse kvt mivtlmw bqwnthgvkn nbn sh v s{]m^. A p emw kmln_v \SØnb {]`mjwamwnxv. Z tkm]pcßƒ hn ndßnb Cu I atbmkn kº cmpyßfnse imkv{x thznifn aq mw temicmpyønse ] nwn]mhßƒ v th n [ocambn s]mcpxp BthiIcamb Nn{Xw Cu {]`mjwønep v. kaimeo\ kμ `Øn G hpw {]k amwv At±lØns \nco Wßƒ. \hw_ 15 \v At±lØns 21 mw Nca hm jnizn\amwv. tej\w a\pjys\bpw temisøbpw {]] søbpw kw_ n {]iv\ ßƒ F hnjbsø A[nIcn v \SØp Cu {]`mjw ]cºc bnse BZysØ {]`mji F \nebn F\n v e`n BZcØn\vv Fs AKm[amb \μn tcs Sp Øp p. Cu ASpØnsS am{xamwv sfiycmjv{s k`bpss P\d Akw ªnbpsS Hcp {]txyi tbmkw, am\h cmin AXnkº cpw Zcn{Z\mcmb W mcpambn c p tncnifn {[phoicn s SpIbmWv F v {]kvxmhn Xv. CXv temihym]iambn Hcp {]Xnk n krjvsn ncn p p. Cu {]Xnk n tbbpw Hcp ]pxnb km htziob {iaøn\v th nbp Zcn{Zcmjv{SßfpsS Bhiyß tfbpw ]cnkwn m\mwv tbmkw tn Xv. ]mhßfpss \odp {]iv\ßƒ icnbmbn a\ nem n bn p Npcp w Nne cmpyßfn H mwv kzou. klmbßfpss ImcyØn sfiy cmjv{s k`bpss Cu Xocpam\w ]q Wambn \S m p Htcsbmcp cmpyhpw kzou\mwv. BtKmf {]iv\ßfpss ImcyØn kzou\nse bphm fmwv 1972 temiøn \miam\w t\xrxzw \ InbXv. AXpsIm v \nßtfmsv kwkmcn m F\n v AXnbmb kt mjap v. Zcn{Z cmpyßƒ Bhiys Sp sx msw\pw AXns ]cnlmc ßsfs pw kº cmpyßƒ v a\ nemip txbn. am\hcmin BsI AIs ncn p {]Xnk nbpw H pw {Kln m Ah v Ign n n. Fßs\ CXv a\ n em ns msp pw F XmWv Cu kwhmzøns Dt±iyw. C v temisø A`napJoIcn p {lkzime {]Xnk n am\hcmin bpss 90 ixam\w hcp Zcn{Z cmpyßfnse P\ßƒ C v ]m cmbnt]mbncn p p F XmWv. Zcn{Zcmb Rßƒ temiønse 10 ixam\w hcp kº v (5000 timsn cq] 1975se aqeyw) ISs n cn p p. Rßfn G hpw Zcn{Z cmpyßƒ v ISØns ]eni t]mepw simsp m\p tijnbn. h jw {]Xn Hcp timsn S [m\yw Cd paxn sntø p Rßƒ v AXn v Xs 10,000 timsn tumf thww FhnsS \n p m m\mwv C{Xbpw [\w? Fs cmpyamb ]m nÿms ISw 6 _n y tumfdmwv. CXv RßfpsS samøw tziotbm ]mz\øn\v XpeyamWv. Bdp sim sø Ib paxnbp mz \Øn\v XpeyamWnXv. {]kn e hmcni C twmankv v FgpXn Zcn{Zcn Zcn{Zcmb cmpyßƒ v C\nta ISw In n. kz w \o nbncn pan. Cd paxn Ipd pitb \n hml ap q. efnxambn ]d m AhnSpsØ P\ßƒ ] nwnbnemhpw Cu {lkzime {]Xnk n Hcp Zo L Ime {]Xnk nbpss `mkwam{xamwv. temiøn D h\pw C møh\pw XΩnep A cw `ojwamsbmcp ]X\Øn seøn \n p p. hcpam\øns ap m ] pw apx aps ns ap m ] pw KthjWßfpsS GXm v \qdv ixam\hpw temi Ønse \mensem v hcp hcpss ssiifnemwv ti{μoicn ncn p Xv. temiønse samøw [mxp kºøns 78 ixam\w Ah D]tbmKn p p. Bbp[ßƒ v th n am{xambn Ah D]tbmKn p [mxp ƒ as m cmjv{sß fpssbpw samøw D]t`mKtØ mƒ IqSpXemWv. 1970 temiøn Aº cmb 100 timsn P\ßfpsS Btfmlcn hcpam\w {]Xnh jw 3000 tumf Bbncp p. G hpw ASn Ø nep Zcn{Zcmb 100 timsn P\ßfpsS {]Xn h j Btfmlcn hcpam\w shdpw 100 tumf am{xw. CXn G hpw `oxnp\iamb hkvxpxsbs m ASpØ `mhn bnsem pw ÿnxnkxnifn Fs nepw am w hcp Xns bmsxmcp kqn\bpan F XmWv. \nehn ep Itºmf hyhÿ v Iogn 1980 BIptºmtg pw Zcn{ZcmPy ßfpsS Btfmlcn hcpam\w 100 \n pw 103 tumfdmipsa mwv {] Xo! kº cmjv{sßfpss Btfmlcn hcpam\amis, 3000 tumfdn \n pw 4000 tumfdmbpw Dbcpw!! C sø kmºøni hyhÿbn hnik\sa Xv shdpw X n msw Xv Zcn{Z cmjv{sßƒ IcpXp psh n Ahsc Ip s SpØm\mhn. Ign 20 sim Øn\p n temiømsi 12000 timsn tumf ISambpw a pw \ Is n p v. AXn Zcn{Zcmjv{S ßfpsS hnlnxw 5 ixam\w 29

am{xambn mwv ]cnanxs SpØnbXv. temiønemsi hnhn[ D ßƒ mbn {]Xn h jw 20,000 timsn tumf snehgn s Sp p. AXns \qdnsem v am{xamwv bym Y D mzi v e`n p Xv. _m napgph kº cmpyßfnse hnxcw m pw CS\ne m pamwv e`n p Xv. CXns ImcWhpw Cu hyhÿ bmwv. Ign h jw Fgp\qdptImSn tumf [\klmbambn Zcn{Z cmpyßƒ v \ InbXpw Ahcn \n v hmßp km[\ßfpss hne Ipd v AXnepw IqSpX XpI Ahcn \n pw X nsbspøxpw Cu hyhÿxs bmwv. Ha Jbmans hm pifn Ah Bhiys Sp Xn AZv`pXan. A tbm t{]a`mp\ta, \ap nsbn \nd p \n p hnjmzw Ie hn[nbpss KqVkvanXw \o AdnbpI. \ap Xns\ DS mxncn pi. lrzy amb as mcp cq]w \ In AXns\ \ΩqsS amtdmsw mw. Zcn{Z timsnifpss IÆoscm m {_ko, saivknt m, AƒPocnbm, ]minkvxm XpSßnb aq mw temi cmpyßfnse {]Xn`mimenIfmb bph kmºøni imkv{x m a pnne kmºøni hnzkv[cpss klmbtømss hnik\øn\v Hcp ]pxnb ]mx Is Øp Xn\pw hf bpss ]cnanxniƒ Xn s Sp Øp Xn pw th n {ian pibmbn cp p. `uxni imkv{x tcm 30 sk v t]mƒkv IØo{U kmt XnI hnzkv[tcm Cu {iaøn ] psim ns ImcyØn Rm e n p p. Cu ]T\amWv ]pxnb km h tziob kmºøni {Iaw ÿm]n p Xn\p {]Jym] \Øns ASnÿm\tcJbmbn Øo Xv 1974 tn sfiy cmjv{sk`bpss Bdmw kvs]jy ktωf\ønemwt m Cu {] Jym]\ap mbxv. AXns XpS sb \ne pw 1974 sfiy cmjv{s k` hnfw_cw snbvx kmºøn ImhImi Nm dn\v AXymhiyw th ] pw \Jhpw \ IpI F Dt±iytØmsSbpw hnfn ptn Ø CønsS Ahkm\n Cu ktωf\w 13 mw \q m nse tsmws]bns a\pjymhimi {]Jym]\w, 19 mw \q m nse IΩyqWnkv v am\n s^kvt m XpSßnb alømb {]Jym]\ßtfmSv kmzriy s SpØnbmWv Zcn{Z cmpyßƒ Cu {]Jym]\sØ ImWp Xv. Cu \htemi kmºøni {IasØ kº cmpyßfnse Fkv m_vfn jvsa piƒ Fßs\ t\m n mwp psh v hnebncpøm {]bmkamwv. 1974 sfiycmjv{s k`bnse Nne kº cmpyßfpss {]Xn\n[nIƒ \SØnb ]cnlmk tzymziamb Ia pifn \n pw CXn\vv t\sc AhcpsS ]pnvo`mhw Ie \ne]msv hy amip p. Be mcni {]tbmkßfpss anyym temiw F mwv Nne CutcJsb hntijn n Xv. a v NnecpsS A`n XmPval {]mbøn Hmtcm {]tabhpw apºtøxnt\ mƒ \o Xpw Bh Ø\ hnckhpamwv. hmbn m sim møxv, Znhm kz]v\ßƒ... Cßs\ t]mip p Cu tcjsb ] n kº cmpyßfpss Ia piƒ. CXn \n pw kº cmpyßfpss kao]\w hy amwt m. Cs m w A w am ap mbn. AXv shdpw NSßmbn amdnbn. tum: In n P ktωf\øn kzmkxm lamb Nne \n t±ißƒ AhXcn n n p v. klicw ^ piƒ, kwbp kwc`ßƒ, klmbßƒ apxemb hbpss Hcp ]mt Pv ] XnbmWnXv. AtX] n Rm ]n osv ]dbmw kº cmpyßfnse hntzi Imcy a{ namcpw [\Imcy a{ namcpw am{xw Zcn{Z cmpyßtfmsv kwhzn m t]mc. AhnSsØ _p npohn Ifpw s]mxpp\ßfpw Zcn{ZcpsS {]iv\ßƒ kxyk ambn {Kln t Xp v. Zcn{Zcpw [\nicpw XΩnep Cu A csø ] nbp Aht_m[ Øn \n mwv Zcn{ZcmPyØp \n p Ffnb Hcp {]IrXnimkv{X F \ne pw sfiycmjv{s k`sb AKm[ambn kvt\ln p Hcmsf \nebnepw Rm Fs lrzb hnimcßƒ \nßsf Adnbn m B{Kln p Xv.. Rms\mcp kmºøni imkv{x \s nepw Cu IrXyw \n hln p p.

sfk v \yq XmPvalepw sk v t]mƒkv IØo{Uepw Zcn{Z cmpyßfpss am\kni ÿnxn a\ nem Wsa n \nßƒ Nne Imcyßƒ Adn ncn Ww. aq v \q m piƒ v apºv {In.h. 1660 B[p\nI temi Ncn{XØnse AXnKw`ocßfmb c v kvamcißƒ ]WnXpb Øs p. H v ]Sn mdpw as m v Ing pw. e \nse sk v t]mƒ ] nbpw B{Kbnse XmPvalepw Cu Ncn{X Ime L Øn c v kwkvimcßƒ, hmkvxp hnzybnepw in thebnepw [mcmfnøzønepw \ho\xbnepw GXv \nehmcøn FØn\n p p F Xns DØa \nz i\ ßfmWv Cu kvamcißƒ. hm p Itf mƒ hmnmeamb {]XoIßƒ!. GXm v CtX kabøv aq ma sxmcp kvamciw IqSn temiøv ka n s p. am\hcmin v Gsd hnes alømb Hcp kvacwni bmbncp p AXv. CXv ]Sn mdv am{xamwv kw`hn Xv. 1687 {]kn s SpØnb \yq s {]n kn nb (Princpia) bmbncp p AXv. apkƒ C ybn CXn\v kam\ambn H pap mbn. XmPval \n an kmt XnI hnzy \yq s {]n kn nb v tijw P w sim kwkvimchpw AhcpsS kmt XnI hnzybpambn kº s t mƒ BZytØXn\v h p`hn hn[n sb mbncp p F v \aps m v ]cntim[n mw. BZytØ BLmXap mbxv 1757 BWv. XmPval \n an v GXm v \qdv sim w Ign Xn\v tijw shsnacp v sim p {]h Øn p ss hns sndnb txm piƒ jmplms ]n p d msc ZmcpWambn ]cmpb s SpØn. ho pw Hcp \qdp sim w IqSn Ign t mƒ 1857 Ahkm\sØ apkƒ N{Ih Øn Zn nbnse Xs IncoShpw snt mepw hnivtsmdnbm cm n v ASnbdhv sh m \n _ nx \mbn. {]Xm]apKvZamb Hcp km{ampy Øns A yw am{xambncp n AXv. IebptSbpw kwkvimc Ønt bpw kmt XnIhnZybptSbpw hn m\ønt bpw alømb Hcp ]mcºcyw BsIbpw A\yw \n p t]mipibmbncp p. 1857 Bbt mtg pw C ybn `cwønt bpw hn m\ønt bpw `mj t]gvky \n \n pw Cw ojmbn amdn. kviqfpifn Ha Jbmant bpw lm^nknbptsbpw kvt\l KoX ßƒ v ]Icw tjivkv]nbdpw an \pw ÿm\w ]nsn p Ign ncp p. C_v\p ko\bpss sshzyw hnkvacn s p. Um bnse akveo \n amwie \in pign ncp p. ]Icw e mjbdn \n p ]cpønxpwniƒ ÿm\w ]nsn p. C ybpss ASpØ \qdph jsø Ncn{Xw Xo vwamb NqjW ßfpsS IYbmWv. AXns\ ] n sbm pw Rm\nt mƒ kwkmcn p n. A sø {_n ojv C ybn Rm hf ph imkv{x kmt XnI Np p]mspisf pdn v am{xta Rm hnhcn p p q. C v ]minkvxm F dnbs Sp {]tz iøv {_n ojpim 31 sslkviqfp Ifpw B Svkv timtfppifpamwv ÿm]n Xv. A sø P\kwJy GXm v 4 timsnbmbncp p. Ah s mw IqSn Hcp F o\obdnßv timtfpv am{xamwp mbncp Xv. Cu \bßfpss ^ew Duln mhp tx bp q. Irjnbn cmkhfßfpw IoS \min\nifpw krjvsn cmkhnπhw Rßsf kv] in pt]mepan. \n amw hnzyiƒ XnI pw hnkvarxß fmbn. Ccpºp thwsa n AXv Cw n \n pw hcww Cu Np p]msnemw,v GItZiw Ccp]Øn b psim Øn\v apºv Rm emtlmdn \n v B[p\nI `uxni imkv{xw ]Tn m\pw AXn KthjWw \SØm\pw Bcw`n Xv. \qdv h jsø {_n ojv `cw Øn\v tijw ]minkvxm kzx{ ambn. A sø RßfpsS Btfm lcn hm jni hcpam\w 80 tumfdm bncp p. km cx 20 ixam\hpw. P\kwJy h jw {]Xn 3 ixam\w I v h [n psim ncp p. Pe tkn\ kwhn[m\w ]mts XI p. kmaqly kpc m kwhn[m\ß sfm pan. inip acw \nc mis hfsc IqSpX.12inip fn 5 t]tc 1 hb n IqSpX Pohn n cp p q. hm IyImetØ p Htcsbmcp Bhiyw F \ne v Hcp Ip ns {]txyin v B Ip ns P\\w Ahcm{Kln p Ibpw Db P\\ \nc v D mip Ibpw snøp p. kzmx{ yhpw Zmcn{Zyhpw Aßs\ ]minkvxm\v kzmx { yw e`n cmpyßfpss \ncbn H mw ÿm\w e`n p. Rßƒ v C\n Xe]pI mtemnnt {]iv\ßsfm pan. RßfpsS h [n phcp P\XbpsS ` Ww D ]mzn n pisb `mcn DØc hmznxzøn \n v Rßƒ tamnn Xcmbn. Atacn bn an w hcp tkmxºv Cd paxnsnøm XpSßn. BZyw ]n F 480 A\pkcn v F{X tkmxºv thwsa nepw In p sa v h p. Cu DZmcXbpsS [mcmfnøw I v RßfpsS [\Imcy a{ namcnsemcmƒ ]minkvxm\n C\nta tkmxºv IrjnIpd m\pw X ÿm\øv ]pibne Irjn h [n n m\pw hsc Iev]\ \ In. Rßƒ lm Uvhm Uv k h Iemimebn \n v t]cp ti hnik\mkq{xisc sim ph p. Ah RßtfmSv ]d p, Rßƒ Dcp p hyhkmbßsfm pw Bcw`n t Imcyan. ]n vkv _ Kn \n p F{X thwsa nepw hmßmw FÆ Cd paxnbptsbp F n\v hn]wøns NpaXeIqSn Rßƒ _lpcmjv{s Iº\nIsf G n p. A v FÆ kpe`ambncp p. AXn \m RßfpsS \m n FÆbpsS ]cythjww \SØp Xn Ah v H pw Xm ]cyap mbncp n. Aßs\ ]pxpxmbn kzmx{ yw t\snb timf\nifpss kºzv hyhÿ v ]minkvxm Hcp mkn v DZmlcWambnØo p. {cmjv{sobmsnaøzøn\v ]Icw kmºønimsnaøw h p. kvio apif\pkcn v Ah v Rßƒ hne 31

Jeo-^-Øp ako-lns ktμiw tic-f-ønse timgn-t msv ]okv tim ^-d kn ]s -Sp-Ø-h p ktμiw 2011 October 30 LONDON A -emap Asse pw h dlvaøp- mln h _d- m-øplp \nß-fn-se- m-h-cnepw A m-lp-hns A\p-{K-lhpw kam-[m-\hpw D m-hs. 2008 \hw-_ A{X-am{Xw hnzq-cÿ-amb Hcp `qx-im-e-ambn F\n v txm p- n-. tic-f-ønse Pam- AØpw timgn-t ms hnhn[ kaql-t\-xm- fpw F\n v \ Inb hnim-c-km-{μhpw Dujva-f-hp-amb kzoi-cww Rm hy -ambpw Hm p- p. BbXp-sIm v kam-[m- \-Øn-t bpw \ -bp-tsbpw ip`m-iwk-iƒ ho pw t\cp- -Xn Rm AXoh k p-jvs-\m-wv. BZy-ambn Cu ktω-f-\-øn ]s -Sp- p F m-h pw Rm lm Zamb IrX- X Adn-bn- -s. Cu {]tz-isø P\-ßƒ XΩn-ep F m-hn[ sx n- m-c-w-ifpw AI n Ah n-s-bn aln-x-amb kln-jvwp-xbpw kvt\lhpw Du n-bp-d- n- pi F -Xmbn-cn- Ww Cu ktω-f-\-øns ]ca-amb e yw. AlvaZnøm apkvenw Pam-AØv AXns BZy-Imew apx s temi- Øns hnhn[ `mk-ß-fn axm-nm-cy- msc BZ-cn- p ktω-f-\-øn\v BXn-tY-bXzw hln- p-t]m- n- p- v. hnhn[ ax-ÿm-]-i-cpss A ym-]-\-ßfpss shfn- -Øn tic-f-øn {]mtzin-i-ambn hniz-im n ktω-f-\-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn- p- v. \mw Hcp BtKm-f-{Kma-Øn hkn- p- -h-cm-sw v Ah- Im-i-s -Sp-tºmƒ Xs temiw C m- `w-k-tømss kam-[m\w Atº-jn- p- I-bm-Wv. am\-h-cmin ]q hm-[niw hn`- Pn-XambXmbpw kam-[m\w F m-hn- `mkw P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fn \n pw sx nam-dp- -Xmbpw \mw ImWp- p. AXn- \m hy n-iƒ n-s-bnepw kaq-lßƒ n-s-bnepw hniz-hym-]-i-ambpw im n ]p\x-ÿm-]n- p -Xn ax-t\- Xm- - m v apjy-amb ] mwv \n hln- m-\p- -Xv. AlvaZnøm apkvenw Pam-A- Øns hnip ÿm]-i lzvdøv an km Kpemw AlvaZv JmZn-bm\n (A) cnn "kam-[m-\-k-tμiw' F v kap-nn-x-ambn hnfn- mhp elp-ir- Xn-bn \n pw Hcp `mkw Rm\p- -cn- mw. At±lw Xm\mWv hmkvzø akolpw temiw {]Xo- n- p-sim- ncn- p ]cn-jv Øm-hp-sh pw hmzn- p-i-bp- m-bn. At±lw Fgp- Xp p: "\mw lnμp- fpw apkvenwifpw XΩn \qdp- -W- n\v hyxym-k-ßfp-s nepw s]mxp-hmb Hcp Imcyap- v. \mw {]]- - {k-j-v-smhpw {]]- -\m-y-\p-amb Hcp sszh-øn hnizkn- p- -h-cm-wv. \msa mw a\p-jy F Htc Pohn-K-W-Øn s]- -h-cm- Wv. AXn IqSp-X-embn Htc cmpy- \n-hm-kn-i-fm-wv. \mw ]c-kv]cw Ab hm-kn-i-fm-wv. Dt±-i-ß-fpsS Bflm -X-bnepw lrz-b-ip- nbnepw \mw ]c-kv]cw kplr-øp- fm-bn-cn- -W-sa v CXv \tωm-sm-h-iys -Sp- p. \mw XΩn A\p-I-ºm-`mh-tØmSpw klm-b-a-\-ÿn-xn-tbmspw IqSn s]cp-am-d-ww. ax-]-chpw `uxn- I-hp-amb Imcy-ß-fn sshj-ay-ßƒ t\cn-sp-tºmƒ Htc ico-c-ønse Ahb-h-ßsf t]mse \mw ]c-kv]cw kl-xm]w ImWn- Ww'' kºq Æ-ambpw \oxn-]m-en- p-sim- p-am-{xta kaq-l-øn kam-[m\w ÿm]n- m km[y-amhq F Imcyw \mtam -Ww. kaq-l-øn kam-[m-\-`wkw krjvsn- p LS-Ißƒ Xmsg ]d-bp- -Xm-Wv. a\pjylrz-b-øn-ep hntzzjw, ax- Ipd AkwkvIrX hkvxp fmb NWw, ]cpøn, txbne, XpI apxembh \ IWw. 1956 am{xamwv Hcp Imcyw Fs {i bn s] X.v Rßƒ Ib n Ab p D ßfpsS hne XpS bmbn Ipdbp p. Nnet mƒ AXv IpØs\ CSnbp p. F m Rßƒ v Cd paxn sntø hymhkmbni D ßfpsS hne \nc cw h [n p p. hniknx cmpyßfnse kmaqly t a {]h Ø\ßƒ IqSp Xns DØc hmznxzw IqSn Zcn{Z cmpyßfmb RßfmWv hlnt n hcp Xv. Itºmf kºzvhyhÿbpss `mkamwt{x CsX mw. I\Ø hne simspøv Ahcn \n v Rßƒ b{ ßƒ Cd paxn snbvxp. Ah D]tbmKn p D m nb D ßƒ v DZmlcWØn\v ]cpønxpwnbp m nbt mƒ Ah Cd paxn snøp Xns\Xnsc Cu cmpyßƒ I\Ø Np ßƒ G s SpØn. RßfpsS sxmgnemfn IfpsS Iqen IpdhmW.v AXv sim v Rßƒ v a cn m\mhpam bncp p. ]t AXv A\ymb amwt{x! Cu Xocph NpaØens kz`mhw a\ nem m HcpZmlcW sasp mw. ]minkvxm\v ]cpøn pcpib n Ab Ww F ncn s. Cd paxn cmpyøv AXns Xocph Hcp SÆn v \qdp tumf axn. ]t Ipcp B n FÆbm nbmtem s]mfn p ]mfokmbxp Xs! GÆ \n anx hkvxphmwp t]mepw. AXp sim v AXv Ib n Ab ptºmƒ AXns Xocph SÆn\v 600 tumf. Dcp v b{ ßƒ, cmkhfw, Bbp[ ßƒ F nhs map am mwv RßfpsS cmpyw. F m b{ ßƒ D]tbmKn v RßfpsS cmpyw D m p H pt]mepw Ib n Ab piqsm. ]ns Rßƒ ]m cmbxn AXv`pXs msm\pt m? 32

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ticf kwÿm\ ktωf\w HchtemI\w F. Iyp. alvzn 2011 \hw_ 12, 13, XobXnIfn timgnt msv \S kwÿm\ ktωf\sø n teji hnhcn p p h mø Xnc p ]I Znhk ambncp p F\n v \hw_ 11 sh nbmgv. sh nbmgv ]{X Øn I 11 11 11 XobXnsb kqnn n p A sshnn{xyw sxs mcp ck`mhøn hmbn p XpSßns m mwv Znhkw XpSßn bxv timgnt ms Ønb Rm kwÿm\ P kbn ]s Sp m tlm en \n pw ktωf\ \Kcnbn te v h p. BZy ZnhksØ ]cn]msn Xs {]iwk\obamb \nebn a\ n\v kwxr]vxn \ Ip hn[ønemwv \S Xv. A W t_m[tømss {]h Øn p AlvaZohf nb amsc IrX Xbm IÆpItfmsS Rm t\m n \n p. Ahcne [nihpw Iuamc mcpw bphm fpambncp psh nepw A km (AlvaZnøm htbmp\ kwls\ bnse AwKßƒ) t\xrxzw F m n \pap mbncp p. F{X NSpeam bmwv H pw kabw ]mgm msx \ΩpsS Ip niƒ tkh\a\p jvtn Xv. F n\v AXv^m _me m t]mepw Ip p `mhønep AhcpsS I a\ncx hy am n bxv hm keytømts Rm t\m n\n p. C{X henb P\ q sø amt\pv snøm\pw F mh pw tkh\saøn m\pw \ΩpsS Ip niƒ mhptam F t\cnb ktμlw F\n p mbn F Xv Rm ad psh p n. Bi v ÿm\ap mbncp n. Ah \n bzm VytØmsS CNvOmi ntbmss Xs XßfpsS ISa Iƒ ]nghpifn msx \ndth n. Hcp]t G hpw IqSpX t] ]s SpØ ticf P kbmbn cn manxv. ktωf\ ] enseøn bt mƒ C{Xb[nIw t] v Fßs\ PamAØmbn \akvicn m Ignbpw F kwibw Fs a\ nepzn ncp p. AXn\p Bkq{XWßsf mw ap Iq n snø s ncp p. F v ]n osmwv a\ n embxv. \ΩpsS Ip niƒ bm{ ni thkxbn Ccn nsßƒ srmsnbns sim v hißfnte v am n ASp nsh v πmkv n v ]mb hncn v {]m Y\ v thznsbmcp n. \akvimcøn\v tijw dnthgvkv {]{InbbneqsS lmƒ ho pw ktωf\thznbmbn. C{Xb[nIw `mh\bpw I atijnbpw {ZpXKXn bnep {]h Ø\hpw ImWp tºmƒ \ΩpsS Ip nifn \ap p {]Xo Isf AXv i am p p. `mchmlnitfbpw kwlms Itcbpw G hpw «mlnt Xv c mw Znhkw sshipt csø s]mxp ktωf\ thznbmb timgn t msv _o v Xncs SpØXn emwv. ktωf\w \S p _o v H p ImWmsa v sh v Xmakn p tlm en \n v `mcybpw Rm\pw IqSn {]`mx khmcn ndßn. At mgpw _o v ]ehn[ ImbnI hnt\mzßfnte s] hsc sim pw {]`mx \SØ msc sim pw kpohambncp p. \ mbn, C{X hnimehpw at\mlchpamb Hcp ÿew Xncs SpØXn\v kwlms Isc a\ p sim p A`n\μn p. apxe pfsø ss_øp Jp±q kn Xncns Ønbt mƒ BfpIƒ h p sim ncn p p. tbmkw Bcw`n p Xn\v apºp Xs ItkcIƒ \ndbm XpSßn. c mw \mfnepw ]e AlvaZo kplrøp Ifpambn ]cnnbw ]pxp m\pw kwkmcn m\pw km[n p. ktωf\ Ønse c p Znhkßfnsebpw {]kwkßƒ hnjbøns {]k n sim v hfsc {][m\yw A ln p {]`mjwßfmbncp p. Ahbnse D S sø pdn v Rm\nhnsS kqnn n m \m{kln p n. F nepw ImenI {]m[m\yw sim pw kv^psamb i ssien sim pw ssh m\ni \nehmcw sim pw {]kwkßƒ hfsc {it bambn cp p. F m {]`mjwßfpw D X \nehmcamwv ]pe ØnbXv. \KcaPvenkpIfn G hpw \ {]h Ø\Øn\v AJnte ymxeøn c mw ÿm\w Icÿam nb ]me msv A kmdp mlv AwKßƒ 34

AlvaZnøm apkvenw PamAØv kwÿm\ ktωf\w _n. F. aplωzv \Po_v, FdWmIpfw timgnt msv: Ncn{Xapdßp timgnt msv \KcØn\v F mehpw a\ n kq n m a[pckvac WIfpW Øp c v Zn\cm{Xßƒ kωm\n psim v AlvaZnøm apkvenw PamAØv kwÿm\ ktωf\øn\v hnpbicamb ]cnkam]vxn. kam]\ktωf\øn\v Acsßmcpßnb timgnt msv _o n se B Øncºp XncameIƒ AlvaZnIfpsS Bthiw apgph s\ nte n Ncn{X aplq ØØn\v km nbmbn \n p. 2011 \hw_ 12 mw XobXn cmhnse 9.45\v ss_ Øp Jp±qkv A WØn AJnte ym tae y auem\m C\mw kmln_v tkmdn ]XmI Db Ønb txmss ktωf\øns \mμnipdn p. lm^nkv A_p h^m kmln_v hnip Jp B ]mcmbww \n h ln p. timgnt msv tajem Aao si. Fw. AlvaZv timb kmln_v Jeo^Xncpa\ ns ktμiw hmbn- v tiƒ n p. kwl j`cnx amb h Øam\ temi kmlncy Øn kvt\løns bpw kulrz Øns bpw hgnbn am\pjni aqeyw Dƒs m v {]h Øn Wsa v lpkq Xncpa\ v ktμiøn ]d p. Jnem^Øv hyhÿbneqssb msx BXvaobambpw `uxoiambpw a\pjy\v ]ptcmkxn {]m]n m km[yas v ktωf\w DZvLmS\w snbvxpsim v auem\m C\mw kmln_v tkmdn ]d p. kxyhnizm kniƒ v A mlp hnip Jp B\neqsS hmkvzm\w snbvxxmwv Jnem^Øv. Jnem^Øv ÿm]nx amip txmss XuloZv ÿm]n m\p hgnsbmcpßp p. ]e coxnbnep {]Xn_ ßfpw \ap v XcWw sntø Xmbn hcpw. F m CXn \n v ]pdøp t]mip h B mewlicmbncn pw. sszhoi knwlmk\sø De p hn[øn ZpBbn apgpipi. ImeØns Jeo^bpsS BPvR]men p Xn hogvn hcp pt msb v ASn Sn ]cntim[n v sim ncn Wsa pw tkmdn kmln_v ]d p. A mlp Hcp A\ L \n[nbmsw v a\ n em nsim v F mijvs \jvsß fnepw Ah\pambn _ w hnnvtozn mxncn Wsa v DZvLmS\ ktωf \Øn A[y X hln timgn t msv tajem Aao si. Fw. AlvaZv timb kmln_v A`n{]mb s p. ]q hime AlvaZnIƒ hfscb[niw {]bmkßƒ t\cnts n h n ps pw CXv kxy {]ÿm\øns e WamsW pw Xncph\ ]pcw taje Aao AlvaZv ico^v kmln_v A`n{]mb s p. "hnip Jp B ImemXnh Ønbmb {KŸw' F hnjbsø Bkv]Zam n apvenkv Jp±map AlvaZnø kuøv ticf JmCZv C.F v \Po_v kmln_v {]`mjww \SØn. hnip Jp Bs {]hn\ßƒ a\pjy_p nsb {]Iº\w sim n p XmWv. a\pjy\v {kjvsmhnte p t\ hgn {]Zm\w snøm\mwv hnip Jp B AhXcn s sx pw At±lw ]d p. A{IaImcnIsf A mlp hgntisnem pibpw kxy hnizmknisf Dd n v \n ØpIbpw snøpsa v ae pdw tajem Aao aplωzenamkv kmln_v ]d p. apkvenwiƒ blqzniƒ v kam\cm bnøo t mƒ \_n(k)bpss {]hn\a\pkcn mwv hmkvzø akolv (A) BKX\mbsX v "hmkvzø akolns ZuXyw' F hnjbsø pdn p {]`mjw Øn auehn kp Øm \ko kmln_v ]d p. Poh\p k h i \mb A mlphns\bmwv akolv auduzv (A)temIØn\v ]cnnbs SpØns mspøsx pw At±lw Iq nt Øp. i\nbmgvn sshin v 4.30\v Sn.sI alvaqzv kmln_ns hnip Jp B ]mcmbwtømss Bcw `n ]okv tim ^d kv timgn t msv Fw.]n. {io. Fw.sI cmlh DZvLmS\w snbvxp. temiønse apgph NcmNcßsfbpw _lpam\n p H mwv Ckvemw axsa pw XmØznIambn axßsf mw H msw pw At±lw ]d p. "A emap Asse pw' F BiwkmhN\w khntijamb H mwv. axhntzzjw ]cøm axßƒ ]Tn n p n. \\ mepw sismø Pzmebmbn Db p \nev p XmWv bym Y axw. apkvenw cmpyßfn C v Xo{hhmZw h [n p hcp p v. ]minkvxm\n AlvaZnIfpsS kzmx{ yw l\n p p. CXv NnecpsS XmXv]cy ßƒ kwc n m th nbmwv. F m temi Øns apºn C y Hcp {]Imi tkm]pcambn \nesim pi bmsw pw a vcmpyßƒ C ysb I v ]Tn s sb pw {io. cmlh {]Xymin p. krjvsniƒ v th sx mw t\csø Xs krjvsn A mlp ImcpWyhm\msW v "Ckvemans kxy ktμiw' F hnjbsø pdn v kwkmcn p sim v s{]m^. alvaqzv AlvaZv kmln_v A`n{]mbs p. ax kulm ZØn\v Du \evip XmWv Ckvemw axøns ]mtß sf v kz A pa AlvaZnøm \mkn XAveow indmkv AlvaZv kmln_v ]d p. temiøv im n ]c Wsa n axaqeyßƒ ]p\ ÿm]n s SWsa v ktωf\ Øn A[y Xhln auem\m aplωzv C\mw kmln_v tkmdn Hm as SpØn. C y H t\iw {]hmni amcpss \msmwv. 35

hmkvzø akoln(a)s P a\msmb C y mwv temiøns t\xrxzw e`n m t]mip sx pw At±lw ]d p. timgnt msv taje Aao si. Fw. AlvaZv timb kmln_v NSßn kzmkxamiwkn p. kn. si. Jadp±o kmln_v ssa{xokm\w Be]n p. c mw Zn\amb RmbdmgvN \S X _nbøv skj\n ]me msv taje Aao s{]m^. Fw. si. A_vZp Icow kmln_v A[y \m bncp p. auehn kn.]n. sambvxo Ip n kmln_v bpkm ykw`hßsf Ipdn p hnip Jp Bs bpw lzokpifptsbpw {]hn\ßƒ hnizam n. sshhmlni hnjb ßfn ImWs Sp A\`nejWo bamb {]hwxisf pdn v auehn aplωzv CkvamCu kmln_v kwkmcn p. hnhmlnsßpiƒ efnx ambncn Wsa pw \_n(k) bptsbpw hmkvzø akolv (A) s bpw ImeØv CØcØnep hnhmlßƒ k hkm[mcw ambncp psh pw At±lw ]d p. Alva ZnøØns ^e{]zamb {]NmcWco XnIsfIpdn v auehn aplωzv \Po_vJm kmln_v {]`mjww \n hln p. A mlphnte v Wn pi F Xv Hmtcmhnizmknbp tsbpw ISamsW pw A mlphp ambn At`Zyamb _ w ]pe ØpI F Xv X_veoKn\p th H ma sø KpWamsW pw At±lw ]d p. Camw Hcp ]cnnbmw.v At±lØn\p ]n n \n mwv bp w sntø Xv auehn kmln_v ]d p. PamAØns BtKmf kwhn[m\sø pdn v auehn si. A-_vZp emw kmln_v mskspøp. tziob Aao ImeØns Jeo^ bpss A\paXntbmsSbmWv {]h Øn p sx Imcyw \mw Hm Øncn t XmWv. PamAØv kwhn[m\ Øn \n v F v Xocpam\ ap mbmepw s\ nnpfn msx AXv kzoicn m \mw _m[yÿcm sw pw At±lw ]d p. auehn F v iwkp±o kmln_v BXvakw kvicwøn\p hnhn[ am Kßƒ hnizam n. a\pjys D n BXvaobXbnte p Nmbvhv ss\k KnIambn \evis ncn p p. a\pjy G hpw D IrjvSamb coxnbnemwv krjvsn s ncn p sx pw sszhhpambn AIep F mam Kßfn \n pw hn p\n t Xv AXy mt] nxamsw pw At±lw Hm an n p. RmbdmgvN sshio v timgnt msv IS pdtø v HgpInsbØnb P\kmKcsØ km nbm ns m v \SØnb s]mxpktωf\w Ahnkvac Wobamb aplq Øambn amdn. auehn i^ojv AlvaZv kmln_ns hnip Jp B ]mcmbwtømss kam]\ktωf\øn\v XpS w Ipdn p. \_n(k)sb {]Io Øn p sim v hmkvzø akolv (A) cnn JkoZ auehn ap q c aplωzp Æn apkvenbm Be]n p. bym Y A ym]\ßƒ hnkvacn s Sp Xn\m axøns A xkø \jvss SpIbmsW pw \_n(k) bpss {]hn\a\pkcn v BKX\mb kxymxvamhmwv lzvdøv an km Kpemw AlvaZv (A) F pw A[y si. Fw. AlvaZv timb kmln_v ]d p. temiw Hcp \miøns h n FØn\n pibmsw pw A mlphnte v Wn p htc mƒ DØacmbn Bcpans pw ktωf\w DZvLmS\w snbvxpsim v auem\m aplωzv C\mw kmln_v tkmdn A`n{]mb s p. {]hmni amcpss A ym]\ ßƒ C pimwp n. hmkvzø akolv(a) ]eimcyßsf pdn pw ap dnbn p \ Inbn p v. sszhøn te v Xncn m am{xta c { ]m]n p Ibp p tkmdn kmln_v DW Øn. "AlvaZnøØv bym Y Ckvemw' F hnjbsø pdn v auehn Fw.\mkn AlvaZv kmln_v kwkmcn p. AlvaZnøm apkvenw PamAØv sszhøm \ snsn bmw.v AlvaZnIfptSXv ]pxnb hnizmka. \_n(k) sb ]cn]q Wambpw ]n ] ns m mwv hmkvzø akolv (A) AhXcn sx pw At±lw ]d p. Ckveman s \thm m\sø pdn v kxyzq X FUn F.Fw. aplωzv kenw kmln_v {]`mjww \SØn. apkvenw kapzmbsø D cn phm apkvenw Iƒ cq]w simspø I niƒ s m pw km[n n ns Xv Nn n t hnjbamsw v At±lw ]d p. {]hmni amsc Ab p sim mwv A mlp k\mx\ \nbaw \S nem p X.v At\Iw Zpc ßƒ apkvenw kapzmbsø _m[n psa v \_n(k) {]hnn n p.v ]mivnmxy \mkcnixbmwv Z m F v F mhcpw Xncn dn n p v. F m Z mens\ sh p akolv FhnsSsb tnmzyapbcp XpsIm mwv ]finx am C mcyw ad psh ncn p sx v kenw kmln_v Iq nt Øp. Hscm t\xrxzøn Iogn AlvaZnøØv Ccp\qtdmfw cmjv{sßfn apt dn sim ncn pibmsw v auehn aplωzv kenw kmln_v "BtKmf CkvemanI t\xrxzw' F hnjbsø pdn v {]`mjww \SØsh ]d p. CkvemanI A ym]\ßƒ Zp hymjym\w snøs Cu ImeL Øn Jnem^Øns\ ]n ] am{xamwv c mam Ksa pw At±lw Hm an n p. Fw. si. Cºn n timb n kmln_v \μn {]Imi\w \n hln p. ktωf\tøms\p_ n v \n mlv hnfw_cw \SØpIbpw hnzym`ym ktajebn anihv sxfnbn hnzym YnIsf BZcn pibpw snbvxp. 36

s{]m^: A p eman\v kvacwmrvpeniƒ apkm^n Ipdn piƒ temiw BZcn p almimkv{x {]Xn`Ifnsemcmb s{]m^: A p emw ZnhwKX\mbn v \hw_ 21 \v 15 h jw XnIbpIbmWv. `uxni imkv{xøn Ccp]Xmw \q m ns Ipe]XnIfnsemcmfpw s\mt_ ]pckvimc tpxmhpamb Cu hniz]uc ]nd \msv ]minkvxm\mwv. ]minkvxm\nepw aq mw temiøpw imkv{x]ptcmkxn v th n A p emans\ t]mse {]bxv\n hcn F a mcpw {]h Øn ncp n F XmWv hmkvxhw. axcmjv{s aueni hmzøns ]nsnbnea ]minkvxm D ze txp znbmb Cu alm{]xn` Pohn ncp t mgpw acn pign Xn\v tijhpw At±ltØmSv ImWn {Iqcamb AhKW\bpw \μntispw sim v, B cmpyw temiøn p apºn Aev] amcpw ]cnlmkycpambn amdnbncn pibmwv. kemwkmln_n\v ax cmjv{samb ]m nkvxm I AtbmKyX At±lw Hcp AlvaZnbmbnt mbn F XmWv. Ct mƒ Xßsf _m[n ax{`m ns tcmkaq NvO Ign v B cmpyøn\v shfnhp miptºmƒ Cu A]cm[w Ah Xncn dnbs SmXncn n. imkv{x temiønse Xs {]hchpw A`nPmXhpamb Xnbd n ^nknivkv Bbncp p s{]m^:a p emans I ataje. ASnÿm\ _eßfpss GIoIcWsØ ] nbp At±l Øns I p]nspøßƒ imkv{xøns ssk m nihpw kmt XnIhpamb cwkßfn am{xa am\hob Z i\ßfnepw P\{]nb imkv{x kmlnxyßfnepw hym]iambn N snøs Sp Ibpw D cn SpIbpw snøp p. Xs `oaamb s\mt_ kωm\ XpIbn \n pw Hcp Nn n mipt]mepw FSp msx apgph\pw AhnSpsØ imkv{x hnzym YnIfpsS ]T\Øn\v th n kw`mh\ snbvx hniz]uc\mb Cu a\pjy kvt\lntbmsmbncp p Cu AhKW\. s{]m^: kemw Z tkm]pchmknbmb Hcp imkv{x \mbncp n. ] nwn mhßƒ A[nhkn p aq mw temi cmpyßfn `uxni imkv{xw {]Ncn n m\pw AhcpsS PohnXØn\v AXphgn Bizmkacpfphm\pw kº cmpyßfnse imkv{x ss[jwni thznifn Ah v th n GI\mbn s]mcpxnb Hcp hn m\ t]mcmfnbmbncp p At±lw. sfiycmjv{s k`bpss Iognep GI D X hnzym`ymk ÿm]\amb C \mjw sk t^m Xnbd n kb kv (ICTP) hniknx cmpyßfpss kmºøni klmbtømss Gsd psd H mwv At±lw ÿm]n Xv. Zcn{Z temiøv \n p imkv{x hnzym YnIƒ v G hpw snethdnb D X `uxni imkv{x hn m\w ChnsS \n pw e`yamwv. B alimkv{x {]Xn`tbmSp BZc kqniambn At±lØns acwtijw C enbnse Cu B tziob ÿm]\øn\v tum: kemw C \mjw sk t^m Xnbd n kb kv F v Ct mƒ ]p\ \maicww snbvxncn p p. At±lØns Hu XyØn v CXnt\ mƒ henb ]pckv mcan. Bbncw s\mt_ kωm\ tø mƒ D XamWv Cu _lpaxn. aq mw temiøv D X imkv{xw {]Ncn n m At±lw ÿm]n as mcp ÿm]\amwv tx Uv thƒuv A muan Hm^v kb kv. aq mw temicmpyßfnse kv{xoifn 37

imkv{x t_m[hpw imkv{x {]h Ø\ßƒ h n n m\pw th n ÿm]n tx Uv thƒuv Hm Kss\tkj t^m hpa C kb kv (TWOWS) apxemb A tziob ÿm]\ßƒ At±lØns am{xw ]cn{ia^e amwv. acww hsc {]Xn^teNvO IqSmsX bpf n v th nbmbncp p At±lw {]h Øn Xv. s{]m^:a p emw ]minkvxm \nse cmjv{sob mcpss Im]Syw Xpd p Im nb Hcp kw`hw hmjnßvswnse Daily times s teji JmenZv lks\ D cn v The Hindu hns tejni \ncp]am kp{_lvawyw FgpXp p. lk A meøv `qt mbpss {]kv sk{i dnbmbncp p. Xm ƒ F p sim mwv ]minkvxm\nse hnhn[ HutZymKnI ÿm\ßƒ cmpnsh Xv? kp ^n `qt m kemant\msv kp ^n `qt m tnmzn pibp mbn. kemans adp]sn: Fs kapzmbsø apgph AapkvenwIfmbn {]Jym]n HcnSØv XpScm F\n v km[ya. `qt m ]d p: kemw AsX mw cmjv{sob amwv. F\n v kabw XcnI. Rm\Xv am p XmWv. Fs hnizkn q. kemans adp]sn: AsX icnxs kp ^n. Xm ƒ ]d Imcyw Hcp ISemkn FgpXn XcnI. \ap n Sbn B enjnxw Ft pw Ft mgpw D mbncn pat m. l FgpXp p: `qt mbpss adp]sn hfsc mkn embncp p. `qt m ]d p: kemw F\n v AXv km[ya. AXmbXv Rms\mcp cmjv{sob mc \mwv!. (The Hindu 2006 Nov 30) [oc\mb kemw kmln_v AXvam`nam\nbmbncp p. Hcn \yqpgvknbnep {]nkv bqwnthgvvkn nbnse C kv n yq v Hm^v AUzm kv kv Uokn sh v hnjymx\mb B _ v sf kv o \pambn At±lw I pap n. sf kv o kemw kmln_nt\msv tnmzn p. F v XcØnep Kthj WamWv Xm ƒ \SØns m ncn p Xv? Rm dot\m assetkj XnbdnbnemWv KthjWw \SØn s m ncn p Xv.sF kv o ]d p: F\n Xn Xm ]cyan. AXn\v tijw kemant\msv Xm ƒ Fs dnte nhn n Xnbdn]Tn n p t m? F v tnmzn p At mƒ kemw kmln_v ]d p: F\n Xns\ p dn p ]dbm H pw Xm ]cyan. sf kv o\pambn kwkmcn m e`n kμ `ßfnse mw Ckvemanse XuloZns\ At±lØn\v ]cnnb s SpØns msp pibp mbn. temi{]ikvx\mb \mkvxni hmzn bpw a\pjykvt\lnbpabncp sf kv o _{S v d _{S v d epambn tiw{_nuvpn sh v kemw kmln_v ]exhw kwkmcn pibp mbn. sszhhnizm kan mø Hcmƒ ASnÿm\]cambn \nch[n sshieyßƒ v hnt[b\m Imhp XmWv. ax hnizmkan mø Hcmsf mƒ axhnizmkn v IqSpX XymKßƒ A\pjvSn m\pw tkh\ ßƒ snøphm\pw km[n p p F Xv Hcp Ncn{X kxyamsw pw kemw kmln_v d ent\msv ]dbpi bp mbn. ( Dr. Salam -Champion of science in third world -Zakariyya Virk) 1952 At±lw e \n \n p Xs cmpysø tkhn m emtlm timtfpn amøam nivkv hip ns Xeh\mbn h t mƒ At±lØn\v HutZymKnI hkxn \ntj[n pibp mbn. CXn ]cmxns psim v A sø hnzym`ymk hip v a{ n v At±lw ]cmxn Ab pibp mbn. Xm ƒ v tpmenbn XpScm Cjv Sans n cmpn shs mgnbmsa mbncp p a{ nbpss \ne]msv. ]n osv timtfpv {]n kn mfmbncp tum. kndm Pp±o A p emw kmln_nt\msv ^psvt_mƒ Soans ta t\m w hln m\mwv \n tzin Xv. `mky Øn\v s\mt_ kωm\ tpxmhpw tiw{_nuvpv bqwnthgvkn nbnse s{]m^kdpamb thmƒ^vkmwßv t]mfn C y kμ in pibmbncp t mƒ At±lsØ t_mwt_bn te v hnfn n p Ibpw B IqSn mgvnbn tiw{_nuvpnte v ho pw Wn pibpambn cp p. Zcn{Z ]nt m cmpyamb ]minkvxm \nte v 1979 t\m t_ kωm\w BZyambnsIm p h A p emw XpS v P \msmb ]min kvxm kμ in p. { I q c h p w \nμyhpamb B h K W \ bmbncp p At±lsØ FXntc Xv. Ckvemam_mZnepw emtlmdnepw s]jhmdnepw _{S v d s \ m t _ kωm\ tpxmhns\ kzoicn m ] mf mcmb Pq\nb Hm^ok amsc \nban p sim mwv P\d knbmd l v Xs A Xzhpw ap mføchpw Im nbxv. At±lØns _lpam\m Yw Ckvemam_mZnse JmbntZ AAvkw bqwnthgvkn n G s]spønb kzoicw NSßn At±lØn\v tumivstd v _ncpzw \ Im Xocpam\n ncp p. B ]cn]msn axcmjv{s aueni hmz kwls\bmb PamAsØ CkvemanbpsS hnzym Yn kwls\ apg nb `ojwnsb XpS v Im k snbvxp. ]n osv \mj\ Akwªn lmfnemwv ]cn]msn \S Xv emtlmdnse ] m_v bqwnthgvkn nbnepw CtX hnzym Yn kwls\ Ipg ap m n bxns\ XpS v sk\ v lmfnte v 38

am n. Nne apkvenw Xo{hhmZn kwls\iƒ kemw kmln_v h[m l\msw v ap{zmhmiyw hnfn v Imºkn {]IS\w \SØn. kemw kmln_ns {]kwkønse Jp B hn\ßfpw CkvemanI ]cma ißfpw ]{XØnepw ssenhnj\nepw sk k snøm Ckvemw ax Øns c vi\mbncp ] mf mc knbmd l v {]txyiw G mspiƒ snbvxncp p. GXm bmepw HcpImcyØn \ap m izkn mw. {]kwkøn Jp B HmXnbXns t]cn s\m_ kωm\tpxmhns\ knbmbpss CkvemanI `cwiqsw Bdv amkw PbneneS n. ImcWw AlvaZnIƒ Jp Bt\mXnbm 6 amkw ITn\ in bmwv ]minkvxm\n knbm sim vh \nbaw. 1986 UNESCO bpss UbcIvS P\d ÿm\øt v Hgnhph p. a taml knwßv sfiycmjv{s k`bpss hnzym`ymk kmwkvimcni ÿm]\amb bps\kvtimbnte v A mcmjv{s {]ikvx\pw B ÿm\tø v k hym tbmky\pamb s{]m^: kemw kmln_v a cn Wsa v \nch[n cmpyßfnse {]Xn\n[nIƒ B{Kln ncp p. kemw kmln_v a cn p IbmsW n hnpbw kp\n nxhpambncp p. ]t AlvaZnsb p ti m IenXp p knbm, A p emans\ t\man\n bmbn {]Jym]n n. ]Icw Xs h KØn s] Hcp ] mf e^v \ v P\demb bmjq_v Jms\ {]kvxpx ÿm\tø v t\mant\ v snbvxp. a cw \S t mƒ ]minÿm {]Xn\n[n v e`n Xv Htcsbmcp thm v. ]minkvxms ÿm\m Yn v thm v snøm {^m kns {]Xn\n[n v kz w cmpyøp\n pw kω Ztadnbt mƒ Xs ihøn Ibdn am{xta Hcp ] mf mc\v bps\kvt m `cn m km[n q F mbncp p At±lØns {]XnI cww imkv{xcwkøv G hpw ]nt m mcmbn Ignbp apkv enw temitømsv imkv{x hnzym`ymkw t\sm\pw hnhn[ A tziob imkv{x kwcw`ßfn ] mfnifm Im\pw ] XnIfpambn Hcp `n mw tzlnsbt mse apkvenw cmpyß fnse `cwm[nimcnifpss sim mc hmxnepifn sn v At±lw A`y Y\Iƒ \SØn. F mbnsøp \n pw \n wkxbpw AhKW\bp ambncp p ^ew. ]m mxytemiw I\n p \ Ip kmt XnI imkv{xw Ccp ssibpw \o n kzoicn p am\knimsnaøw _m[n apkvenw cmpyßfnse bymkvxnicmb `cwm[nimcnifpss _[nci Wßfn B A`y \ sb mw h\tcmz\ambn amdn. Ah v ssk m ni imkv{x ]T\ßfnte s]smøxns A] ISw C\nbpw t_m ys n n. aqey K `nxhpw Bib[mcIfpap ssk m ni imkv{xw ]Tn m {]_p Xbn mø axt\xrxzw \bn p apkvenw cmpyßƒ `bs Sp p F XmWv hmkvxhw. ssk m ni imkv{x taje tbmsp bmymÿnxnicpss \ntj[mxvai \ne]mspw kwib ßfpw Ahsc _lpzqcw ]nt m mcm nbncn p p. kemw kmln _ns hniz{]ikvxamb ASnÿm\ _eißfpss GIoIcW kn m sø] n apkvenw cmpyøp\n pw bmsxmcp {]XnIcWhpap mbn. F nepw Nne Deam m {]Xn Icn p. AXmbXv ASnÿm\ _e ßfpsS GIoIcW kn m w hlvzøp hpppzns ]p\cmhnjv mcsa mwv Ah {]XnIcn sx v kemw kmln_v Xs HcnSØv A w ]cnlmktømssbpw thz\ tbmssbpw ]d n p v. 1981 s{]m^: kemw kmln_v C y kμ in pibp mbn. ]min kvxm\n \n p imkv{x temisø Cu alm{]xn`sb \ΩpsS `mcxw kapnnxw BZcn pibp mbn. ] m_nse Kpcp\m\m v bqwnthgvkn nbs w A v bqwnthgvkn nifmwv At±lØn v tumivstd v \ InbXv. ] m_n sh v Xs amxr `mjbmb ] m_nbn lrzbkv]r mb coxnbn At±lw {]kwkn t mƒ s\mt_ kωm\ tpxmhv XßfpsS ktlmzc\msw v C ybnse ] m_niƒ Xncn dnbpibmbncp p. C ybn Xs ]Tn n A ym ]Iscsb mw t]mbn v AhcpsS sb mw A\p{Klw At±lw hmßpi bp mbn. 2010 Unkw_ 19 mw XnbXn \ΩpsS _lpam\s {][m\a{ n tum: a taml knßv tx Uv thƒuv A muan Hm^v kb kn s 21 maxv P\d ao nßv {]^: keman\v BZcmRvPenIf n p sim mbncp p sslzcm_mzn DZvvLmS\w snbvxxv. sfiy cmjv{s k`bpss Iognep Cu ÿm]\ Øns ÿm]i IpSnbmb {]^: A p emapambn H n v {]h Øn timw{_nuvpnse Zn\ßƒ a taml knßv KrlmXpcXztØmsS A\pkvacn pibp mbn. aq mw temicmpysø imkv{x mcn kemw kmln_n\v AXyKm[amb hnizmkap mbncp Xmbn XYhkc Øn At±lw ]d p. 1950 Xm tiw{_nuvpnse tpm kv timtf Pn _ncpz hnzym Ynbmbn cn ptºmƒ kemw AhnsS s^t m Bbncp p. At±lhpw Xm\pw hfsc ASpØv {]h Øn p Ibp mbn p s pw AXv Hcp alm`mkyambn Xm IcpXp psh pw a taml knßv ]d p. ap Xm km\nb {]knu v s{]m^: Pqenb v \tccbpss Iogn Rßƒ kuøv IΩoj dnt m v Xømdm m \nch[n XhW Hcpan v {]h Øn n p s pw {][ma{ n a taml knwßv ]d p. kemans\ t]msebp hy nisfbmwv aq mw temiøn\mhiysa pw {][m\a{ n ]d p. (www.sify news.com) s{]m^: A p eman\v P Øpw aav^ndøpw \ In A mlp A\p{Kln s 39

hm ØIƒ \pkvdøv kmln_: epv\cambn mlv `mcxv \mbn_v kz timgnt msv epv\m Cambn mlv {]knu v \pkvdøv alvaqzv kmln- _sb epv\m Cambn mlv `mcxv \mbn_v kz Bbn Jeo^Øp akolv \nban Xmbn epv\mcam bn mlv `mcxv kz iaow AIvX Kym\n kmln_ Adnbn p. kuøv C ybpss NpaXebmWv \pkvdøv kmln_bv v \evinbn p Xv. Ign epv\m CamC mlv `cxv kzdns\ Xncs Sp p IΩn n ticf epv\m Cambn mlv hnpbw \memw XhWbpw JmZnbm\n sh v HIvtSm_ 18,19,20 XobXnIfn \S epv\m Cambn mlv tziob CPvXnabn kwÿm\msnÿm\øn G hpw \ {]h Ø\w Imgv sh ticføn\v H mw ÿm\w e`n Xmbn kwÿm\ kz kn±oj kbozv kmln_ Adnbn p. ticfw \memw XhWbmWv H mw ÿm\w t\sp Xv. c mw ÿm\w _wkmfn\pw aq mw ÿm\w Hdok pw B{ {]tzin\pw kwbp ambpw e`n p. \ {]h Ø\Øn v AJnte ymsn ÿm\øn ticfønse hnhn[ apvenkpiƒ v ]pckv mcßƒ e`n p. 300 \v apifn AwKkwJy bp epv\m apvenkpifn JmZnbm H mw ÿm\hpw sslzcm_mzv, bmzvko, ticwkv bn A[y X hln ncp p. \pkvdøv kmln_ timgn t msv BZyIme AlvaZnIpSpw_amb am lukv IpSpw_mwKamWv. ]gbßmsnbnse ]n.]n. A_vZpdlow kmln_ns bpw timgnt msv am luknse JZoPm kmln_bpssbpw ]p{xn bmwv. ]n.]n. alvaqzv kmln_ns `mcybpamwv. c v ]p{x amcpw Hcp ]p{xnbpap v. F o apvenkpiƒ XpS ÿm\ßfpw Icÿam n. 100\pw 300\pw CS v AwK kwjybp epv\ifn H mw ÿm\w timgnt mspw c mw ÿm\w amtøm Øn\pw e`n p. 100 Xmsg AwKkwJybp epv\m apven kpifn FdWmIpfw, at cn F o apvenkpiƒ bym{iaw H pw c pw ÿm\ßƒ Icÿam n. \mkndmøp AlvaZn ømbpss {]h Ø\ßƒ p kωm\ ßfnepw ticfw t\ ßƒ simbvxp. 30 \v apifn AwKkwJybp apvenkpifn H mw ÿm\w amtøm hpw c mw ÿm\w timgnt msn\pw e`n p. 30 Xmsg AwK kwjybp \mkndmøv apvenkpifn H mw ÿm\w ]Ø ncnbw Icÿam nbxmbpw kn±ojm kmln_ Adnbn p. hjv^v PZoZv: kmº-øni h jw Ah-km-\n- m-dm-bn JmZn-bm : hjvs^ PZo-Zns 2011 kmº-øni h jw Unkw-_ 31 \v Ah-km-\n- p-i-bm-wv. hjv^v PZoZv hmkvzm\w AS- p-xo Øn- n- m-øh Unkw_ 15\p n AS p Xo -W-sa v hjv^v PZoZv AJn-te- ym sk{i- dn P\m_v apl-ωzv Xmln AlvaZv tkmdn kmln_v Adnbn- p- p. A\pkvacWw hn. ]n. dpjnbmkmln_ amtøm w AlvaZnøm apkvenw PamAØv AwKw hn. ]n. dpjnbm 2011 \hw_ 7 mw XobXn h nwdnse kzhkxnbn h v h^mømbn (C men mln..) IqSmfn PamAØnse hmg bn s]cnßebn a lqw A_vZp Icoans bpw a lpw hn.]n. ^møna_ohnbpssbpw aifpw simsnbøq PamAØnse BZyIme AlvaZn Ifn Hcmfmb a lpw F.Fw. A_q_ kmln _ns kl[ anwnbpamwv. a ƒ: km_nd,kmznj, djoz, j oe, PmKnX, jao\, s\pva acpa ƒ : C. kazv, C. ^mdqjv, Aen an\nt mbv, kn. \mkn AlvaZv (A_pZm_n), Aao Im \msv (JØ ) C{_mlnw In\meq Xlvco v PZoZv ]pxph j hnfw-_cw kønzv\m lzvdøv Aao-dp apavan-\o Jeo-^-Øp a-kolv A Jmankv (A-ø-Z-lp) 2011 \hw-_ 4 mw XnbXn snbvx JpXzv_-bn Xlvco v PZo-Zns 78 mw h jhnfw- _c {]Jym-]\w \S-Øn ]dbpi bp mbn 2011-2012 h j-tø v lpkq A h Aø-Z-lp- mlv C y v ]pxnb Xlvco v PZoZv _UvP v ]pxp n \evinbncn pibmwv. Zo\ns am KØnep ]pwyßƒ snøm\mbn ka n s Cu ] Xn sszhoim\p{klßfpss tizmcamwv. lpkq Xncp-a-\ v \ In-bn-cn- p Cu Sm K v ]q Øo-I-cn- -Wsa- n \ΩpsS _UvP- p-i-fn 20% h -\hv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Xm -fpss Ign-hns ]c-am-h[n kmº-øni XymK-Øn\v Xøm-dm-I-W-sa v hn\o-xambn A`y Yn v sim p- p. A mlp \ap v lpkq Xncp-a\- ns Cu alxv ] -Xn-bn `mk`m m-im ku`mkyw \ Ip amdmi-s. Bao. h emw h o-ep am Xlvco v PZoZ,v JmZn-bm 40

AlvaZnømapkvenw kwÿm\ ktωf\w 2011 \hw_ 12,13, timgnt msv kz A pa AlvaZnøm `mcxv, \mkn AAvem auem\m aplωzv C\mw kmln_v tkmdn ]XmI Db Øn ktωf\w DZvLmS\w snøp p. auem\m aplωzv C\mw kmln_v tkmdn DZvLmS\{]kwKw \n Δln p p. 41 ss_øp Jp±qkv A Ww Hcp Zriyw

tajem Aao am ktωf\sø A`nkwt_m[\ snøp p si. Fw. AlvaZv timbm kmln_v (timgnt msv) bp.a kq kmln_v (IÆq ) aplωzen amkv (ae pdw) A p Icow kmln_v (]me msv) ico^v AlvaZv kmln_v (Xncph\ ]pcw) \mkn XAveow `mcxv indmkv AlvaZv kmln_v {]kwkn p p. ]okv tim ^d kv timgnt msv temivk`mwkw Fw.sI. cmlh Fw.]n DZvLmS\w snøp p _o n s]mxpktωf\w auem\m aplωzv C\mw kmln_v tkmdn DZvLmS\w snøp p. 42